126 resultados para REDD
Resumo:
International environmental law governing conservation and management of forests has been largely limited to soft-law instruments. Nevertheless, increasing attention has been given to forest issues, most recently in the context of the climate change regime and the reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) mechanism. The current law impacting upon the protection of forests and the contribution of emissions from deforestation will be considered in this chapter. The way forward will be explored, including the current options being considered for the post-Kyoto period.
Resumo:
Formation of Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) policy within the international climate regime has raised a number of discussions about justice. REDD+ aims to provide an incentive for developing countries to preserve or increase the amount of carbon stored in their forested areas. Governance of REDD+ is multi-layered: at the international level, a guiding framework must be determined; at the national level, strong legal frameworks are a pre-requisite to ensure both public and private investor confidence and at the sub-national level, forest-dependent peoples need to agree to participate as stewards of forest carbon project areas. At the international level the overall objective of REDD+ is yet to be determined, with competing mitigation, biological and justice agendas. Existing international law pertaining to the environment (international environmental principles and law, IEL) and human rights (international human rights law, IHRL) should inform the development of international and national REDD+ policy especially in relation to ensuring the environmental integrity of projects and participation and benefit-sharing rights for forest dependent communities. National laws applicable to REDD+ must accommodate the needs of all stakeholders and articulate boundaries which define their interactions, paying particular attention to ensuring that vulnerable groups are protected. This paper i) examines justice theories and IEL and IHRL to inform our understanding of what justice means in the context of REDD+, and ii) applies international law to create a reference tool for policy-makers dealing with the complex sub-debates within this emerging climate policy. We achieve this by: 1) Briefly outlining theories of justice (for example perspectives offered by anthropogenic and ecocentric approaches, and views from green economics). 2) Commenting on what climate justice means in the context of REDD+. 3) Outlining a selection of IEL and IHRL principles and laws to inform our understanding of justice in this policy realm (for example common but differentiated responsibilities, the precautionary principle, sovereignty and prevention drawn from the principles of IEL, the UNFCCC and CBD as relevant conventions of international environmental law; and UNDRIP and the Declaration on the Right to Development as applicable international human rights instruments) 4) Noting how this informs what justice is for different REDD+ stakeholders 5) Considering how current law-making (at both the international and national levels) reflects these principles and rules drawn from international law 6) Presenting how international law can inform policy-making by providing a reference tool of applicable international law and how it could be applied to different issues linked to REDD+. As such, this paper will help scholars and policy-makers to understand how international law can assist us to both conceptualise and embody justice within frameworks for REDD+ at both the international and national levels.
Resumo:
Sundarbans, a Ramsar and World Heritage site, is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world covering parts of Bangladesh and India. Natural mangroves were very common along the entire coast of Bangladesh. However, all other natural mangrove forests, including the Chakaria Sundarbans with 21,000 hectares of mangrove, have been cleared for shrimp cultivation. Against this backdrop, the Forest Department of Bangladesh has developed project design documents for a project called Collaborative REDD+ Improved Forest Management (IFM) Sundarbans Project (CRISP) to save the only remaining natural mangrove forest of the country. This project, involving conservation of 412,000 ha of natural mangrove forests, is expected to generate, over a 30-year period, a total emissions reduction of about 6.4 million tons of CO2. However, the successful implementation of this project involves a number of critical legal and institutional issues. It may involve complex legal issues such as forest ownership, forest use rights, rights of local people and carbon rights. It may also involve institutional reforms. Ensuring good governance of the proposed project is very vital considering the failure of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded and Bangladesh Forest Department managed Sundarbans Biodiversity Conservation Project. Considering this previous experience, this paper suggests that a comprehensive legal and institutional review and reform is needed for the successful implementation of the proposed CRISP project. This paper argues that without ensuring local peoples rights and their participation, no project can be successful in the Sundarbans. Moreover, corruption of local and international officials may be a serious hurdle in the successful implementation of the project.
