Implementazione di un codice di calcolo random close per un propellente solido

L’impacchettamento risulta essere importante in molti settori industriali, come il settore minerario, farmaceutico e soprattutto il settore spaziale, in quanto permette di massimizzare il grado di riempimento del propellente solido di un razzo ottenendo prestazioni migliori e notevoli vantaggi economici. Il lavoro di tesi presentato nel seguente elaborato consiste nello studio dell’impacchettamento casuale, in particolare il caso Random Close Packing, di un propellente solido; per fare ciò è stato implementato un codice in ambiente C++ presso l’hangar della Scuola di Ingegneria ed Architettura con sede a Forlì. L’obiettivo principale era quello di trovare la granulometria delle particelle di perclorato di ammonio e delle particelle di alluminio tali da minimizzare gli spazi lasciati vuoti dalle particelle stesse.

Studio e implementazione di un modello random-close per propellenti solidi

L'obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è quello di implementare un codice di calcolo, attraverso l'algoritmo di Lubachevsky-Stillinger, in modo da poter prevedere la frazione volumetrica occupata dalle particelle solide che costituiscono il grain negli endoreattori a propellente solido. Particolare attenzione verrà rivolta al problema dell'impacchettamento sferico random (Random-Close Packing) che tale algoritmo cerca di modellare, e le ipotesi per cui tale modellazione può essere applicata al tipo di problema proposto. Inoltre saranno descritte le procedure effettuate per l'ottenimento dei risultati numerici delle simulazioni e la loro motivazione, oltre ai limiti del modello utilizzato e alle migliorie apportate per un'esecuzione più efficiente e veloce.

Effect of mixing, particle interaction, and spatial dimension on the glass transition

In this thesis, the influence of composition changes on the glass transition behavior of binary liquids in two and three spatial dimensions (2D/3D) is studied in the framework of mode-coupling theory (MCT).The well-established MCT equations are generalized to isotropic and homogeneous multicomponent liquids in arbitrary spatial dimensions. Furthermore, a new method is introduced which allows a fast and precise determination of special properties of glass transition lines. The new equations are then applied to the following model systems: binary mixtures of hard disks/spheres in 2D/3D, binary mixtures of dipolar point particles in 2D, and binary mixtures of dipolar hard disks in 2D. Some general features of the glass transition lines are also discussed. The direct comparison of the binary hard disk/sphere models in 2D/3D shows similar qualitative behavior. Particularly, for binary mixtures of hard disks in 2D the same four so-called mixing effects are identified as have been found before by Götze and Voigtmann for binary hard spheres in 3D [Phys. Rev. E 67, 021502 (2003)]. For instance, depending on the size disparity, adding a second component to a one-component liquid may lead to a stabilization of either the liquid or the glassy state. The MCT results for the 2D system are on a qualitative level in agreement with available computer simulation data. Furthermore, the glass transition diagram found for binary hard disks in 2D strongly resembles the corresponding random close packing diagram. Concerning dipolar systems, it is demonstrated that the experimental system of König et al. [Eur. Phys. J. E 18, 287 (2005)] is well described by binary point dipoles in 2D through a comparison between the experimental partial structure factors and those from computer simulations. For such mixtures of point particles it is demonstrated that MCT predicts always a plasticization effect, i.e. a stabilization of the liquid state due to mixing, in contrast to binary hard disks in 2D or binary hard spheres in 3D. It is demonstrated that the predicted plasticization effect is in qualitative agreement with experimental results. Finally, a glass transition diagram for binary mixtures of dipolar hard disks in 2D is calculated. These results demonstrate that at higher packing fractions there is a competition between the mixing effects occurring for binary hard disks in 2D and those for binary point dipoles in 2D.

Tectonique moléculaire : vers l'utilisation du dispirofluorène-indénofluorène comme unité de construction pour bâtir des réseaux cristallins poreux

