Dimensions of the venture creation process : amount, dynamics, and sequences of action in nascent entrepreneurship

This research examines the entrepreneurship phenomenon, and the question: Why are some venture attempts more successful than others? This question is not a new one. Prior research has answered this by describing those that engage in nascent entrepreneurship. Yet, this approach yielded little consensus and offers little comfort for those newly considering venture creation (Gartner, 1988). Rather, this research considers the process of venture creation, by focusing on the actions of nascent entrepreneurs. However, the venture creation process is complex (Liao, Welsch, & Tan, 2005), and multi-dimensional (Davidsson, 2004). The process can vary in the amount of action engaged by the entrepreneur; the temporal dynamics of how action is enacted (Lichtenstein, Carter, Dooley, and Gartner 2007); or the sequence in which actions are undertaken. And little is known about whether any, or all three, of these dimensions matter. Further, there exists scant general knowledge about how the venture creation process influences venture creation outcomes (Gartner & Shaver, 2011). Therefore, this research conducts a systematic study of what entrepreneurs do as they create a new venture. The primary goal is to develop general principles so that advice may be offered on how to ‘proceed’, rather than how to ‘be’. Three integrated empirical studies were conducted that separately focus on each of the interrelated dimensions. The basis for this was a randomly sampled, longitudinal panel, of nascent ventures. Upon recruitment these ventures were in the process of being created, but yet to be established as new businesses. The ventures were tracked one year latter to follow up on outcomes. Accordingly, this research makes the following original contributions to knowledge. First, the findings suggest that all three of the dimensions play an important role: action, dynamics, and sequence. This implies that future research should take a multi-dimensional view of the venture creation process. Failing to do so can only result in a limited understanding of a complex phenomenon. Second, action is the fundamental means through which venture creation is achieved. Simply put, more active venture creation efforts are more likely more successful. Further, action is the medium which allows resource endowments their effect upon venture outcomes. Third, the dynamics of how venture creation plays out over time is also influential. Here, a process with a high rate of action which increases in intensity will more likely achieve positive outcomes. Forth, sequence analysis, suggests that the order in which actions are taken will also drive outcomes. Although venture creation generally flows in sequence from discovery toward exploitation (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000; Eckhardt & Shane, 2003; Shane, 2003), processes that actually proceed in this way are less likely to be realized. Instead, processes which specifically intertwine discovery and exploitation action together in symbiosis more likely achieve better outcomes (Sarasvathy, 2001; Baker, Miner, & Eesley, 2003). Further, an optimal venture creation order exists somewhere between these sequential and symbiotic process archetypes. A process which starts out as symbiotic discovery and exploitation, but switches to focus exclusively on exploitation later on is most likely to achieve venture creation. These sequence findings are unique, and suggest future integration between opposing theories for order in venture creation.

ACE research vignette 038 : Cracking the start-up code : does it matter when you do what?

This series of research vignettes is aimed at sharing current and interesting research findings from our team of international Entrepreneurship researchers. This vignette deals with the process of new venture creation, and specifically the sequence in which different ‘start-up activities’ are undertaken.

Utilization of radioactive isotopes in coal process research : final report - task 1 /

"March 1, 1959 - March 31, 1960."

Quantitative naturalistic research; an introduction to naturalistic observation and investigation

Mode of access: Internet.

Metaphor in translation:possibilities for process research

This paper explores potential benefits of closer interaction between metaphor studies and translation process research. It presents some developments within Translation Studies which make use of conceptual metaphor theory and illustrates some process research methods for investigating metaphors. The paper considers a number of methodological recommendations and argues that of greatest importance is the need to take full account of insights from metaphor studies and associated disciplines. Another important potential innovation is the use of a multilingual approach in respect of both product- and process-oriented studies in order to increase both the amount and generality of data available for analysis. Thirdly, it is important to extend and complement the current ST-oriented approach. The paper concludes by suggesting some options for triangulating data gathered through a combination of methods.

A discussion of ethnographic research methods and their relevance for the translation process

In recent years, technologically advanced methodologies such as Translog have gained a lot of ground in translation process research. However, in this paper it will be argued that quantitative research methods can be supplemented by ethnographic qualitative ones so as to enhance our understanding of what underlies the translation process. Although translation studies scholars have sometimes applied an ethnographic approach to the study of translation, this paper offers a different perspective and considers the potential of ethnographic research methods for tapping cognitive and behavioural aspects of the translation process. A number of ethnographic principles are discussed and it is argued that process researchers aiming to understand translators’ perspectives and intentions, how these shape their behaviours, as well as how translators reflect on the situations they face and how they see themselves, would undoubtedly benefit from adopting an ethnographic framework for their studies on translation processes.

Understanding dynamics of strategic decision-making in venture creation:a process study of effectuation and causation

This study draws upon effectuation and causation as examples of planning-based and flexible decision-making logics, and investigates dynamics in the use of both logics. The study applies a longitudinal process research approach to investigate strategic decision-making in new venture creation over time. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, we analyze 385 decision events across nine technology-based ventures. Our observations suggest a hybrid perspective on strategic decision-making, demonstrating how effectuation and causation logics are combined, and how entrepreneurs’ emphasis on these logics shifts and re-shifts over time. We induce a dynamic model which extends the literature on strategic decision-making in venture creation.

