Moderation or mediation? An examination of the role perceived managerial support has on job satisfaction and psychological strain

Employees are vital assets for an enterprise and therefore need to be valued by their employers. Employers can create a safe and reduced stress environment to work; managers thus provide organizational support through their managerial role by caring for their subordinates’ well-being and by providing work advisory. By providing the managerial support to the employees, organizations can reduce costs and increase productivity. Past research has investigated the role of organizational support on stress as a single model either moderating or mediating role. The previous findings were also inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to test both the mediating and the moderating effect of the perceived managerial support on role stressors and psychological outcomes. This study used 380 participants taken from several small firms in Thailand. The results confirmed the mediation role of perceived managerial support, but not the moderation effect.

The role of emotional labour and role stress on burnout and psychological strain in high contact service employees

This study examines the relationships between job demands (in the form of role stressors and emotional management) and employee burnout amongst high contact service employees. Employees in customer facing roles are frequently required to manage overwhelming, conflicting or ambiguous demands, which they may feel ill-equipped to handle. Simultaneously, they must manage the emotions they display towards customers, suppressing some, and expressing others, be they genuine or contrived. If the in-role effort required of employees exceeds their inherent capacity to cope, burnout may result. Burnout, in turn, can have serious detrimental consequences for the psychological well being of employees. We find that both emotional management and role stressors impact burnout. We also confirm that burnout predicts psychological strain. In line with the Job Demands and Resources Model, we examine the mitigating impact of perceived support on these relationships but do not find a significant mitigating impact.

Trust and psychological strain experienced by employees during organisational change

Most modern models of personality are hierarchical, perhaps as a result of their development by means of exploratory factor analysis. Based on new ideas about the structure of personality and how it divides into biologically based and sociocognitively based components (as proposed by Carver, Cloninger, EUiot and Thrash, and ReveUe), I develop a series of rules that show how scales of personality may be linked from those that are most distal to those which are most proximal. I use SEM to confirm the proposed structure in scales of the Temperament Character Inventory (TCI) and the Eysenck Personality Profiler. Good fit is achieved and all proposed paths are significant. The model is then used to predict work performance, deviance and job satisfacdon.

The role of emotional labour and role stress on burnout and psychological strain in high contact service employees

This study examines the relationships between job demands (in the form of role stressors and emotional management) and employee burnout amongst high contact service employees. Employees in customer facing roles are frequently required to manage overwhelming, conflicting or ambiguous demands, which they may feel ill-equipped to handle. Simultaneously, they must manage the emotions they display towards customers, suppressing some, and expressing others, be they genuine or contrived. If the in-role effort required of employees exceeds their inherent capacity to cope, burnout may result. Burnout, in turn, can have serious detrimental consequences for the psychological well being of employees. We find that both emotional management and role stressors impact burnout. We also confirm that burnout predicts psychological strain. In line with the Job Demands and Resources Model, we examine the mitigating impact of perceived support on these relationships but do not find a significant mitigating impact.

Work-related stressors and psychological strain in the sales force:the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

The contemporary workplace appears rife with psychological strain, which can have considerable deleterious outcomes to the firm and the individual. However, research on strain in the sales force is underdeveloped. This paper reports the results of a study of the antecedents and consequences of psychological strain in the sales force, with particular attention to the roles of role ambiguity, emotional exhaustion, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Emotional exhaustion is found to increase strain. Intrinsic motivation reduces strain under conditions of relatively high role ambiguity, but leads to more strain under conditions of low role ambiguity. Strain is found to have a J-shaped relationship with turnover intentions, and is linearly related to lower job satisfaction and lower job performance.

Double machine operation and psychological strain

This study examines the effects of double machine operation on psychological strain. CNC drilling machine operators' reactions to their job were monitored as they rotated between three different work conditions; single machine operation, double machine operation, and double machine operation with additionally high responsibility for products. Results show no effect of double machine operation on strain where responsibility was low. Double machine operation under the condition of high responsibility, however, was found to increase strain.

Strains as Mediators between Job Characteristics and Work-Related Outcomes in Police Officers

The relationship between job characteristics (e.g., job demands, social support) and work-related outcomes (e.g., turnover intentions, job performance) is assumed to be mediated by strains (e.g., work-related well-being, psychological strain). However, evidence suggests this association will be stronger for work-related strains than broader measures of overall psychological well-being. The primary aim of this study was to identify whether work and non-work related strains differ significantly in their ability to mediate between job characteristics and work-related outcomes. Perceptions of job characteristics, strain, turnover intentions and job performance were collected via a self-report survey from 2,588 Australian police officers. All job characteristics (job demands, job control, supervisor support and colleague support) were significant predictors of both job performance and turnover intentions, with the exception of job demands, which was not a significant predictor of turnover intentions. Both work and non-work related strains were significant predictors of turnover intentions and job performance. Strains were collectively significant in mediating between job characteristics and work-related outcomes, except in the case of job demands and job performance. The indirect effects of job characteristics on work-related outcomes were primarily through officers’ work-related enthusiasm. The relative importance of work-related enthusiasm in mediating between job characteristics and work-related outcomes offers some support for previous research suggesting stronger associations between work-related constructs. Future research should examine whether there are substantial differences in the explanatory power of work-related enthusiasm and a popular related construct, work engagement.

