Incidencia del frente Polisario en la búsqueda del reconocimiento internacional del Sahara Occidental

Esta monografía revisa algunos de los sucesos más significativos que han incidido en el movimiento de reivindicación del Frente Polisario, en la búsqueda del reconocimiento internacional del Sahara Occidental. Para ello, la investigación se ocupa de describir y analizar los hechos que han permitido la evolución de la estructura de oportunidades política, en medio la cual se ha llevado el accionar del Frente Polisario, a través de los diferentes repertorios de acción colectiva que han facilitado la internacionalización de la causa saharaui. Para tal fin, se usan los postulados teórico-conceptuales tomados de los estudios sobre movimientos sociales. La investigación concluye con una serie de reflexiones que permiten tener un mayor acercamiento a la situación del Sahara Occidental y a los factores que han permitido generar mayor solidaridad en torno a la lucha saharaui.

El conflicto Sahara Occidental - Marruecos como obstáculo para el proceso de integración de la Unión del Magreb Árabe, UMA

Constituida en 1989, la Unión de Magreb Árabe (UMA) es la asociación económica y política que reúne a los cinco Estados del Magreb. No obstante, la organización no funciona desde 1995 debido a varios factores, siendo el principal el problema del territorio de Sahara Occidental, una zona con valiosos recursos naturales (petróleo, fosfato, gas y fuentes de pesca), que fue controlada por Marruecos luego de que España abandonara el Sahara. En la actualidad, el conflicto entre Marruecos y quienes reivindican la independencia de Sahara Occidental ha causado un profundo daño a la UMA, distanciando a los Estados que deben enfrentar nuevos retos de seguridad ante el terrorismo y la escasez de agua y alimentos. Las tentativas internacionales para llegar a un acuerdo no han surtido efecto, y la UMA se debilita con los nuevos escenarios internacionales en los que se proyectan de manera separada los Estados del Magreb.

Análisis de las implicaciones políticas para Marruecos frente al reconocimiento de Sahara Occidental como estado por parte de la Unión Africana, 2002 - 2008

En 1974, España como potencia administradora del Sahara Occidental, decide retirarse de este territorio bajo la resolución 1514 de Naciones Unidas, dejando como administrador a Marruecos con el fin de que llevara a cabo el derecho de autodeterminación a través de un referendo. Actualmente y después de treinta años, este referendo no se ha llevado a cabo siendo Sahara Occidental la última colonia en África. Durante este tiempo, Marruecos ocupó militarmente gran parte del Sahara Occidental reclamándolo como parte de su territorio, hecho que no es aceptado por la población saharaui ni por el Frente Polisario (movimiento independentista del Sahara Occidental), quienes reclaman la independencia total del territorio. De esta manera, la constitución de la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática como Estado en 1976 logró el reconocimiento de varios Estados y organizaciones internacionales como la Unión Africana, hecho que hizo que Marruecos sea el único país africano que no pertenezca a esta organización. Así mismo, su ausencia dentro de la organización trajo para Marruecos implicaciones políticas en tres importantes temas: la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo – NEPAD, el Sistema Africano de Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos y la participación de la Unión del Magreb Árabe como Comunidad Económica Regional CER.

El apoyo de Argelia a la independencia del grupo étnico saharawi como fachada para el alcance de su interés geopolítico (2008-2012)

El objetivo principal del presente estudio de caso es determinar el interés geopolítico que impulsa a Argelia a apoyar las intenciones de independencia de la República Árabe Saharawi Democrática (RASD). Como consecuencia del proceso de descolonización del Sahara Occidental que ha sido negado por las potencias colonizadoras que allí se encontraban y por Marruecos, país que reivindica su posesión del territorio; Argelia se ha apadrinado de la causa saharawi mediante la transferencia de armamento y envío de alimentos al Frente Polisario de Liberación y ha logrado que 26 países de la Unión Africana reconozcan la existencia de la RASD. Sin embargo, detrás de la vocación argelina sobre la promoción al respeto del principio de autodeterminación se esconden una serie de intereses geopolíticos, comerciales y de seguridad que pueden ser satisfechos con un Sahara Occidental independiente.

Relationship Between Aerobic And Anaerobic Parameters From 3-minute All-out Tethered Swimming And 400-m Maximal Front Crawl Effort.