Resumo:
Sundarbans, a Ramsar and World Heritage site, is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world covering parts of Bangladesh and India. Natural mangroves were very common along the entire coast of Bangladesh. However, all other natural mangrove forests, including the Chakaria Sundarbans with 21,000 hectares of mangrove, have been cleared for shrimp cultivation. Against this backdrop, the Forest Department of Bangladesh has developed project design documents for a project called Collaborative REDD+ Improved Forest Management (IFM) Sundarbans Project (CRISP) to save the only remaining natural mangrove forest of the country. This project, involving conservation of 412,000 ha of natural mangrove forests, is expected to generate, over a 30-year period, a total emissions reduction of about 6.4 million tons of CO2. However, the successful implementation of this project involves a number of critical legal and institutional issues. It may involve complex legal issues such as forest ownership, forest use rights, rights of local people and carbon rights. It may also involve institutional reforms. Ensuring good governance of the proposed project is very vital considering the failure of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) funded and Bangladesh Forest Department managed Sundarbans Biodiversity Conservation Project. Considering this previous experience, this paper suggests that a comprehensive legal and institutional review and reform is needed for the successful implementation of the proposed CRISP project. This paper argues that without ensuring local peoples rights and their participation, no project can be successful in the Sundarbans. Moreover, corruption of local and international officials may be a serious hurdle in the successful implementation of the project.
Resumo:
The international climate regime is in the process of negotiating a legally binding instrument concerning Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+). The paper starts by exploring the complex web of decisions and advices that currently regulate REDD+ initiatives within the international climate regime. This is followed by an analysis of justice issues raised by non-state actors in the REDD+ international negotiations. The paper concludes by building on this analysis to identify some relevant considerations when seeking to design a just and legally binding REDD+ instrument. These considerations include: the impact of market- versus fund-based investment channels, the importance of defining a clear objective; the inclusion and role of international principles such as sovereignty, preventative action, common but differentiated responsibility, sustainable development, and Free, Prior, and Informed Consent; the appropriate design of REDD+ safeguards and the inclusion of grievance mechanisms within the instrument which provide guidance on resolving disputes associated with REDD+ investment.
Resumo:
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD+) has emerged out of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)/Kyoto Protocol negotiations. It is intended to be a mechanism to channel funding (from both public and private sources) for reducing emissions from the forest sector. It is an international climate change policy that relies on national implementation. In order to attract and manage REDD+ investments (both public and private), countries need to decide on their approach to REDD+ implementation through a series of policy choices, and then implement those policy choices through strong legal frameworks. An important question for REDD+ host countries to consider, therefore, is how to develop robust legal structures to facilitate REDD+ implementation. These legal frameworks could be based on existing laws, and/or require new law making.
Resumo:
Kenya aims to prepare for both public and private Reduced Emission from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) investment flows. This chapter examines how current Kenyan law can be used as a starting point for building a regulatory regime to support public sector finance. For present purposes, public sector finance is defined as money flowing from multilateral international institutions and bi-lateral donor funds. Key issues addressed by this chapter The nature and form of public sector finance for REDD+ in Kenya. The management and laws relating to public funds in Kenya; Mechanisms that can be utilised to manage risk associated with REDD+ investments with a focus on Kenyan anti-corruption laws and policies; The regulatory regime for distributing the benefits from REDD+ investment to relevant forest stakeholders.
Resumo:
This article discusses two key issues in REDD+ design and implementation at the national level carbon rights, and benefit sharing. Both carbon rights and benefit sharing can be understood as new legal concepts (although they build on existing law), and as legal concepts they offer a framework for addressing related areas of REDD+ policy. Many countries are currently considering how to manage carbon rights and benefit sharing issues, including Cambodia and Kenya. Both of these countries host existing forest carbon projects and are also in the process of designing national REDD+ programmes. This article uses a conceptual framework for carbon rights and benefit sharing derived from legal analysis to consider the cases of both Cambodia and Kenya, and also includes a general discussion of the challenges countries might encounter when considering how to manage carbon rights and benefit sharing in the context of REDD+ implementation.