Retaining the thin blue line : What shapes workers' intentions not to quit the current work environment

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between workplace factors and the intentions of police officers to quit their current department. Design/methodology/approach – Data from a survey of Baltimore officers, designed to examine the relationship between police stress and domestic violence in police families were used. Using multivariate regression analysis, the authors focus on the officers' stated intentions to look for alternative employment, with proxies for social and workplace factors. Findings – Higher levels of cooperation (trust), interactional justice and work-life-balance reduce police officers' intentions to quit. While high levels of physical and psychological strain and trauma are not correlated with intentions to quit. Research limitations/implications – A discernible limitation of this study is the age of the data analyzed and that many changes have occurred in recent times (policing and social). It would be of great interest to repeat this study to gauge the true effect. Practical implications – There are policy implications for retention and recruitment: it may possible to decrease the ethnic and gender gaps, through identifying officers at risk and creating programs to hold existing minorities, recruit more, whilst maintaining a strong, happy and healthy department. Originality/value – This study examines the impact of workplace factors on quitting intention for police officers. It is demonstrated that social capital, fairness and work-life balance are moderators for quitting, adding to the literature on worker retention, as little research has been done using multivariate analysis on quitting intentions.

Determinacion de condiciones laborales de los trabajadores de cuatro hospitales de primer nivel y dos de segundo nivel en el departamento del Quindio – Colombia 2012

Objetivo: Determinar condiciones laborales de los trabajadores de cuatro hospitales de primer nivel y dos de segundo nivel en el departamento del Quindío - Colombia 2012. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra de 577 trabajadores del sector sanitario de cuatro hospitales de primer nivel y dos de segundo nivel en el departamento de Quindío – Colombia mediante la recolección de datos demográficos y la aplicación de las siguientes encuestas: “Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo” del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo de España (INSHT), en su versión validada para el idioma español: “Irritation Index”. Con fines de analizar la información obtenida se creó una base de datos con base en lo contenido en las encuestas válidas y se realizaron tablas dinámicas en Excel Resultados: participaron 577 trabajadores hospitalarios, encontrándose un 72% de personal femenino y un 28% de personal masculino con una relación H:M 2:6. De la población total encuestada, un 72% corresponde a trabajadores del área asistencial y un 28% al área administrativa. Se encontró una alta percepción de riesgo ergonómico (manejo de cargas, 81%, movimientos repetitivos 91%, posturas forzadas, 49%). Los síntomas osteomusculares referidos fueron: dolor cervical 20%, dolor en región dorsal media 17%, dolor en el hombro 62%, dolor en muñeca 27% y dolor en codo 10%. En la percepción de carga mental y factores de riesgo psicosocial se observó que el 92% de los trabajadores requiere un alto nivel de atención en la ejecución de sus tareas, el 77%, debe atender varias tareas al mismo tiempo, el 52% realiza tarea complejas, el 49% ve necesario esconder sus emociones en el sitio de trabajo, el 13% considera que su trabajo es excesivo, el 43% manifiesta la necesidad de trabajar rápido en el desarrollo de sus funciones, el 69% trabaja con plazos estrictos muy cortos el66% considera que el ritmo de trabajo está determinado por plazos temporales a cumplir. Por otro lado se encuentra una adecuada percepción de la autonomía (93-94%) en la escogencia del método de trabajo, ritmo de trabajo, establecimiento del orden de las tareas a cumplir. En general las relaciones interpersonales son percibidas de manera positiva encontrándose que el 98% recibe ayuda de sus compañeros y el 97% afirma contar con la ayuda de sus superiores. En cuanto a la violencia física en el lugar de trabajo se encuentra que un 6 % ha sido víctima de agresión por parte de personas ajenas al lugar de trabajo. En lo concerniente al percepción de la salud física, el 48% refiere un óptimo estado de salud, mientras que en lo referente a la salud mental se encuentra más frecuentemente alteraciones del sueño (20%), sensación de tensión (20%), tristeza y/o depresión (13%), dificultad para desconectarse del trabajo (15%). Discusión: En la población estudiada se encontró una alta percepción de condiciones ergonómicas inadecuadas dadas por posturas forzadas, manipulación de cargas y movimientos repetitivos, así como exposición a riesgo biológico y factores de riesgo psicosocial. Resulta importante destacar que los hallazgos obtenidos reflejan lo reportado en la literatura internacional y dejan de manifiesto la importancia de reflexionar sobre la necesidad de identificar los riesgos, sensibilizar a la población y de priorizar las actuaciones preventivas.

