Influence of mixtures of acenaphthylene and benzo[a] anthracene on their degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus in sandy soil

Purpose Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds commonly found as soil contaminants. Fungal degradation is considered as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to remove PAHs from soil. Acenaphthylene (Ace) and Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) are two PAHs that can coexist in soils; however, the influence of the presence of each other on their biodegradation has not been studied. The biodegradation of Ace and BaA, alone and in mixtures, by the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was studied in a sandy soil. Materials and methods Experimental microcosms containing soil spiked with different concentrations of Ace and BaAwere inoculated with P. ostreatus. Initial (t 0) and final (after 15 days of incubation) soil concentrations of Ace and BaA were determined after extraction of the PAHs. Results and discussion P. ostreatus was able to degrade 57.7% of the Ace in soil spiked at 30 mg kg−1 dry soil and 65.8% of Ace in soil spiked at 60 mg kg−1 dry soil. The degradation efficiency of BaA by P. ostreatus was 86.7 and 77.4% in soil spiked with Ace at 30 and 60 mg kg−1 dry soil, respectively. After 15 days of incubation, there were no significant differences in Ace concentration between soil spiked with Ace and soil spiked with Ace + BaA, irrespective of the initial soil concentration of both PAHs. There were also no differences in BaA concentration between soil spiked with BaA and soil spiked with BaA + Ace. Conclusions The results indicate that the fungal degradation of Ace and BaA was not influenced by the presence of each other’s PAH in sandy soil. Bioremediation of soils contaminated with Ace and BaA using P. ostreatus is a promising approach to eliminate these PAHs from the environment.

Valor nutricio de tres cepas mexicanas de Pleurotus ostreatus [por] Mayela Bautista Justo

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Alimentos) U.A.N.L.

Physiochemical analysis and centesimal composition of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom grown in residues from the Amazon

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição nutricional dos cogumelos produzidos em substratos alternativos à base de resíduos agrícolas e agroindustriais da Amazônia. Determinou-se C, N, pH, umidade, sólidos solúveis, proteína, lipídios, fibra total, cinzas, carboidratos e energia. Os substratos foram formulados a partir de serragem de Simarouba amara Aubl. (marupá), Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. (pau de balsa) e do estipe de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunheira) e de Saccharum officinarum (cana-de-açúcar). Os resultados demonstraram que: a composição nutricional do P. ostreatus variou com o substrato de cultivo e; O P. ostreatus pode ser considerado um importante alimento devido suas características nutricionais: altos teores de proteínas, carboidratos metabolizáveis e fibras; baixos teores de lipídios e de calorias.

Morphomolecular characterization of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Fr.) kummer strains in relation to luminosity and temperature of frutification

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Crescimento micelial de Pleurotus ostreatus em resíduo de Simarouba amara

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento micelial do cogumelo Pleurotus ostreatus, cultivado na serragem da espécie madeireira Simarouba amara. Avaliaram-se: o efeito das temperaturas de 22, 25, 27, 30 e 35ºC sobre o crescimento micelial de P. ostreatus, nos meios malte-ágar 3% e SDA-MA (infusão da serragem de S. amara, enriquecida com farelo de soja-dextrose-ágar); e o crescimento micelial em substrato de cultivo de serragem de S. amara, com e sem suplementação de farelo de soja, a 25 e 30ºC. O melhor desenvolvimento de P. ostreatus ocorreu em meio malte-ágar 3% a 25ºC. A suplementação de farelo de soja na serragem de S. amara favorece o crescimento micelial.

Tratamento do feno de braquiária pelo fungo Pleurotus ostreatus

A inoculação de forragens com fungos lignocelulolíticos é uma opção para melhorar a qualidade destas sem adição de produtos químicos. O tratamento do substrato influencia a ação do fungo e a qualidade final do produto. Neste experimento, aplicaram-se quatro tratamentos (compostagem do feno inteiro, compostagem do feno picado, hidratação do feno em água fria e hidratação do feno em água quente) a um feno de Brachiaria decumbens. Aos tratamentos seguiu-se inoculação com o fungo Pleurotus ostreatus e incubação por 35 dias, sob temperatura controlada. Usou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e medidas repetidas. Amostras foram colhidas semanalmente para acompanhar a degradação do substrato, mediante a análise química do feno. Observou-se aumento linear, com o decorrer do tempo, no teor de proteína bruta (PB) e na proporção de lignina na parede celular (LIG-FDN), e decréscimo linear nos valores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), celulose e hemicelulose. Não se observou efeito de tratamento no teor de FDA. Os tratamentos com compostagem apresentaram maiores valores de PB, lignina e LIG-FDN e menores de FDN e hemicelulose. Não se observou diferença entre os tratamentos com hidratação. O tratamento do feno de braquiária com o fungo propiciou degradação da fração fibrosa e aumento no teor de PB, com efeito mais intenso nos tratamentos que usaram compostagem. A ação do fungo foi mais efetiva sobre a hemicelulose que sobre os demais componentes da fibra.