La chimie supramoléculaire est un domaine qui suscite depuis quelques années un intérêt grandissant. Le domaine s’appuie sur les interactions intermoléculaires de façon à contrôler l’organisation moléculaire et ainsi moduler les propriétés des matériaux. La sélection et le positionnement adéquat de groupes fonctionnels, utilisés en combinaison avec un squelette moléculaire particulier, permet d’anticiper la façon dont une molécule interagira avec les molécules avoisinantes. Cette stratégie de construction, nommé tectonique moléculaire, fait appel à la conception de molécules appelées tectons (du mot grec signifiant bâtisseur) pouvant s’orienter de façon prévisible par le biais d’interactions faibles et ainsi générer des architectures supramoléculaires inédites. Les tectons utilisent les forces intermoléculaires mises à leur disposition pour s’orienter de façon prédéterminée et ainsi contrecarrer la tendance à s’empiler de la manière la plus compacte possible. Pour ce faire, les tectons sont munies de diverses groupes fonctionnels, aussi appelés groupes de reconnaissance, qui agiront comme guide lors de l’assemblage moléculaire. Le choix du squelette moléculaire du tecton revêt une importance capitale puisqu’il doit permettre une orientation optimale des groupes de reconnaissance. La stratégie de la tectonique moléculaire, utilisée conjointement avec la cristallisation, ouvre la porte à un domaine de la chimie supramoléculaire appelé le génie cristallin. Le génie cristallin permet l’obtention de réseaux cristallins poreux soutenus par des interactions faibles, pouvant accueillir des molécules invitées. Bien que toutes les interactions faibles peuvent être mises à contribution, le pont hydrogène est l’interaction prédominante en ce qui a trait aux réseaux cristallins supramoléculaires. La force, la directionnalité ainsi que la versatilité font du pont hydrogène l’interaction qui, à ce jour, a eu le plus grand impact dans le domaine du génie cristallin. Un des groupements de reconnaissance particulièrement intéressants en génie cristallin, faisant appel aux ponts hydrogène et offrant plusieurs motifs d’interaction, est l’unité 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazinyle. L’utilisation de ce groupement de reconnaissance conjointement avec un cœur moléculaire en forme de croix d’Onsager, qui défavorise l’empilement compact, permet l’obtention de valeurs de porosités élevées, comme c’est le cas pour le 2,2’,7,7’-tétrakis(2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-6-yl)-9,9’-spirobi[9H-fluorène]. Nous présentons ici une extension du travail effectué sur les cœurs spirobifluorényles en décrivant la synthèse et l’analyse structurale de molécules avec une unité dispirofluorène-indénofluorényle comme cœur moléculaire. Ce cœur moléculaire exhibe les mêmes caractéristiques structurales que le spirobifluorène, soit une topologie rigide en forme de croix d’Onsager défavorisant l’empilement compact. Nous avons combiné les cœurs dispirofluorène-indénofluorényles avec différents groupements de reconnaissance de façon à étudier l’influence de l’élongation du cœur moléculaire sur le réseau cristallin, en particulier sur le volume accessible aux molécules invitées.

De la modélisation à la quantification par ultrasons de l'agrégation érythrocytaire

Le travail a été réalisé en collaboration avec le laboratoire de mécanique acoustique de Marseille, France. Les simulations ont été menées avec les langages Matlab et C. Ce projet s'inscrit dans le champ de recherche dénommé caractérisation tissulaire par ultrasons.

Using phospholipid Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films as matrix for urease immobilization

The immobilization of enzymes in organized two-dimensional matrices is a key requirement for many biotechnological applications. In this paper, we used the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to obtain controlled architectures of urease immobilized in solid supports, whose physicochemical properties were investigated in detail. Urease molecules were adsorbed at the air-water interface and incorporated into Langmuir monolayers of the phospholipid dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG). Incorporation of urease made DPPG monolayers more flexible and caused the reduction of the equilibrium and dynamic elasticity of the film. Urease and DPPG-urease mixed monolayers could be transferred onto solid substrates, forming LB films. A close packing arrangement of urease was obtained, especially in the mixed LB films, which was inferred with nanogravimetry and electrochemistry measurements. From the blocking effect of the LB films deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates, the electrochemical properties of the LB films pointed to a charge transport controlled by the lipid architecture. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Structural and optical properties of GdAlO3:RE3+ (RE = Eu or Tb) prepared by the Pechini method for application as X-ray phosphors

In this work, GdAlO3:RE3+ (RE = Eu or Tb) was successfully prepared by the Pechini method at lower temperatures when compared to others methods as solid-state synthesis and sol-gel process. In accordance to the XRD data, the fully crystalline single-phase GdAlO3 could be obtained at 900 degrees C. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) shows a crystallization peak at 850 degrees C. The samples are composed by monocrystalline particles (50-120 nm) exhibiting the formation of aggregates among them, which indicates the beginning of the sinterization process. This feature indicates a strong tendency to the formation of aggregates, which is a suitable ability for the close-packing of particles, and hence a potential application in X-ray intensifying screens. Luminescence measurements indicate Gd3+ -> RE3+ energy transfer. The Eu3+ emission spectra exhibit all the characteristics D-5(0) -> F-7(j) transitions and the observed profile suggests that RE3+ ions occupy at least one site without center of symmetry. For terbium-doped samples, the D-5(3) -> F-7(j) (blue emission) and D-5(4) -> F-7(j) (green emission) transitions were observed and the ratio between them may depend on the Tb3+ content due to cross-relaxation processes. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interpolyelektrolytkomplexe zylindrischer Bürstenpolymere

