Hardware reconfigurável para geração de música harmonizada utilizando autômatos celulares.

Desde os primórdios da humanidade, a descoberta do método de processamento cerebral do som, e consequentemente da música, fazem parte do imaginário humano. Portanto, as pesquisas relacionadas a este processo constituem um dos mais vastos campos de estudos das áreas de ciências. Dentre as inúmeras tentativas para compreensão do processamento biológico do som, o ser humano inventou o processo automático de composição musical, com o intuito de aferir a possibilidade da realização de composições musicais de qualidade sem a imposição sentimental, ou seja, apenas com a utilização das definições e estruturas de música existentes. Este procedimento automático de composição musical, também denominado música aleatória ou música do acaso, tem sido vastamente explorado ao longo dos séculos, já tendo sido utilizado por alguns dos grandes nomes do cenário musical, como por exemplo, Mozart. Os avanços nas áreas de engenharia e computação permitiram a evolução dos métodos utilizados para composição de música aleatória, tornando a aplicação de autômatos celulares uma alternativa viável para determinação da sequência de execução de notas musicais e outros itens utilizados durante a composição deste tipo de música. Esta dissertação propõe uma arquitetura para geração de música harmonizada a partir de intervalos melódicos determinados por autômatos celulares, implementada em hardware reconfigurável do tipo FPGA. A arquitetura proposta possui quatro tipos de autômatos celulares, desenvolvidos através dos modelos de vizinhança unidimensional de Wolfram, vizinhança bidimensional de Neumann, vizinhança bidimensional Moore e vizinhança tridimensional de Neumann, que podem ser combinados de 16 formas diferentes para geração de melodias. Os resultados do processamento realizado pela arquitetura proposta são melodias no formato .mid, compostas através da utilização de dois autômatos celulares, um para escolha das notas e outro para escolha dos instrumentos a serem emulados, de acordo com o protocolo MIDI. Para tal esta arquitetura é formada por três unidades principais, a unidade divisor de frequência, que é responsável pelo sincronismo das tarefas executadas pela arquitetura, a unidade de conjunto de autômatos celulares, que é responsável pelo controle e habilitação dos autômatos celulares, e a unidade máquina MIDI, que é responsável por organizar os resultados de cada iteração corrente dos autômatos celulares e convertê-los conforme a estrutura do protocolo MIDI, gerando-se assim o produto musical. A arquitetura proposta é parametrizável, de modo que a configuração dos dados que influenciam no produto musical gerado, como por exemplo, a definição dos conjuntos de regras para os autômatos celulares habilitados, fica a cargo do usuário, não havendo então limites para as combinações possíveis a serem realizadas na arquitetura. Para validação da funcionalidade e aplicabilidade da arquitetura proposta, alguns dos resultados obtidos foram apresentados e detalhados através do uso de técnicas de obtenção de informação musical.

The music of the spheres

This article describes a method for making a spectroscope from scrap materials, i.e. a fragment of compact disc, a cardboard box, a tube and a digital camera to record the spectrum. An image processing program such as ImageJ can be used to calculate the wavelength of emission and absorption lines from the digital photograph. Multiple images of a spectrum can be stacked to reduce random noise, enabling spectra of faint objects to be obtained. Some basic experiments are described, such as viewing the spectrum produced by various types of lamp and the Sun. © 2012 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Music therapy for end-of-life care: an updated systematic review

Background: Music therapy during palliative and end-of-life care is well established and positive benefits for patients have been reported.
Aim: Assess the effectiveness of music therapy versus standard care alone or standard care in combination with other therapies for improving psychological, physiological and social outcomes among adult patients in any palliative care setting.
Data sources: In order to update an existing Cochrane systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov register, and Current Controlled Trials register to identify randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trails published between 2009 and April 2015. Nine electronic music therapy journals were searched from 2009 until April 2015, along with reference lists and contact was made with key experts in music therapy. Only studies published in English were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, assessed relevant studies for eligibility, extracted data and judged risk of bias for included studies. Disagreements were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Data were synthesised in Revman using the random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using l2.
Results: Three studies were included in the review. Findings suggest music therapy may be effective for helping to reduce pain in palliative care patients (standard mean deviation (SMD) = -0.42, 95% CI -0.68 to -0.17, P = 0.001).
Conclusions: Available evidence did not support the use of music therapy to improve overall quality-of-life in palliative care. While this review suggests music therapy may be effective for reducing pain, this is based on studies with a high risk of bias. Further high quality research is required.