Resumo:
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is considered as an important mechanism under the UNFCCC aimed at mitigating climate change. The Cancun Agreement on REDD mechanism has paved the way for designing and implementation of REDD+ activities, to assist countries experiencing large-scale deforestation and forest degradation. Contrary to the general perception, the present analysis shows that India is currently experiencing deforestation and forest degradation. According to the latest assessment of the Forest Survey of India, the net annual loss of forests is estimated to be 99,850 ha during the period 2007-2009, even though the total area under forests has increased. The REDD+ mechanism aims to provide financial incentives for reducing deforestation and forest degradation. India, despite having robust legislations, policies and remote sensing capabilities, is not ready to benefit from the emerging REDD+ mechanism, with potential flow of large financial benefits to rural and forest-dependent communities from international financial sources.
Resumo:
Periodic estimation, monitoring and reporting on area under forest and plantation types and afforestation rates are critical to forest and biodiversity conservation, sustainable forest management and for meeting international commitments. This article is aimed at assessing the adequacy of the current monitoring and reporting approach adopted in India in the context of new challenges of conservation and reporting to international conventions and agencies. The analysis shows that the current mode of monitoring and reporting of forest area is inadequate to meet the national and international requirements. India could be potentially over-reporting the area under forests by including many non-forest tree categories such as commercial plantations of coconut, cashew, coffee and rubber, and fruit orchards. India may also be under-reporting deforestation by reporting only gross forest area at the state and national levels. There is a need for monitoring and reporting of forest cover, deforestation and afforestation rates according to categories such as (i) natural/primary forest, (ii) secondary/degraded forests, (iii) forest plantations, (iv) commercial plantations, (v) fruit orchards and (vi) scattered trees.
Resumo:
Sampling was concentrated on the North Moor region and the series of ditches which drained this area to the Bristol Channel. Although most ditches were not deep the mud substratum precluded sampling from within the habitat. All samples were taken with a pond net from the banks. Efforts were made to sample each part of the habitat although in some ditches the macrophyte growth was so intense as to make sampling difficult particularly of the sediments. Organisms were identified on the 10 sampling sites.
Resumo:
Redd counting is an integral part of most Fishery Officers duties. The number and distribution of salmonid redds throughout salmonid catchments provides invaluable information on the range and extent of spawning by both salmon and sea trout. A project was initiated by the Fisheries Science and Management Team of Central Area, North West Region in England in liaison with the Flood Defence function. The main objective of this project was to assess redd count data for Central Area and attempt to quantify these data in order to produce a grading system that would highlight key salmonid spawning areas. By showing which were the main areas for salmon and sea trout spawning, better informed decisions could be made on whether or not in-stream Flood Defence works should be given the go-ahead. The main salmonid catchments in Central Area were broken into individual reaches, approximately 1 km in length. The number of redds in these individual reaches were then calculated and a density per lkm value was obtained for each reach. A grading system was devised which involved looking at the range of density per km values and dividing this by five to produce 5 classes, A - E. A sixth class (F) was used where the density per Ion value was 0.00. This grading system was calculated at two levels of detail. Grades for salmon and sea trout were produced for each individual catchment and also on an Area-wide level. Maps were produced using a range of colours to represent the grade for each reach. These maps provide a highly useful overview of the status of salmonid spawning for each catchment over individual years and highlight the key salmon and sea trout spawning areas in each catchment. These maps and the associated summary data should now provide Flood Defence and Fisheries staff with a fairly detailed overview of the status of spawning in any location within the. main salmonid catchments in Central Area. Although these maps are very useful they should only be used as a guide. The current practice of consulting with the local Fishery Officer should be continued to ensure that expert local knowledge is taken into account.
