Von den Leben und den Meinungen berühmter Philosophen /

Includes: Anhang aus der zweiten Heinrich Stephanischen Ausgabe, 1594: Bruchstücke aus den Schriften einiger Pythagoräer von der Moralphilosophie; Aristotels Leben und Schriften; Platons Leben, von Olympiodor; Des Milesiers Hesychius Illustrius Buch von hervorleuchtenden Gelehrten, Bd. 2, p. [309]-448.

The wise men of Greece, in a series of dramatic dialogues,

Epistle dedicatory.-Pythagoras.-Thales.-Xenophanes.-Heraclitus.-Empedocles.-Anaxagoras.-Aristodemus: or, The atheist.-Aristippus; or, Pleasure.- The death of Socrates.-Plato.-Notes.

Diogenis Laertii De clarorum philosophorum : vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus libri decem /

Publisher's forward in French.

Varkʻ nakhni imastasiratsʻ /

Mode of access: Internet.

Diogenis Laertii De vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus clarorum philosophorum libri decem : Graece et Latine.

Includes indexes.

Diogenis Laertii De clarorum philosophorum : vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus libri decem /

Mode of access: Internet.

Die Briefe des Libanius /

Includes index.

Ancient Philosophers on Mental Illness

This dissertation is about ancient philosophers notions of mental illness, from Plato onwards. Mental illness here means disorders that, in ancient medical thought, were believed to originate in the body but to manifest themselves predominantly through mental symptoms. These illnesses were treated by physical means, which were believed to address the bodily cause of the illness, conceived of as an elemental imbalance or a state of cephalic stricture , for example. Sometimes the mental symptoms were addressed directly by psychotherapeutic means. The first and most important question explored concerns how the ancient philosophers responded to the medical notion of mental illness, and how they explained such illnesses in their theories of physiology and psychology. Although the illnesses are seldom discussed extensively, the philosophers were well aware of their existence and regarded their occurrence an indication of the soul s close dependence on the body. This called for a philosophical account. The second question addressed has to do with the ancient philosophers role as experts in mental problems of a non-medical kind, such as unwanted emotions. These problems were dubbed diseases of the soul , and the philosophers thus claimed to be doctors of the soul. Although the distinction between mental illnesses and diseases of the soul was often presented as rather obvious, there was some vagueness and overlap. There is still a third question that is explored, concerning the status of both mental illnesses and diseases of the soul as unnatural conditions, the role of the human body in the philosophical aetiologies of evil, and the medico-philosophical theories of psycho-physiological temperaments. This work consists of an introduction and five main chapters, focusing on Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics and Galen, and the Sceptics, the Epicureans and later Platonists. The sources drawn on are the original Greek and Latin philosophical and medical texts. It appears that the philosophers accepted the medical notion of mental illness, but interpreted it in various ways. The differences in interpretation were mostly attributable to differences in their theories of the soul. Although the distinction between mental illness and diseases of the soul was important, marking the boundary between the fields of expertise of medicine and philosophy, and of the individual s moral responsibilities, the problematic aspects of establishing it are discussed rather little in ancient philosophy. There may have been various reasons for this. The medical descriptions of mental illness are often extreme, symptoms of the psychotic type excluding the possibility of the condition being of the non-medical kind. In addition, the rigid normativeness of ancient philosophical anthropologies and their rigorous notion of human happiness decreased the need to assess the acceptability of individual variation in their emotional and intellectual lives and external behaviour.

China’s foundational thought and ancient philosophers

China's Spring and Autumn (770 BC-403 BC) and Warring States (403 BC-221 BC) periods, though marked by disunity and constant wars, witnessed an unprecedented era of cultural prosperity and intellectual activities. This paper takes this political context and intellectual background into consideration when examining the main schools of thought in that era, and argues that the atmosphere of reform and new ideas was attributed to the struggle for survival among warring regional lords, who needed an ever-increasing number of well-educated officials.

A revised translation and interpretation of the sacred scriptures, after the Eastern manner : from current authorities ... shewing that the inspired writings contain the seeds of the valuable sciences, being the source whence the ancient philosophers derived them; also the most ancient histories, and greatest antiquities ... also, the lives and deaths of the apostles.

Preface signed J.M. Ray and dated, London, 1802.

Lives of the ancient philosophers.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Rosicrucians, their rites and mysteries; with chapters on the ancient fire- and serpent-worshipers, and explanations of the mystic symbols represented in the monuments and talismans of the primeval philosophers.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Greek philosophers,

Mode of access: Internet.

An inquiry into the religious knowledge which the heathen philosophers derived from the Jewish scriptures.

"Published according to the will of the Rev. John Hulse, in consequence of having gained the annual prize, instituted by him in the University of Cambridge."