Person-organization fit and incentives:a causal test

We investigate the effects of organizational culture and personal values on performance under individual and team contest incentives. We develop a model of regard for others and in-group favoritism that predicts interaction effects between organizational values and personal values in contest games. These predictions are tested in a computerized lab experiment with exogenous control of both organizational values and incentives. In line with our theoretical model we find that prosocial (proself) orientated subjects exert more (less) effort in team contests in the primed prosocial organizational values condition, relative to the neutrally primed baseline condition. Further, when the prosocial organizational values are combined with individual contest incentives, prosocial subjects no longer outperform their proself counterparts. These findings provide a first, affirmative, causal test of person-organization fit theory. They also suggest the importance of a 'triple-fit' between personal preferences, organizational values and incentive mechanisms for prosocially orientated individuals.

Assessing the influence of organizational personality, applicants' need motivation, expectancy beliefs, and person-organization fit on applicant attraction

This research explored the thesis that organizational personality is related to applicants’ attraction to an organization through a process which involves need motivation, expectancy beliefs, and applicants’ perceptions of person-organization fit. Organizational personality may be defined as a collection of trait-like characteristics that individuals use to describe organizational practices, policies, values, and culture. Specifically, this research investigated the hypothesis that organizational personality information is useful to applicants because it helps individuals to determine their perceptions of fit. A sample of students (N = 198) and working adults (N = 198) participated in an online experiment. Findings indicated that individuals’ beliefs about the instrumentality of desirable work related outcomes are essential to determining their perceptions of fit and organizational attraction. Additionally, organizational personality perceptions interacted with need motivation to affect perceptions of fit and organizational attraction. For instance, perceptions of fit mediated the influence of the interaction between need for achievement and perceptions of innovativeness on organizational attraction. The interaction of need motivation and perceptions of organizational personality helped individuals to better determine their perceptions of fit and subsequent attraction toward organizations.^

Leader-organization fit: comparing the effectiveness of paternalistic and transformational leadership in different organizational cultures

Research on paternalistic leadership (PL) has been based exclusively on national cultures´ differences. However there are cues that other contextual variables can add to the explanation of this construct. Due to its capacity to influence expectations of individuals in organizations, organizational culture can contribute to fill this gap. To test if organizational culture influences the effectiveness of leadership style, we conducted two experimental studies using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, comparing effects of paternalistic and transformational leadership on followers’ outcomes. Using video clips and vignettes, we found that PL is better related to followers´ outcomes in cultures oriented to people than outcome, and that TL has a better relationship in cultures oriented to innovation than stability. The results suggest that organizational culture helps in explaining PL endorsement, and that further analysis of the influence of this variable to PL can provide a better understanding of the expression of this leadership style in organizations.

When Preference Is Not Satisfied but the Individual Is: How Power Distance Affects Person-Job Fit

One aspect of person-job fit reflects congruence between personal preferences and job design; as congruence increases so should satisfaction. We hypothesized that power distance would moderate whether fit is related to satisfaction with degree of job formalization. We obtained measures of job-formalization, fit and satisfaction, as well as organizational commitment from employees (n = 772) in a multinational firm with subsidiaries in six countries. Confirming previous findings, individuals from low power-distance cultures were most satisfied with increasing fit. However, the extent to which individuals from high power-distance cultures were satisfied did not necessarily depend on increasing fit, but mostly on whether the degree of formalization received was congruent to cultural norms. Irrespective of culture, satisfaction with formalization predicted a broad measure of organizational commitment. Apart from our novel extension of fit theory, we show how moderation can be tested in the context of polynomial response surface regression and how specific hypotheses can be tested regarding different points on the response surface.