The main aim of this investigation was to verify the relationship of the variables measured during a 3-minute all-out test with aerobic (i.e., peak oxygen uptake [(Equation is included in full-text article.)] and intensity corresponding to the lactate minimum [LMI]) and anaerobic parameters (i.e., anaerobic work) measured during a 400-m maximal performance. To measure force continually and to avoid the possible influences caused by turns, the 3-minute all-out effort was performed in tethered swimming. Thirty swimmers performed the following tests: (a) a 3-minute all-out tethered swimming test to determine the final force (equivalent to critical force: CF3-MIN) and the work performed above CF3-MIN (W'3-MIN), (b) a LMI protocol to determine the LMI during front crawl swimming, and (c) a 400-m maximal test to determine the (Equation is included in full-text article.)and total anaerobic contribution (WANA). Correlations between the variables were tested using the Pearson's correlation test (p ≤ 0.05). CF3-MIN (73.9 ± 13.2 N) presented a high correlation with the LMI (1.33 ± 0.08 m·s; p = 0.01) and (Equation is included in full-text article.)(4.5 ± 1.2 L·min; p = 0.01). However, the W'3-MIN (1,943.2 ± 719.2 N·s) was only moderately correlated with LMI (p = 0.02) and (Equation is included in full-text article.)(p = 0.01). In summary, CF3-MIN determined during the 3-minute all-out effort is associated with oxidative metabolism and can be used to estimate the aerobic capacity of swimmers. In contrast, the anaerobic component of this model (W'3-MIN) is not correlated with WANA.

Performance of young male swimmers in the 100-meters front crawl

Youth swimming performance may be influenced by anthropometric, physiology and technical factors. The present paper examined the role of these factors in performance of 100m freestyle in swimmers 12-14 years of age (n = 24). Multiple regression analysis (forward method) was used to examine the variance of the 100 meters front crawl. Anaerobic power, swimming index and critical speed explained 88% (p < .05) of the variance in the average speed of 100 meters front crawl among young male pubertal swimmers. To conclude, performance of young swimmers in the 100 meters front crawl is determined predominantly by physiological factors and swimming technique.

Integrating technology roadmapping and portfolio management at the front-end of new product development

Many authors point out that the front-end of new product development (NPD) is a critical success factor in the NPD process and that numerous companies face difficulties in carrying it out appropriately. Therefore, it is important to develop new theories and proposals that support the effective implementation of this earliest phase of NPD. This paper presents a new method to support the development of front-end activities based on integrating technology roadmapping (TRM) and project portfolio management (PPM). This new method, called the ITP Method, was implemented at a small Brazilian high-tech company in the nanotechnology industry to explore the integration proposal. The case study demonstrated that the ITP Method provides a systematic procedure for the fuzzy front-end and integrates innovation perspectives into a single roadmap, which allows for a better alignment of business efforts and communication of product innovation goals. Furthermore, the results indicated that the method may also improve quality, functional integration and strategy alignment. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Making Fedora easier to implement with Fez: A free open source content model and workflow management front-end to Fedora

The University of Queensland, Australia has developed Fez, a world-leading user-interface and management system for Fedora-based institutional repositories, which bridges the gap between a repository and users. Christiaan Kortekaas, Andrew Bennett and Keith Webster will review this open source software that gives institutions the power to create a comprehensive repository solution without the hassle..

South (front) elevation, public housing, Cotton Tree Housing Estate, Maroochydore

This pilot project at Cotton Tree, Maroochydore, on two adjacent, linear parcels of land has one of the properties privately owned while the other is owned by the public housing authority. Both owners commissioned Lindsay and Kerry Clare to design housing for their separate needs which enabled the two projects to be governed by a single planning and design strategy. This entailed the realignment of the dividing boundary to form two approximately square blocks which made possible the retention of an important stand of mature paperbark trees and gave each block a more useful street frontage. The scheme provides seven two-bedroom units and one single-bedroom unit as the private component, with six single-bedroom units, three two-bedroom units and two three-bedroom units forming the public housing. The dwellings are deployed as an interlaced mat of freestanding blocks, car courts, courtyard gardens, patios and decks. The key distinction between the public and private parts of the scheme is the pooling of the car parking spaces in the public housing to create a shared courtyard. The housing climbs to three storeys on its southern edge and falls to a single storey on the north-western corner. This enables all units and the principal private outdoor spaces to have a northern orientation. The interiors of both the public and private units are skilfully arranged to take full advantage of views, light and breeze.

Front elevation, PNG Coffee Industry Board Office and Warehouse, Goroka

View of front elevation with entrance from exterior.

Front elevation, Canal House, Noosa Waters, Sunshine Coast

Street elevation.

Front elevation, Canal House, Noosa Waters, Sunshine Coast

Street elevation.

Detailed Measurements during a Transient Front in a Small Subtropical Estuary

High-resolution measurements of velocity and physio-chemistry were conducted before, during and after the passage of a transient front in a small subtropical system about 2.1 km upstream of the river mouth. Detailed acoustic Doppler velocimetry measurements, conducted continuously at 25 Hz, showed the existence of transverse turbulent shear between 300 s prior to the front passage and 1300 s after. This was associated with an increased level of suspended sediment concentration fluctuations, some transverse shear next to the bed and some surface temperature anomaly.