Valor nutritivo do feno de braquiária amonizado com uréia ou inoculado com Pleurotus ostreatus

Verificou-se, mediante análises de composição química e ensaio de digestibilidade com ovinos, o efeito dos tratamentos químico (amonização com uréia) e biológico (inoculação com o fungo Pleurotus ostreatus) sobre o valor nutritivo do feno de Brachiaria decumbens. Ambos os tratamentos duraram 42 dias; após esse período, o feno foi seco e moído para fornecimento aos animais. As dietas experimentais foram: feno não tratado (FNT); feno não tratado + uréia (FNT + U); feno inoculado com fungo + uréia (FTB + U); e feno amonizado + feno não tratado (FTQ + FNT). As dietas FNT + U, FTB + U e FTQ + FNT foram isonitrogenadas. Tanto o tratamento químico como o biológico causaram mudanças na composição química do feno. A amonização elevou os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e reduziu os teores de hemicelulose (HEM) e a proporção de hemicelulose na parede celular (HEM-FDN). Já o tratamento biológico tendeu a aumentar o teor de PB; elevou os teores de FDA, lignina (LIG), a proporção de celulose na parede celular (CEL-FDN) e a proporção de lignina na parede celular (LIG-FDN); e reduziu os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), HEM e HEM-FDN. Entretanto, diminuiu a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), FDN, celulose (CEL) e FDA, mas aumentou o consumo, provavelmente em decorrência do menor teor de FDN e menor tamanho médio de partículas, o que causou maior velocidade de passagem. Os tratamentos biológico e químico são alternativas importantes no incremento do valor nutritivo de materiais lignocelulósicos, todavia, os resultados obtidos neste ensaio não foram satisfatórios.

MINERAL COMPOSITION of RAW MATERIAL, SUBSTRATE and FRUITING BODIES of Pleurotus ostreatus IN CULTURE

In a culture of a Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) strain, macro and micronutrients of the raw material and the initial and spent substrates were evaluated. Substrates were formulated with sawdust from Simarouba amara Aubl. and Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam., crushed Bactris gasipaes Kunth and crushed Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane). Samples were solubilized by means of acid digestion (nitric-peridrol). Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Na and K by atomic emission, and P by colorimetry. The mineral composition of the fruiting body varied with the substrates, which made possible the production of a fruiting body rich in K, P Mg and Fe. Potassium was the mineral with the highest content in the fruiting body in all substrates tested (36.83-42.18g.kg(-1)). There was an increase of protein and mineral content in the spent substrate in relation to the initial one.

Determinação bromatológica de Pleurotus ostreatus cultivado em resíduos de diferentes cultivares de bananeira

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional composition (raw protein, ether extract, raw fiber, FDA, FDN and ash) of the POS 09/100 strain of Pleurotus ostreatus grown in three combinations of residues (pseudo-stem, leave and pseudo-stem + leaf) and four banana tree cultivars (Thap maeo, Prata ana, Pelipita and Caipira). The basidiomata harvested were submitted to dehydration in a forced ventilation stove with temperature adjusted to 40 degrees C until reaching constant weight, being then grinded in a knife mill. The method proposed by Kjeldahl (1883) was used to determine total nitrogen. The Weende method (AOAC, 1997) was employed to determine crude fiber, acid-detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). According to the results obtained, crude protein, ash, ADF and NDF contents varied with the kind of residue and banana tree cultivar; the substrate prepared with leaves of banana tree (Prata Ana cultivar) yielded the highest crude protein (35.4%) and ash (6.7%) contents in the basidiomata of P. streams; the substrate prepared with pseudo-stein of banana tree (Prata Ana cultivar) provided the highest ADF (31.6%) and NDF (41.9%) contents in the basidiomata of P. ostreatus. Ether extract and crude fiber contents of P. ostreatus didn't vary in function of the treatments, with averages of 2.45 and 11.27%, respectively.

