998 resultados para Pré-tratamento alcalino


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolipíd for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.

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In Brazil many types of bioproducts and agroindustrial waste are generated currently, such as cacashew apple bagasse and coconut husk, for example. The final disposal of these wastes causes serious environmental issues. In this sense, waste lignocellulosic content, as the shell of the coconut is a renewable and abundant raw material in which its use has an increased interest mainly for the 2nd generation ethanol production. The hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars such as glucose and xylose is catalysed by a group of enzymes called cellulases. However, the main bottleneck in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the significant deactivation of the enzyme that shows irreversible adsorption mechanism leading to reduction of the cellulose adsorption onto cellulose. Studies have shown that the use of surfactants can modify the surface property of the cellulose therefore minimizing the irreversible binding. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of chemical and biological surfactants during the hydrolysis of coconut husk which was subjected to two pre-treatment in order to improve the accessibility of the enzymes to the cellulose, removing this way, part of the lignin and hemicellulose present in the structure of the material. The pre-treatments applied to coconut bagasse were: Acid/Alkaline using 0.6M H2SO4 followed by 1M NaOH, and the one with Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide at a concentration of 7.35% (v/v) and pH 11.5. Both the material no treatment and pretreated were characterized using analysis of diffraction X-ray (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and methods established by NREL. The influence of both surfactants, chemical and biological, was used at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the concentrations equal to the CMC. The application of pre-treatment with coconut residue was efficient for the conversion to glucose, as well as for the production of total reducing sugars, it was possible to observe that the pretreatment fragmented the structure as well as disordered the fibers. Regarding XRD analysis, a significant increase in crystallinity index was observed for pretreated bagasse acid/alkali (51.1%) compared to the no treatment (31.7%), while that for that treated with PHA, the crystallinity index was slightly lower, around 29%. In terms of total reducing sugars it was not possible to observe a significant difference between the hydrolysis carried out without the use of surfactant compared to the addition of Triton and rhamnolipid. However, by observing the conversions achieved during the hydrolysis, it was noted that the best conversion was using the rhamnolipíd for the husk pretreated with acid/alkali, reaching a value of 33%, whereas using Triton the higher conversion was 23.8%. The coconut husk is a residue which can present a high potential to the 2nd generation ethanol production, being the rhamonolipid a very efficient biosurfactant for use as an adjuvant in the enzymatic process in order to act on the material structure reducing its recalcitrance and therefore improving the conditions of access for enzymes to the substrate increasing thus the conversion of cellulose to glucose.

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, Perfil Sanitária

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente - Perfil Sanitária

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Foram estudadas 24 crianças, com idade entre 2 a 14 anos, de 1989 a 1993, vítimas de acidentes ofídicos, submetidas a pré-tratamento com antagonistas H1 (dextroclorfeniramina) e H2 (cimetidine ou ranitidina) da histamina e hidrocortisona, com objetivo de avaliar a frequência e o tipo de reações precoces (RP) ao antiveneno (AV). Em nenhum paciente havia antecedente de atopia ou uso prévio de algum tipo de antiveneno ou antitoxina heteróloga. Das 24 crianças 15 receberam AV botrópico (RP em 5), 7 AV crotálico (RP em 5), 1 AV crotálico e AV botrópico-crotálico e 1 AV elapídico (RP). Foram observadas RP graves em 3 crianças, as 3 classificadas como acidente crotálico grave. A análise dos resultados sugere que o pré-tratamento realizado não ofereceu uma proteção segura quanto ao aparecimento de RP.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Energia e Bioenergia

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Hoje em dia os pré-tratamentos precisam ser robustos, para num mesmo processo, se produzirem compostos de alto valor acrescentado, como os xilooligossacarídeos (XOS) que podem ser aplicados na indústria alimentar, farmacêutica e energética, além de isto a produção de substratos para a conversão em biocombustíveis, como o bioetanol, e assim reduzir os altos custos das biorrefinerias de segunda geração. Além disso, é fundamental no desenvolvimento de reatores que ajudem a eficientar o processo de aquecimento em processos hidrotérmicos. Por tanto, o processo hidrotérmico reúne as características para ser aplicado ao conceito de biorrefinaria de segunda geração. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o fundamento, e uma serie aplicações do pré-tratamento hidrotérmico realizados no nosso grupo de trabalho.