Panel studies of new venture creation: a methods-focused review and suggestions for future research

Longitudinal panel studies of large, random samples of business start-ups captured at the pre-operational stage allow researchers to address core issues for entrepreneurship research, namely, the processes of creation of new business ventures as well as their antecedents and outcomes. Here, we perform a methods-orientated review of all 83 journal articles that have used this type of data set, our purpose being to assist users of current data sets as well as designers of new projects in making the best use of this innovative research approach. Our review reveals a number of methods issues that are largely particular to this type of research. We conclude that amidst exemplary contributions, much of the reviewed research has not adequately managed these methods challenges, nor has it made use of the full potential of this new research approach. Specifically, we identify and suggest remedies for context-specific and interrelated methods challenges relating to sample definition, choice of level of analysis, operationalization and conceptualization, use of longitudinal data and dealing with various types of problematic heterogeneity. In addition, we note that future research can make further strides towards full utilization of the advantages of the research approach through better matching (from either direction) between theories and the phenomena captured in the data, and by addressing some under-explored research questions for which the approach may be particularly fruitful.

缺陷驱动的软件过程量化管理方法研究

随着软件应用范围的不断扩大和复杂程度的不断提高，软件开发过程越来越难以控制，软件质量也越来越难以保障。质量管理的思想和理念，已经从单纯的以面向软件产品的检验为主要手段的质量控制，发展到更加成熟、更加主动地对软件产品生产过程进行管理的质量保障。 作为高成熟度软件过程的特征，量化过程管理逐渐被软件组织接受并实施。通过实施量化管理，能够刻画项目或过程目标的满足程度，找到造成过程或产品重大偏差的根本原因。然而，在量化过程管理实施期间，软件组织面对不同的软件开发过程、众多的过程性能度量指标、复杂的统计分析方法，既要考虑量化管理方法的合理性和复杂程度，又要权衡量化管理的实施成本，这使得实施有效的量化过程管理充满挑战。本文以缺陷数据为中心，提出了一种缺陷驱动的量化过程管理框架，以及基于该框架的两个量化管理方法，支持软件组织收集量化过程管理所需数据，建立过程性能基线和过程性能模型，量化管理软件项目。该框架适合迭代、瀑布等不同的开发方法，支持项目全生命周期的量化管理。 本文主要贡献包括： 提出了一种缺陷驱动的量化过程管理框架(Defect-driven Quantitative Process Management framework, DefQPM)。量化管理中，保障软件质量是核心。质量和缺陷密切相关，软件开发过程中各类工程活动（如：需求、设计、编码、测试等）都伴随着缺陷的注入、排除和遗留。DefQPM框架以缺陷数据作为量化管理的出发点，自底向上的通过数据层、模型层、使用层来指导软件组织分析过程性能，识别度量指标间的相关性，建立符合自身情况的过程性能基线和过程性能模型，有效的实施量化过程管理。DefQPM框架给出了实施量化管理的过程和机制。基于DefQPM框架，可以建立针对特定应用场景的量化管理方法，以及针对特定软件组织的量化管理解决方案。 提出了一种基于DefQPM的迭代项目量化管理方法(process performance Baseline based Defect-driven iteration management, BiDefect)。迭代开发方法由于其灵活性和管理需求变更的能力，得到了广泛应用。然而，如何对迭代项目实施量化管理依然充满挑战。迭代项目中，各种活动多次并行执行，难以找到合适的控制点，也缺乏针对迭代项目的度量指标及分析方法。基于DefQPM框架，本文研究了迭代开发项目典型的量化管理需要（例如：通过控制每次迭代工作产品的质量来保障最终交付软件产品的质量），提出了一种针对迭代项目的量化管理方法，解决了量化管理迭代项目的几个主要挑战。该方法关注缺陷的注入、排除、遗留情况，指导项目策划期间建立整体估算和度量，在项目执行期间评价软件过程执行情况及软件产品的质量，及时识别异常并采取纠正措施，进而为项目后续工作中成本、进度、质量等方面提供估算、控制方面的指导。 提出了一种基于DefQPM的测试过程量化管理方法(Quantitatively Managing Testing process, TestQM)。测试是重要的质量控制活动，对于高成熟度软件组织来说也是需要进行量化管理的活动。缺陷检测和缺陷修复是测试过程的两类主要活动，需要不同技能的人员执行。目前流行的软件估算方法多是将缺陷检测和缺陷修复的工作量和进度统一纳入测试活动中进行估算和管理，不够准确。基于DefQPM框架，本文提出了一种专门针对测试过程的量化管理方法。该方法关注缺陷按注入阶段分布情况，缺陷与修复工作量的相关性，以及缺陷与修复进度的相关性，指导在早期项目建立测试过程的估算，在测试过程中根据缺陷按注入阶段分布情况调整缺陷修复工作量和进度，使得测试过程受控。同时，介绍了TestQM针对Web应用开发项目的经验模型。 最后，介绍了上述量化管理方法在国内软件组织中的应用，包括BiDefect方法在迭代开发项目中的应用，以及TestQM方法在Web应用开发项目中的应用。软件组织实施量化过程管理前后的过程性能变化表明，应用本文方法能够对项目进行有效的估算、度量、重新估算和控制，进而提高产品质量，改善客户满意度。