On paternalistic leadership fit: exploring cross-cultural endorsement, leader-follower fit, and the boundary role of organizational culture

Although cross-cultural leadership research has thrived in international business literature, little attention has been devoted to understanding the effectiveness of non-western theories beyond their original contexts. The purpose of this study is to examine the cross-cultural endorsement of paternalistic leadership, an emerging non-western leadership theory, using data from GLOBE project. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses we found measurement equivalence of a scale derived from GLOBE’s data, which enabled us to compare the endorsement of paternalistic leadership dimensions across 10 cultural clusters and 55 societies. Our study revealed that there are significant differences in the importance societies give to each dimension, suggesting that paternalism as leadership style is not universally nor homogeneously endorsed. Furthermore, results suggest that different patterns of endorsement of each of these dimensions give rise to idiosyncratic shades of paternalistic leadership across societies. Implications for theory and future research on international business are discussed.

THE EFFECT OF PERSON-ENVIRONMENT FIT ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF PSYCHIATRIC AIDES WORKING IN A STATE HOSPITAL (COPING RESOURCES, SOCIAL SUPPORT, OCCUPATIONAL STRESS, LOCUS-OF-CONTROL)

This study addressed two purposes: (1) to determine the effect of person-environment fit on the psychological well-being of psychiatric aides and (2) to determine what role the coping resources of social support and control have on the above relationship. Two hundred and ten psychiatric aides working in a state hospital in Texas responded to a questionnaire pertaining to these issues.^ Person-environment fit, as a measure of occupational stress, was assessed through a modified version of the Work Environment Scale (WES). The WES subscales used in this study were: involvement, autonomy, job pressure, job clarity, and physical comfort. Psychological well-being was measured with the General Well-Being Schedule which was developed by the National Center for Health Statistics. Co-worker and supervisor support were measured through the WES and finally, control was assessed through Rotter's Locus of Control Scale.^ The results of this study were as follows: (1) all person-environment (p-e) dimensions appeared to have linear relationships with psychological well-being; (2) the p-e fit - well-being relationship did not appear to be confounded by demographic factors; (3) all p-e fit dimensions were significantly related to well-being except for autonomy; (4) p-e fit was more strongly related to well-being than the environmental measure alone; (5) supervisor support and non-work related support were found to have additive effects on the relationship between p-e fit and well-being, however no interaction or buffering effects were observed; (6) locus of control was found to have additive effects in the prediction of well-being and showed interactive effects with work pressure, involvement and physical comfort; and (7) the testing of the overall study model which included many of the components mentioned above yielded an R('2) = .27.^ Implications of these findings are discussed, future research suggested and applications proposed. ^

Passion and psychological adjustment: A test of the person-environment fit hypothesis

Passion represents a strong inclination toward an activity that is important, liked, and in which significant time is invested. Although a harmonious passion is well integrated in one’s identity and is emitted willingly, obsessive passion is not well integrated and is emitted out of internal pressure. This study tested for the presence of a Passion × Environment fit interaction with respect to psychological adjustment. Elite hockey players (N = 233) who tried out for a team in a highly competitive league participated in this short-term longitudinal study. As hypothesized, being selected by the highly competitive leagues led to higher psychological adjustment than not being selected by such leagues. Two months later, an interaction revealed that among athletes who were playing in highly competitive leagues, obsessively passionate athletes reported higher psychological adjustment than did harmonious athletes. Conversely, among athletes playing in less competitive leagues, harmonious athletes reported higher psychological adjustment than did obsessive athletes.

Ter ou ser? Eis a questão: O efeito moderador das características de personalidade sobre a relação entre o person-job fit e o engagement

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário

Corporate social responsibility: How internal and external CSR perceptions influence employee outcomes

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

The skill paradox: Explaining and reducing employment discrimination against skilled immigrants

Using a social identity theory approach, we theorized that recruiters might be particularly biased against skilled immigrant applicants. We refer to this phenomenon as a skill paradox, according to which immigrants are more likely to be targets of employment discrimination the more skilled they are. Furthermore, building on the common ingroup identity model, we proposed that this paradox can be resolved through human resource management (HRM) strategies that promote inclusive hiring practices (e.g., by emphasizing fit with a diverse clientele). The results from a laboratory experiment were consistent with our predictions: Local recruiters preferred skilled local applicants over skilled immigrant applicants, but only when these applicants were qualified for a specific job. This bias against qualified and skilled immigrant applicants was attenuated when fit with a diverse clientele was emphasized, but not when fit with a homogeneous clientele was emphasized or when the hiring strategy was not explained. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on employment discrimination against skilled immigrants, including the role of inclusiveness for reducing discriminatory biases.

