Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology

Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10−8), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ~2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.

Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height

Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. By testing different numbers of variants in independent studies, we show that the most strongly associated 1/42,000, 1/43,700 and 1/49,500 SNPs explained 1/421%, 1/424% and 1/429% of phenotypic variance. Furthermore, all common variants together captured 60% of heritability. The 697 variants clustered in 423 loci were enriched for genes, pathways and tissue types known to be involved in growth and together implicated genes and pathways not highlighted in earlier efforts, such as signaling by fibroblast growth factors, WNT/I 2-catenin and chondroitin sulfate-related genes. We identified several genes and pathways not previously connected with human skeletal growth, including mTOR, osteoglycin and binding of hyaluronic acid. Our results indicate a genetic architecture for human height that is characterized by a very large but finite number (thousands) of causal variants.

Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology

Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10(-8)), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ∼2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.

Regurgitating Nature: On a Celebrated Anecdote by Karel van Mander about Pieter Bruegel the Elder

The curious anecdote in Karel van Mander’s biography of Bruegel, where the artist is said to have swallowed all the mountains and rocks during his crossing of the Alps and spat them out again onto canvas and panels upon returning home, has been quoted by almost every Bruegel scholar. Yet it has never been given a full explanation. In this study, it is proposed that the passage, echoing on one level Bruegel’s frequent depiction of overindulging peasants, disguises a highly cultivated reference to the theory of imitation as a digestive process, or innutrition theory, which was widely used by humanist writers of the time to champion vernacular expression.

Überlegungen zu Pieter Bruegels d. Ä. Schiffe in ruhiger See

Das ehemals in der Sammlung des Palais Granvella in Besançon und sodann in Rubens’ Sammlung belegte Gemälde "Schiffe in ruhiger See" von Pieter Bruegel d. Ä. ist heute verschollen. Mit sehr hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit kann es mit der Darstellung des Seestücks im Vordergrund der Allegorie des Sehsinns von Jan Brueghel d. Ä. und Peter Paul Rubens identifiziert werden.

Überlegungen zu Pieter Bruegels d. Ä. Schiffe in ruhiger See

Das ehemals in den Sammlungen des Palais Granvella in Besançon und sodann Rubens’ belegte Gemälde Schiffe in ruhiger See von Pieter Bruegel d. Ä. ist heute verschollen. Mit sehr hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit kann es mit der Darstellung des Seestücks im Vordergrund der Allegorie des Sehsinns von Jan Brueghel d. Ä. und Peter Paul Rubens identifiziert werden.

De plagios, planos y vistas urbanas: Nueva Mantua Carpetanorum, de Pieter van den Berge

Uno de los méritos de este plano es el constituir la primera copia, hasta ahora conocida, del Mantua Carpetanorum sive Matritum, Urbs Regia, del portugués Pedro Texeira, editado en Amberes en 1656 (1) . Otro, el de formar parte de una de las primeras compilaciones de estampas españolas realizadas a finales del siglo XVII, el Theatrum hispaniae exhibens regni urbes, villas ac viridaria magis illustria. Plano y compilación son obra del dibujante, grabador y editor holandés Pieter van den Berge