Die elektrostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen entgegengesetzt geladenen Polyelektrolyten führt zur spontanen Bildung von Interpolyelektrolytkomplexen. Besonders im Fokus des akademischen und biotechnologischen Interesses stehen derzeit Komplexe aus DNA und synthetischen Polykationen, da eine Anwendung dieser speziellen Interpolyelektrolytkomplexe in der nicht-viralen Gentherapie vielfältig diskutiert wird. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Einfluss von Kettensteifheit auf die Bildung von Interpolyelektrolytkomplexen zu untersuchen und dabei Wege aufzuzeigen, die eine Kontrolle der Topologie von Interpolyelektrolytkomplexen ermöglichen. Neben dem topologischen Einfluss wurde untersucht, wie durch Komplexierung hochmolekularer Polyelektrolyte equilibrierbare Strukturen erhalten werden können. Als Modellsystem für diese Untersuchungen wurden zylindrische Bürstenpolymere verwendet, denen als topologischer „Kontrast“ das Komplexierungsverhalten kommerzieller PAMAM-G5-Dendrimere mit kugelförmiger Topologie gegenüber gestellt wurde. Um den Ladungsgrad des Bürstenpolymers beliebig variieren zu können, wurden Bürstenpolymere mit Poly(ethylenimin)-Seitenketten synthetisiert, deren Ladungsdichte über den Protonierungsgrad einstellbar ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, wie diese mit Hilfe der Makromonomermethode hergestellt werden konnten. Die Komplexbildung von DNA mit semiflexiblen zylindrischen Bürstenpolymeren mit unterschiedlichen Seitenketten und Ladungsdichten in wässriger Lösung hat gezeigt, dass diese in allen untersuchten Fällen unter kinetischer Kontrolle verläuft und Nicht-Gleichgewichtsstrukturen gebildet werden. Sehr überraschend wurde festgestellt, dass die Größen der mit vorgelegter DNA gebildeten Komplexe ungeachtet des verwendeten Polykations identisch sind und DNA-Komplexe mit einem Radius von 30 bis 50 nm und einer kugelförmigen Topologie resultieren. Diese kinetisch kontrollierte Komplexbildung konnte in nicht-wässriger Lösung durch starke Reduktion der Anzahl wechselwirkender Ladungen verhindert werden, so dass eine thermodynamische Kontrolle möglich wurde. Unter diesen Bedingungen ist es gelungen, aus hochgeladenen Poly(styrolsulfonat)-Bürsten mit modifizierten Poly(ethylenimin)-Bürsten oder PAMAM-Dendrimeren Komplexe zylindrischer Topologie herzu-stellen. Für letztere konnte darüber hinaus postuliert werden, dass diese Komplexe eine dichteste Packung der PAMAM-Dendrimere darstellen, für deren Bildung das Polyanion mit seiner größeren Konturlänge und seiner zylindrischen Topologie als Templat dient.

Kyzylkumite, Ti2V3+O5(OH): new structure type, modularity and revised formula

The crystal structure of kyzylkumite, ideally Ti2V3+O5(OH), from the Sludyanka complex in South Baikal, Russia was solved and refined (including the hydrogen atom position) to an agreement index, R1, of 2.34 using X-ray diffraction data collected on a twinned crystal. Kyzylkumite crystallizes in space group P21/c, with a = 8.4787(1), b = 4.5624(1), c = 10.0330(1) Å, β = 93.174(1)°, V = 387.51(1) Å3 and Z = 4. Tivanite, TiV3+O3OH, and kyzylkumite have modular structures based on hexagonal close packing of oxygen, which are made up of rutile TiO2 and montroseite V3+O(OH) slices. In tivanite the rutile:montroseite ratio is 1:1, in kyzylkumite the ratio is 2:1. The montroseite module may be replaced by the isotypic paramontroseite V4+O2 module, which produces a phase with the formula Ti2V4+O6. In the metamorphic rocks of the Sludyanka complex, vanadium can be present as V4+ and V3+ within the same mineral (e.g. in batisivite, schreyerite and berdesinskiite). Kyzylkumite has a flexible composition with respect to the M4+/M3+ ratio. The relationship between kyzylkumite and a closely related Be-bearing kyzylkumite-like mineral with an orthorhombic norbergite-type structure from Byrud mine, Norway is discussed. Both minerals have similar X-ray powder diffraction patterns.

Reflectionless potentials for slow whispering gallery modes in surface nanoscale axial photonic fiber resonators

We consider an optical fiber with a nanoscale variation of the effective fiber radius that supports whispering gallery modes slowly propagating along the fiber, and reveal that the radius variation can be designed to support the reflectionless propagation of these modes. We show that reflectionless modulations can realize control of the transmission amplitude and temporal delay, while enabling close packing due to the absence of cross talk, in contrast to the conventional potentials.