Les déterminants du succès subjectif de carrière : possibilités de mobilité externe et congruence personne-organisation

Le succès de carrière a fait l’objet d’une multitude d’études et deux formes de succès ont été identifiées; le succès subjectif et le succès objectif de carrière. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous nous sommes intéressés au succès subjectif de carrière compte tenu de son association confirmée avec le bien-être psychologique, la qualité de la vie au travail (Nabi, 2003; Peluchette, 1993), la motivation intrinsèque, la confiance en soi (Abele et Spurk, 2009b) et l’engagement envers l’organisation (Hennequin, 2009a). En outre, selon diverses études (Arthur, Khapova et Wilderom, 2005; El Akremi, Guerrero et Neveu, 2006), le succès de carrière a tendance à être examiné plus sur la base des critères objectifs (salaire et promotions) que des critères subjectifs (la perception de l’individu). Par ailleurs, il y a eu une méta-analyse, élaborée par Ng, Eby, Sorensen et Feldman (2005) qui a examiné les déterminants du succès de carrière, à la lumière de deux perspectives théoriques développées par Turner (1960); soit la perspective de la mobilité par concours « contest mobility » et la perspective de la mobilité sponsorisée « sponsored mobility ». Ces auteurs ont révélé que les recherches sur le succès de carrière ont une portée limitée; « there is only a limited range of variables being examined as predictor of career success » (p. 396); d’où la nécessité d’examiner d’autres déterminants de succès de carrière, en les associant aux deux perspectives théoriques développées par Turner (1960). La présente recherche s’inscrit également dans la lignée des études qui ont pour but d’analyser les déterminants du succès de carrière. Toutefois, elle traite des liens entre le succès subjectif de carrière, les possibilités de mobilité externe et la congruence personne-organisation. Sur la base des recommandations de Ng, Eby, Sorensen et Feldman (2005), nous avons associé la congruence personne-organisation au modèle de la mobilité sponsorisé et les possibilités de mobilité externe au modèle de la mobilité par concours. Notre étude est de type explicatif, compte tenu du fait qu’elle tente de vérifier les liens entre le succès subjectif de carrière, les possibilités de mobilité externe et la congruence personne-organisation. À cet effet, nous avons eu recours à des données qui ont été colligées auprès de professionnels des ressources humaines, membre de l’ordre des conseillers en ressources humaines et en relations industrielles (Saba et Dufour, 2005) afin de pouvoir tester empiriquement les liens que nous anticipions entre notre variable dépendante (succès subjectif de carrière) et nos variables indépendantes (congruence personne-organisation et possibilités de mobilité externe) en tenant compte à la fois de notre variable médiatrice, à savoir le sponsorat organisationnel qui intervient dans le lien entre la congruence personne-organisation, et de nos variables de contrôle, qui sont l’âge, le genre, le statut marital, la scolarité, l'ancienneté dans l'organisation et l'ancienneté sur le marché du travail. Par ailleurs, nous avons adopté une méthode quantitative et nous avons procédé à des analyses statistiques, afin de faire sortir les caractéristiques de la distribution des variables; à des analyses bivariées, afin d’analyser les relations (statistiques) entre notre variable dépendante (succès subjectif de carrière) et chacune de nos variables indépendantes (la congruence personne-organisation et les possibilités de mobilité externe) et à une régression multiple, afin de déterminer si des corrélations existent entre les différentes variables à l’étude, nous avons également effectué un test de médiation afin de vérifier le rôle médiateur du sponsorat organisationnel dans le lien entre la congruence personne-organisation et le succès subjectif de carrière. De façon générale, nos hypothèses de recherche on été confirmées. Les possibilités de mobilité externe et la congruence personne-organisation sont liées positivement au succès subjectif de carrière. De plus, nous avons identifié une médiation partielle du sponsorat organisationnel dans le lien entre la congruence personne-organisation et le succès subjectif de carrière.