Psychische Beanspruchung durch illegitime Aufgaben

Illegitime Aufgaben sind Bestandteil des „Stress-as-Offense-to-Self“-Konzepts, das an der Universität Bern entwickelt wurde. Es geht von der Annahme aus, dass viele Situationen vor allem dadurch Stress auslösen, dass sie Ausdruck mangelnder Wertschätzung sind und damit den Selbstwert bedrohen. Illegitime Aufgaben sind definiert als Aufgaben, die man von einer Person eigentlich nicht erwarten kann; das kann daran liegen, dass sie als vermeidbar – und damit als unnötig – empfunden werden, oder daran, dass sie der beruflichen Kernrolle nicht entsprechen und deshalb als unzumutbar empfunden werden. Das Kapitel beschreibt die Merkmale von illegitimen Aufgaben, ordnet sie in die bisherige Forschung ein und grenzt sie von anderen, bereits bestehenden Konzepten ab. Zum anderen wird über erste Forschungsergebnisse berichtet, die die Tragfähigkeit des Konzepts zeigen. Das Kapitel endet mit der Diskussion weiterer Forschungsnotwendigkeiten (zum Beispiel im Hinblick auf interindividuelle Unterschiede) sowie praktischer Implikationen (zum Beispiel im Hinblick auf die Schulung von Führungskräften im Erkennen von und im Umgang mit illegitimen Aufgaben).

Higher emotional distress in female partners of cancer patients: prevalence and patient-partner interdependencies in a 3-year cohort

OBJECTIVE: Assessment and treatment of psychological distress in cancer patients was recognized as a major challenge. The role of spouses, caregivers, and significant others became of salient importance not only because of their supportive functions but also in respect to their own burden. The purpose of this study was to assess the amount of distress in a mixed sample of cancer patients and their partners and to explore the dyadic interdependence. METHODS: An initial sample of 154 dyads was recruited, and distress questionnaires (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Symptom Checklist 9-Item Short Version and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey) were assessed over four time points. Linear mixed models and actor-partner interdependence models were applied. RESULTS: A significant proportion of patients and their partners (up to 40%) reported high levels of anxiety, depression, psychological distress, and low quality of life over the course of the investigation. Mixed model analyses revealed that higher risks for clinical relevant anxiety and depression in couples exist for female patients and especially for female partners. Although psychological strain decreased over time, the risk for elevated distress in female partners remained. Modeling patient-partner interdependence over time stratified by patients' gender revealed specific effects: a moderate correlation between distress in patients and partners, and a transmission of distress from male patients to their female partners. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide empirical support for gender-specific transmission of distress in dyads coping with cancer. This should be considered as an important starting point for planning systemic psycho-oncological interventions and conceptualizing further research.

Uncertainty during organizational change: Types, consequences, and management strategies

This research tested a model that classifies change uncertainty into three interrelated types: strategic, structural, and job-related. We predicted that control would mediate the effects of job-related uncertainty upon psychological strain, and that management communication and participation in decision-making (PDM) would reduce uncertainty and increase feelings of control. The model was tested in a public sector organization and the results supported it. Control was found to mediate the effects of job-related uncertainty upon psychological strain. Management communication was negatively related to strategic uncertainty, whereas PDM was negatively related to structural and job-related uncertainty, suggesting different mechanisms to deal with the types of uncertainty during change. Finally, PDM was positively associated with feelings of control and negatively associated with psychological strain. These results suggest that PDM can short-circuit the damaging effects of uncertainty by allowing employees to have a say in change related organizational affairs, thereby instilling a sense of control over their circumstances.

Uncertainty during organizational change: Is it all about control?

Uncertainty is a major source of psychological strain during organizational change. This study tested a model of change-related communication, uncertainty, and control and their relationship with psychological strain, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Self-report data were obtained from staff at a psychiatric hospital undergoing restructuring. Results indicated that uncertainty had a direct and an indirect (via feelings of lack of control) relationship with psychological strain. Partialling out common method variance led to a complete mediation of this relationship by control. Other predictions about the relationship of these variables with psychological strain, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions were supported. Implications for future research and practice of change communication are discussed.