油气运聚动力学的模拟分析——以准噶尔盆地为例

The petroleum migration, happening in the geologic past, is the very important and complex dynamic processes in the petroleum systems. It plays a linking role among all static factors in a system. The accumulation is in fact the result of the petroleum migration. For the petroleum geology, the dynamics research of the petroleum migration refers to the mechanism and process research, as well as the use of the quantitative methods. In this thesis, combining with the qualitative analysis and quantitative modeling, the author manages to discuss theoretically some key problems dealing with migration processes, which have not been solved yet, and to apply the studied results in petroleum system analysis in actual basins. The basin analysis offers the base of the numerical modeling for geological phenomena occurring in sedimentary basins, that consists of the sedimentary facies analysis, the section reconstructing technique, eroded thickness estimating, etc. The methods to construct the geologic model, which is needed in the research of oil and gas migration and accumulation, are discussed. The basin analysis offers also the possibility for the latter modeling works to get and select the parameters, such as stratum's thickness, age, stratigraphy etc. Modeling works were done by using two basin modeling softwares: Basin_Mod and TPC_Mod. The role of compaction during the secondary migration and the heterogeneity of migrating paths within the clastic carrier are modeled. And the conclusions were applied in the migration studies in the Jungaer Basin, lying on the Northwest part of the China. To construct a reliable migration model, the author studied the characteristics of the sedimentation, the pore fluid pressure evolution, as well as the distribution and the evolution of fluid potential, following the tectonic evolution of the Jungaer Basin. The geochemical prospecting results were used to evidence and to calibrate the migration processes: the oil-source correlation, the distribution of the properties of oil, gas and water. Finally, two important petroleum systems, Permian one and Jurassic one were studied and identified, according, principally, to the studies on the petroleum migration within the Jungaer Basin. Since the oil, as well as the gas, moves mainly in separate phase during the secondary migration, their migrating behaviors would be determined by the dynamics conditions of migration, including the driving forces and pathways. Based on such a consideration, the further understandings may be acquired: the roles played by permeable carriers and low-permeable source rock would be very different in compaction, overpressure generation, petroleum migration, and so on. With the numerical method, the effect of the compaction on the secondary migration was analyzed and the results show that the pressure gradient and the flux resulted from compaction are so small that could be neglected by comparing to the buoyancy of oil. The main secondary migration driving forces are therefore buoyancy and capillary within a hydrostatic system. Modeling with the commercial software-Basin_Mod, the migration pathways of petroleum in clastic carriers seem to be inhomogeneous, controlled by heterogeneity of the driving force, which in turn resulted from the topography of seals, the fabrics and the capillary pressure of the clastic carriers. Furthermore, the direct and indirect methods to study fault-sealing properties in the course of migration were systemically summarized. They may be characterized directly by lithological juxtaposition, clay smear and diagenesis, and indirectly the comparing the pressures and fluid properties in the walls at two apartments of a fault. In Jungaer Basin, the abnormal pressures are found in the formations beneath Badaowan or Baijantan Formation. The occurrence of the overpressure seems controlled by the stratigraphy. The rapid sedimentation, tectonic pressuring, clay sealing, chemical diagensis were considered as the principal pressuring mechanisms. The evolution of fluid pressure is influenced differently at different parts of the basin by the tectonic stresses. So the basin appears different pressure evolution cycles from each part to another during the geological history. By coupling the results of thermal evolution, pressure evolution and organic matter maturation, the area and the period of primary migration were acquired and used to determine the secondary migration time and range. The primary migration in Fengcheng Formation happened from latter Triassic to early Jurassic in the main depressions. The main period of lower-Wuerhe Formation was at latter Jurassic in Changji, Shawan and Pen-1-jing-xi Depression, and at the end of early Cretaceous in Mahu Depression. The primary migration in Badaowan and Sangonghe Formation is at the end of early-Cretaceous in Changji Depression. After then, the fluid potential of oil is calculated at the key time determined from area and time of the primary migration. Generally, fluid potential of oil is high in the depressions and low at the uplifts. Synthetically, it is recognized that the petroleum migration in the Jungaer Basin is very complex, that leads us to classify the evolution of petroleum systems in Northwestern China as a primary stage and a reformed one. The remigration of accumulated petroleum, caused by the reformation of the basin, results in the generation of multiple petroleum systems. The faults and unconformities are usually the linkers among the original petroleum systems. The Permian petroleum system in Jungaer Basin is such a multiple petroleum system. However, the Jurassic petroleum system stays still in its primary stage, thought the strong influences of the new tectonic activities.