Role of the cultural values as a key part in the implementing of healthy practices : exploratory research

El concepto de organización saludable cada vez toma más fuerza en el ámbito empresarial y académico, a razón de su enfoque integral y al impacto generado en distintos grupos de interés. Debido a su reciente consolidación como concepto, existe un limitado cuerpo de investigación en torno al tema. Para contribuir a la generación de conocimiento en este sentido, se desarrolló un estudio exploratorio el cual tenía como objetivo identificar la relación existente entre la implementación de prácticas saludables en las organizaciones y los valores culturales. En el estudio participaron 66 sujetos a quienes se les administró un cuestionario compuesto por nueve variables, cinco provenientes del modelo de Hofstede (1980) y cuatro más que evaluaban la implementación de prácticas organizacionales saludables. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los valores culturales predicen la implementación de prácticas saludables.

A INFLUÊNCIA DA COMPATIBILIDADE PESSOA-TRABALHO SOBRE O ENGAJAMENTO NO TRABALHO SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO 2015

O engajamento no trabalho é um dos objetivos dos gestores de pessoas. Este trabalho se propõe a analisar se a compatibilidade da pessoa com o ambiente de trabalho tem relação com o seu engajamento. Há três fatores na compatibilidade com o ambiente de trabalho (person-environment fit): person-job fit, que aborda a compatibilidade entre as habilidades da pessoa e o trabalho que ela realiza; person-organization fit, que está relacionado com os valores da pessoa frente os valores organizacionais; e needs-supply, que aborda a percepção do indivíduo quanto a ter suas necessidades atendidas pelo seu trabalho e pela organização em que trabalha. Construtos do comportamento organizacional, tais como satisfação no trabalho, comprometimento organizacional e intenções de rotatividade são comumente utilizados como variáveis sucessoras nos estudos de compatibilidade (fit), porém não foram encontrados estudos da relação entre a compatibilidade com o ambiente de trabalho (person-environment fit) e o engajamento no trabalho. Esta pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa baseou-se no instrumento Perceptions Fit, proposto por Cable e DeRue, em 2002; e no instrumento UWES Ultrech Work Engagement Scale, de Schaufelli e colaboradores, de 2006. Participaram da pesquisa 114 respondentes com no mínimo seis meses na atividade atual e pelo menos há cinco anos no mercado de trabalho. As análises por Modelagem de Equações Estruturais pelo método PLS (Partial Least Squares) comprovaram a hipótese de que quanto maior a compatibilidade entre a pessoa e seu trabalho, maior é seu engajamento. Além da hipótese central do trabalho de que a compatibilidade pessoa-trabalho influencia o engajamento no trabalho, a influência das dimensões de fit sobre o engajamento foi testada e os resultados mostraram que a dimensão necessidades atendidas (needs-supply) é a que mais influência tem sobre o engajamento. Este estudo inicia a discussão sobre a relação entre a compatibilidade da pessoa com o ambiente de trabalho e o seu engajamento, sugerindo reaplicação do método em públicos diferenciados, a fim de que os resultados possam ser utilizados para uma melhor eficácia da gestão de pessoas.

Congruencia entre los valores personales y organizacionales y su influencia con el engagement en el trabajo : estudio de caso en una organización del sector salud

La capacidad de gestión del personal se ha convertido en un imperativo para las organizaciones modernas. Por tanto se vienen introduciendo temas como la administración en valores y el engagement de los trabajadores. Sin embargo, la relación entre estos dos aún no ha sido estudiada. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto que tiene el grado de articulación y reconocimiento de los valores organizacionales y personales y organizacionales sobre los niveles de engagement de los empleados. Para esta investigación se utilizó una muestra constituida por 54 trabajadores de una organización del sector salud de la ciudad de Bogotá a quienes les fueron aplicadas dos escalas: el Inventario para Medir la Articulación entre la Persona y la Organización (Inventario APO) y Utrech Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Como principal resultado se obtuvo que de las tres dimensiones consideradas predictoras del engagement, solamente el reconocimiento de los valores organizacionales tuvo un efecto estadísticamente significativo.