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A dispersão de amostras de Latossolos oxídicos pode ser mais difícil devido a microagregados de alta estabilidade, que nem sempre são totalmente desfeitos pela dispersão química e mecânica. A combinação de métodos químicos e mecânicos associados ao pré-tratamento da amostra é importante para se obter completa dispersão das partículas do solo e mantê-la estável durante toda a marcha analítica. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da dispersão mecânica (agitação lenta com agitador orbital de mesa - 30 rpm por 16 h, na presença de abrasivo, e agitação rápida com agitadores do tipo coqueteleira - 1.200 rpm por 20 min) e química com NaOH 1N, associada ao pré-tratamento para eliminação da matéria orgânica, independentemente de seu teor na amostra de solo na realização da análise granulométrica utilizada como método de rotina. Para as análises, foram coletadas com trado holandês, em uma área de Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, 50 amostras de forma inteiramente casualizada, nas profundidades de 0-0,20 e de 1,15-1,25 m; cada amostra representou uma repetição. Foi possível concluir que: sempre ocorreu maior dispersão das amostras analisadas quando se fez o pré-tratamento para oxidação da MO; o processo de agitação lenta, em relação ao de agitação rápida, é sempre mais eficiente na dispersão das amostras de solo; e o tratamento que utilizou pré-tratamento para eliminação da MO e dispersão mecânica com agitação lenta por 16 h e 30 g de areia grossa como abrasivo foi mais eficiente na dispersão das amostras estudadas, tanto para as amostras coletadas entre 0 e 0,20 m como para as coletadas na profundidade de 1,15-1,25 m.

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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes condições de embebição das sementes, associadas a diferentes substratos e ambientes de semeadura, sobre a emergência de plântulas de tucumã (Astrocaryum aculeatum). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 (condições de embebição da semente: à sombra e a pleno sol) x 3 (substratos de semeadura: areia, serragem de madeira e areia + serragem) x 3 (sombreamentos do viveiro: 30%, 50% e 70%), com três repetições de 25 sementes. A semeadura foi feita em caixas de plástico, contendo os diferentes substratos, cobertas com filme de polietileno transparente, formando um estufim. A emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) apresentaram efeito de interação entre os fatores "condição de embebição" e "substrato de semeadura". A semeadura em serragem de sementes embebidas à sombra (26-27 ºC) proporcionou emergência de 73% e IVE de 0,710, sendo esses valores significativamente superiores aos obtidos em sementes embebidas a pleno sol (26-42 ºC), que alcançaram 58% e 0,578, respectivamente. Os sombreamentos de 30% e 50% proporcionaram o mesmo percentual de emergência (68%), que foi superior aos 44% de emergência alcançada sob 70% de sombreamento. Os ambientes de semeadura com maiores amplitudes térmicas (13-14 ºC) e que atingiram maiores temperaturas médias (38-39 ºC), favoreceram o processo germinativo de sementes de tucumã. Desse modo, o melhor desempenho de emergência de plântulas foi alcançado com pré-embebição das sementes à sombra e semeadura em serragem de madeira, sob estufim mantido em viveiro com sombreamento de 30% e 50%.

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The catalytic combustion of methane on alumina supported palladium catalysts was studied. It has been reported that the activity of the catalyst increases with its time on line, despite of an increase of the palladium particle size. However, different preparation, pretreatment and testing conditions can be the reason for the observed different results. An experimental design, which allows to verify the influence of several parameters at the same time with a good statistical quality, was used. A Plackett-Burman design was selected for the screening of the variables which have an effect on the increase of the catalyst activity.

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The basic principles of UV irradiation as sample pre-treatment step and its potential for inorganic analysis are illustrated and discussed through significant examples from the literature. Not only does this overview cover the classical applications of this technique in the decomposition of organic matter in electroanalysis, but it also presents recent trends, including the increasing interest in employing UV irradiation in flow analytical systems, successful attempts to enhance its effectiveness and the coupling with chromatographic and spectroscopic methodologies. Furthermore, a number of relevant cases of UV-driven derivatization reactions involving photo-sensitive inorganic species are presented, showing some convenient options to perform fast and reliable determination of inorganic and organic analytes.

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Analysis of diazepam (DZP) and its active metabolite nordiazepam (NDZP) in plasma is commonly performed in clinical medicine to ensure proper therapeutic effects while minimizing the incidence of toxicity. This study aimed to optimize analytical parameters and compare two pre-treatment techniques, liquid-liquid (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE), as well as liquid chromatographic conditions to analyze simultaneously DZP and NDZP in plasma from 20 patients treated with a daily dose of 10 mg. Both techniques showed to be well in line with the international criteria for analytical validation, which permitted to quantify DZP (66.2 - 1148.6 ng mL-1) and NDZP (138.5 - 808.6 ng mL -1) in all samples. The correlation coefficients between SPE and LLE were respectively 0.9729 for DZP and 0.9643 for NDZP.

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In this work a simple and versatile procedure is described for treating water samples using small polypropylene (PP) vials (4 mL) for determining heavy metals by square wave voltammetry (SWV). This procedure involves treatment with nitric acid (0.2 mol L-1) and boiling in a water-bath (~ 100 ºC). This process is completed after one hour and allows the pretreatment of several samples simultaneously. The accuracy was estimated using addition/recovery studies and certified water sample analysis, yielding an agreement near to 100%.