Produtividade de pleurotus ostreatus em resíduos da amazônia

The viability of the utilization of wood and agroindustrial residues available in the Amazon region in the formulation of alternative substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus was tested. Thus, two wood residues: marupa sawdust (SIAMP) and pau-de-balsa sawdust (SAPB), and two substrates derived from agroindustrial residues: sugar-cane bagasse (SIACN) and pupunheira stem (SIAPP), were used. These were supplemented with a mixture of rice bran, wheat and corn as protein source, with addition of 2-3% of CaCO(3) for pH correction (6.5). The substrates were placed in polyethylene (HDPE) bags, sterilized at 121 degrees C for 1h and inoculated in a laminar flow chamber. The cultivation was carried out in an axenic way, in a modified atmosphere. The productivity of the substrates was evaluated in relation to the biological efficiency, with the following mean results: 125.60, 99.80%, 94.00 and 64.60% for SIAPP, SIACN, SIAMP and SIAPB, respectively. The high biological efficiency of the substrates and the cultivation process clearly showed the viability of the utilization of the residues, suggesting the commercial cultivation of this mushroom, which may contribute for improving the social and economical conditions and sustainability of the regional biodiversity resources of Amazonia.

Análise físico-química e composição nutricional da matéria prima e de substratos pré e pós cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus

The aim of the present study was to carry out the physical, chemical and nutritional analyses of the alternative substrates formulated from wood and agroindustrial residues of the Amazon for Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kummer cultivation. The determination of C, N, pH, humidity, soluble solids, protein, fat, total fiber ash, carbohydrates (total and available) and energy were carried out. The substrates were formulated from sawdust of Simarouba amara Aubl. (marupa), Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. (pau de balsa) and from the stein of Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunheira palm tree), and from Saccharum officinarum L. (sugar cane bagasse). The results demonstrated that the nutritional composition of the substrate is variable and the improvement of the quality of the spent substrate (energy and protein increment) promoted by the metabolism of the fungus during the cultivation, contributed for a more nutritive substrate than the initial one, which could be used as a compost for Agaricus sp. cultivation, as organic fertilizer and for bioremediation for contaminated soils.

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus using supplemented spent oyster Mushroom substrate

Spent Agaricus and Pleurotus substrates are mainly used as components of amendments and growing substrates, but not in sufficient quantities to solve the problem of their accumulation in mushroom producing areas, where they represent a potential pollution risk. The mushroom growing sector in Spain generates about 5105 t of spent compost, while the EU, as a whole, produces more than 3.5106 t. Among alternative management applications, it is possible to reuse these wastes in the cultivation of mushrooms, as a casing material for growing Agaricus spp. and as substrate for growing other species. In this work, the application of commercial nutritional supplements (Calprozime, Champfood and Promycel), widely used in Agaricus cultivation, is evaluated for its possible use as additive to substrates, based on spent oyster mushroom substrate (SMS), for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. Using a mixture of straw and SMS (1:1, w/w) as base material, the addition of CaSO4 (50 g kg-1) and CaCO3 (10 g kg-1) and the above supplements at 20 g kg-1 brought about a remarkable increase in production compared with the substrate without any supplement. The biological efficiencies did not differ significantly from that obtained when a commercial substrate was used as control, reaching values of 48.9 kg/100 kg substrate (dry matter) when Calprozime was used as supplement. Sporophores harvested from the supplemented substrates presented a higher dry matter content than those obtained from both commercial and non-supplemented substrates. SMS is cheap and easily available; it can be integrated into new formulations with the added advantages of lowering production costs, limiting growers' dependence on straw, and decreasing the environmental impact of its ever-growing accumulation.

Determinação bromatológica de pleurotus ostreatus cultivado em resíduos de diferentes cultivares de bananeira

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Potencial de uso de gramíneas como substrato pasteurizado no cultivo do cogumelo Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo da interação biosortiva entre o corante reativo procion blue MXG e as linhagens CCB 004, CCB 010 e CCB 650 de Pleurotus ostreatus paramorfogênico

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Microbiologia Aplicada) - IBRC