Resumo:
La situation de la fort tropicale dans les pays en dveloppement en gnral, et en Rpublique Dmocratique du Congo (RDC) en particulier, est inquitante. Les missions de dioxyde de carbone dues au dboisement sont de lordre de 1,6 GtCO2e/an, soit 17% des missions mondiales de gaz effet de serre . Sous lgide de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, le REDD+ a t institu pour lutter contre cette dforestation et la dgradation des forts. Cette tude examine les diffrentes opportunits quoffre ce programme pour lamnagement cosystmique du couvert forestier de la RDC et les obstacles contextuels sa mise en oeuvre. Pour la RDC, le REDD+ prsente un certain nombre dopportunits : rduction des missions lies au dboisement et la dgradation des forts; amorce des travaux dafforestation et de reforestation par une gestion durable des ressources conduisant la cration des emplois et favorisant la croissance des PIB et des exports; accroissement du rendement et maintien dune plus grande couverture des besoins alimentaires. Le REDD+ peut favoriser la croissance du Produit intrieur brut agricole. Il peut contribuer llectrification des mnages et rduire de moiti les dpenses des mnages dpendant de lexploitation minire et des hydrocarbures et, ainsi, gnrer des milliers demplois en infrastructures. Pour les populations locales et autochtones, il peut contribuer aussi protger et valoriser les cultures lies la fort. Mais, face aux pesanteurs dordre juridique, politique, social, conomique, technologique et culturel caractristiques de ce pays, ces opportunits risquent dtre amenuises, sinon annihiles. tant donn que lessentiel du dploiement du dispositif du REDD+ se ralisera dans les zones rurales congolaises, lobstacle majeur reste le droit coutumier. La solution serait dharmoniser les exigences et finalits du REDD+ non seulement avec le Code forestier de 2002 et ses mesures dexcution mais aussi avec le droit coutumier auquel les communauts locales et autochtones sidentifient.
Resumo:
Esta investigacin analiza las posiciones y propuestas polticas en torno a la estrategia REDD (Reduccin de Emisiones por Deforestacin y Degradacin) en Ecuador, a partir de la XV Conferencia sobre Cambio Climtico que se desarroll en Copenhague en 2009, donde el pas llev, entre otras, la propuesta de formar parte de la estrategia REDD. El recorrido por los tres captulos muestra conceptualizaciones sobre el tema ambiental, legal y financiero sobre los bosques, el Buen Vivir y la historia de la estrategia REDD, as como su implementacin y las caractersticas que se estn planteando para el caso del Ecuador. Adems, en el documento se analiza al programa Socio Bosque como iniciativa de conservacin voluntaria de las florestas en base a una compensacin a las poblaciones locales. Cualquier mecanismo de compensacin como REDD+ u otro debe ser desarrollado en base a acuerdos de ganar ganar entre los pases desarrollados industrializados y los pases que poseen an bosques nativos. Estos acuerdos, adems de ser vinculantes y ofrecer salvaguardas para proteger a las comunidades y la biodiversidad que viven y dependen de estos recursos naturales, deben asegurar una mejor gestin ambiental a nivel global.
Resumo:
Sobre la base de la problemtica del fenmeno de cambio climtico y potencial de los bosques para contribuir a la mitigacin del mismo, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar si el mecanismo REDD+, puede constituir una alternativa viable en el Ecuador para la reduccin de la tasa de deforestacin, la mitigacin del cambio climtico y el desarrollo local. Para el efecto, se analizar el contexto internacional del mecanismo REDD+ y el proceso que Ecuador lleva adelante para implementar dicho mecanismo. Particularmente, se profundiza en los aspectos de gobernanza y financiamiento para la implementacin de REDD+. Sobre la base del caso ecuatoriano se pueden derivar lecciones interesantes para la implementacin de REDD+ en otros pases que enfrentan contextos similares, en trminos de la estructura de gobernanza y mecanismos de financiamiento. Adems, Ecuador es un ejemplo interesante sobre un enfoque de gobernanza hibrido con mltiples niveles de implementacin pero a la vez el rol prominente del gobierno en cuanto a los mecanismos financieros y mecanismo de distribucin de beneficios. Los resultados de la investigacin muestran que la implementacin del mecanismo REDD+ a mltiples niveles es fundamental y necesaria para el xito de la poltica en los pases. El liderazgo del gobierno en la fase de diseo es clave para asegurar una escala de implementacin a nivel nacional, de manera que se contribuya a metas ms amplias, tanto ambientales como de desarrollo. Sin embargo, un proceso inclusivo donde los actores no gubernamentales formen parte de los procesos y la fase de implementacin es fundamental para garantizar la sostenibilidad de REDD+.