Random locomotion and chemotaxis of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the presence of EDTA: PMN in close quarters require neither leukocyte integrins nor external divalent cations

Divalent cations are thought essential for motile function of leukocytes in general, and for the function of critical adhesion molecules in particular. In the current study, under direct microscopic observation with concomitant time-lapse video recording, we examined the effects of 10 mM EDTA on locomotion of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In very thin slide preparations, EDTA did not impair either random locomotion or chemotaxis; motile behavior appeared to benefit from the close approximation of slide and coverslip (“chimneying”). In preparations twice as thick, PMN in EDTA first exhibited active deformability with little or no displacement, then rounded up and became motionless. However, on creation of a chemotactic gradient, the same cells were able to orient and make their way to the target, often, however, losing momentarily their purchase on the substrate. In either of these preparations without EDTA, specific antibodies to β2 integrins did not prevent random locomotion or chemotaxis, even when we added antibodies to β1 and αvβ3 integrins and to integrin-associated protein, and none of these antibodies added anything to the effects of EDTA. In the more turbulent environment of even more media, effects of anti-β2 integrins became evident: PMN still could locomote but adhered to substrate largely by their uropods and by uropod-associated filaments. We relate these findings to the reported independence from integrins of PMN in certain experimental and disease states. Moreover, we suggest that PMN locomotion in close quarters is not only integrin-independent, but independent of external divalent cations as well.

A general method for determining helix packing in membrane proteins in situ: Helices I and II are close to helix VII in the lactose permease of Escherichia coli

It was previously shown that coexpression of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli in two contiguous fragments leads to functional complementation. We demonstrate here that site-directed thiol crosslinking of coexpressed permease fragments can be used to determine helix proximity in situ without the necessity of purifying the permease. After coexpression of the six N-terminal (N6) and six C-terminal (C6) transmembrane helices, each with a single Cys residue, crosslinking was carried out in native membranes and assessed by the mobility of anti-C-terminal-reactive polypeptides on immunoblots. A Cys residue at position 242 or 245 (helix VII) forms a disulfide with a Cys residue at either position 28 or 29 (helix I), but not with a Cys residue at position 27, which is on the opposite face of helix I, thereby indicating that the face of helix I containing Pro-28 and Phe-29 is close to helix VII. Similarly, a Cys residue at position 242 or 245 (helix VII) forms a disulfide with a Cys residue at either position 52 or 53 (helix II), but not with a Cys residue at position 54. Furthermore, low-efficiency crosslinking is observed between a Cys residue at position 52 or 53 and a Cys residue at position 361 (helix XI). The results indicate that helix VII lies in close proximity to both helices I and II and that helix II is also close to helix XI. The method should be applicable to a number of different polytopic membrane proteins.

Native protein sequences are close to optimal for their structures

How large is the volume of sequence space that is compatible with a given protein structure? Starting from random sequences, low free energy sequences were generated for 108 protein backbone structures by using a Monte Carlo optimization procedure and a free energy function based primarily on Lennard–Jones packing interactions and the Lazaridis–Karplus implicit solvation model. Remarkably, in the designed sequences 51% of the core residues and 27% of all residues were identical to the amino acids in the corresponding positions in the native sequences. The lowest free energy sequences obtained for ensembles of native-like backbone structures were also similar to the native sequence. Furthermore, both the individual residue frequencies and the covariances between pairs of positions observed in the very large SH3 domain family were recapitulated in core sequences designed for SH3 domain structures. Taken together, these results suggest that the volume of sequence space optimal for a protein structure is surprisingly restricted to a region around the native sequence.

Advances in random matrix theory, zeta functions, and sphere packing

Over four hundred years ago, Sir Walter Raleigh asked his mathematical assistant to find formulas for the number of cannonballs in regularly stacked piles. These investigations aroused the curiosity of the astronomer Johannes Kepler and led to a problem that has gone centuries without a solution: why is the familiar cannonball stack the most efficient arrangement possible? Here we discuss the solution that Hales found in 1998. Almost every part of the 282-page proof relies on long computer verifications. Random matrix theory was developed by physicists to describe the spectra of complex nuclei. In particular, the statistical fluctuations of the eigenvalues (“the energy levels”) follow certain universal laws based on symmetry types. We describe these and then discuss the remarkable appearance of these laws for zeros of the Riemann zeta function (which is the generating function for prime numbers and is the last special function from the last century that is not understood today.) Explaining this phenomenon is a central problem. These topics are distinct, so we present them separately with their own introductory remarks.