Acute auditory stimulation with different styles of music influences cardiac autonomic regulation in men

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Acute auditory stimulation with different styles of music influences cardiac autonomic regulation in men

No clear evidence is available in the literature regarding the acute effect of different styles of music on cardiac autonomic control. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of classical baroque and heavy metal musical auditory stimulation on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in healthy men. In this study, HRV was analyzed regarding time (SDNN, RMSSD, NN50, and pNN50) and frequency domain (LF, HF, and LF / HF) in 12 healthy men. HRV was recorded at seated rest for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the participants were exposed to classical baroque or heavy metal music for five minutes through an earphone at seated rest. After exposure to the first song, they remained at rest for five minutes and they were again exposed to classical baroque or heavy metal music. The music sequence was random for each individual. Standard statistical methods were used for calculation of means and standard deviations. Besides, ANOVA and Friedman test were used for parametric and non-parametric distributions, respectively. While listening to heavy metal music, SDNN was reduced compared to the baseline (P = 0.023). In addition, the LF index (ms(2) and nu) was reduced during exposure to both heavy metal and classical baroque musical auditory stimulation compared to the control condition (P = 0.010 and P = 0.048, respectively). However, the HF index (ms(2)) was reduced only during auditory stimulation with music heavy metal (P = 0.01). The LF/HF ratio on the other hand decreased during auditory stimulation with classical baroque music (P = 0.019). Acute auditory stimulation with the selected heavy metal musical auditory stimulation decreased the sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation on the heart, while exposure to a selected classical baroque music reduced sympathetic regulation on the heart.

Pedagogical techniques and student outcomes in applied instrumental lessons taught by experienced and pre-service American music teachers.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of teacher experience on student progress and performance quality in an introductory applied lesson. Nine experienced teachers and 15 pre-service teachers taught an adult beginner to play ‘Mary Had a Little Lamb’ on a wind instrument. The lessons were videotaped for subsequent analysis of teaching behaviors and performance achievement. Following instruction, a random sample of teachers was interviewed about their perceptions of the lesson. A panel of adjudicators rated final pupil performances. No significant difference was found between pupils taught by experienced and pre-service teachers in the quality of their final performance. Systematic observation of the videotaped lessons showed that participant teachers provided relatively frequent and highly positive reinforcement during the lessons. Pupils of experienced teachers talked significantly more during the lessons than did pupils of pre-service teachers. Pre-service teachers modeled significantly more on their instruments than did experienced teachers.

From emotion perception to emotion experience: Emotions evoked by pictures and classical music.

Most previous neurophysiological studies evoked emotions by presenting visual stimuli. Models of the emotion circuits in the brain have for the most part ignored emotions arising from musical stimuli. To our knowledge, this is the first emotion brain study which examined the influence of visual and musical stimuli on brain processing. Highly arousing pictures of the International Affective Picture System and classical musical excerpts were chosen to evoke the three basic emotions of happiness, sadness and fear. The emotional stimuli modalities were presented for 70 s either alone or combined (congruent) in a counterbalanced and random order. Electroencephalogram (EEG) Alpha-Power-Density, which is inversely related to neural electrical activity, in 30 scalp electrodes from 24 right-handed healthy female subjects, was recorded. In addition, heart rate (HR), skin conductance responses (SCR), respiration, temperature and psychometrical ratings were collected. Results showed that the experienced quality of the presented emotions was most accurate in the combined conditions, intermediate in the picture conditions and lowest in the sound conditions. Furthermore, both the psychometrical ratings and the physiological involvement measurements (SCR, HR, Respiration) were significantly increased in the combined and sound conditions compared to the picture conditions. Finally, repeated measures ANOVA revealed the largest Alpha-Power-Density for the sound conditions, intermediate for the picture conditions, and lowest for the combined conditions, indicating the strongest activation in the combined conditions in a distributed emotion and arousal network comprising frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital neural structures. Summing up, these findings demonstrate that music can markedly enhance the emotional experience evoked by affective pictures.