Produ����o de enzimas por fungos em fermenta����o semi-s��lida utilizando baga��o de coco e ped��nculo de caju como substratos

The production of enzymes by microorganisms using organic residues is important and it can be associated with several applications such as food and chemical industries and so on. The objective of this work is the production of CMCase, Xylanase, Avicelase and FPase enzymes by solid state fermentation (SSF) using as substrates: bagasse of coconut and dried cashew stem. The microorganisms employed are Penicillium chrysogenum and an isolated fungus from the coconut bark (Aspergillus fumigatus). Through the factorial design methodology and response surface analysis it was possible to study the influence of the humidity and pH. For Penicillium chrysogenum and the isolated fungus, the coconut bagasse was used as culture medium. In another fermentation, it was used the mixture of coconut bagasse and cashew stem. Fermentations were conducted using only the coconut bagasse as substrate in cultures with Penicillium chrysogenum fungus and the isolated one. A mixture with 50% of coconut and 50% of cashew stem was employed only for Penicillium chrysogenum fungus, the cultivation conditions were: 120 hours at 30 ��C in BOD, changing humidity and pH values. In order to check the influence of the variables: humidity and pH, a 2 2 factorial experimental design was developed, and then two factors with two levels for each factor and three repetitions at the central point. The levels of the independent variables used in ascending order (-1, 0, +1), to humidity, 66%, 70.5% and 75% and pH 3, 5 and 7, respectively. The software STATISTICA TM (version 7.0, StatSoft, Inc.) was used to calculate the main effects of the variables and their interactions. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of the SSF. A chemical and a physic-chemical characterization of the coconut bagasse have determined the composition of cellulose (%) = 39.09; Hemicellulose (%) = 23.80, Total Lignin (%) = 36.22 and Pectin (%) = 1.64. To the characterization of cashew stem, the values were cellulose (g) = 15.91 Hemicellulose (%) = 16.77, Total Lignin (%) = 30.04 and Pectin (%) = 15.24. The results indicate the potential of the materials as substrate for semisolid fermentation enzyme production. The two microorganisms used are presented as good producers of cellulases. The results showed the potential of the fungus in the production of CMCase enzyme, with a maximum of 0.282 UI/mL and the Avicelase enzyme the maximum value ranged from 0.018 to 0.020 UI/ mL, using only coconut bagasse as substrate. The Penicillium chrysogenum fungus has showed the best results for CMCase = 0.294 UI/mL, FPase = 0.058 UI/mL, Avicelase = 0.010 UI/mL and Xylanase = 0.644 UI/ mL enzyme, using coconut bagasse and cashew stem as substrates. The Penicllium chrysogenum fungus showed enzymatic activities using only the coconut as substrate for CMCase = 0.233 UI/mL, FPase = 0.031 to 0.032 UI/ mL, Avicelase = 0.018 to 0.020 UI/mL and Xylanase = 0.735 UI/ mL. Thus, it can be concluded that the used organisms and substrates have offered potential for enzyme production processes in a semi-solid cultivation

Produ����o de xilanases por Aspergillus niger utilizando planejamento experimental: purifica����o de xilanase

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Xilanase de Penicillium chrysogenum: produ����o em um res��duo agroindustrial, purifica����o e propriedades bioqu��micas

P��s-gradua����o em Ci��ncias Biol��gicas (Microbiologia Aplicada) - IBRC

S��ntese de pigmento cer��mico ferrita de cobalto utilizando planejamento experimental

Synthetic inorganic pigments are the most widely used in ceramic applications because they have excellent chemical and thermal stability and also, in general, a lower toxicity to man and to the environment. In the present work, the ceramic black pigment CoFe2O4 was synthesized by the polymerization Complex method (MPC) in order to form a material with good chemical homogeneity. Aiming to optimize the process of getting the pigment through the MPC was used a fractional factorial design 2(5-2), with resolution III. The factors studied in mathematical models were: citric acid concentration, the pyrolysis time, temperature, time and rate of calcination. The response surfaces using the software statistica 7.0. The powders were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopy in the UV-visible. Based on the results, there was the formation of phase cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) with spinel structure. The color of the pigments obtained showed dark shades, from black to gray. The model chosen was appropriate since proved to be adjusted and predictive. Planning also showed that all factors were significant, with a confidence level of 95%

Desenvolvimento de microemuls��es liofilizadas como um potencial sistema de libera����o de f��rmacos usando planejamento experimental fatorial

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico

Planejamento experimental aplicada a um novo separador l��quido-l��quido utilizado no tratamento de ��guas residuais contaminadas com petr��leo

The present work had as objective to apply an experimental planning aiming at to improve the efficiency of separation of a new type of mixer-settler applied to treat waste water contaminated with oil. An unity in scale of laboratory, was installed in the Post-graduation Program of Chemical Engineering of UFRN. It was constructed in partnership with Petrobras S.A. This called device Misturador-Decantador a Invers��o de Fases (MDIF) , possess features of conventional mixer-settler and spray column type. The equipment is composed of three main parts: mixing chamber; chamber of decantation and chamber of separation. The efficiency of separation is evaluated analyzing the oil concentrations in water in the feed and the output of the device. For the analysis one used the gravimetric method of oil and greases analysis (TOG). The system in study is a water of formation emulsified with oil. The used extractant is a mixture of Turpentine spirit hydro-carbons, supplied for Petrobras. It was applied, for otimization of the efficiency of separation of the equipment, an experimental planning of the composite central type, having as factorial portion fractionary factorial planning 2 5-2, with the magnifying of the type star and five replications in the central point. In this work, the following independents variables were studied: contents of oil in the feed of the device; volumetric ratio (O/A); total flowrate ; agitation in the mixing chamber and height of the organic bed. Minimum and maximum limits for the studied variables had been fixed according previous works. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, revealed statistically significant and useful results for predictions ends. The variance analysis also presented the distribution of the error as a normal distribution and was observed that as the dispersions do not depend on the levels of the factors, the independence assumption can be verified. The variation around the average is explained by 98.98%, or either, equal to the maximum value, being the smoothing of the model in relation to the experimental points of 0,98981. The results present a strong interaction between the variable oil contents in the feed and agitation in the mixing chamber, having great and positive influence in the separation efficiency. Another variable that presented a great positive influence was the height of the organic bed. The best results of separation efficiency had been obtained for high flowrates when associates the high oil concentrations and high agitation. The results of the present work had shown excellent agreement with the results carried out through previous works with the mixer-settler of phase inversion

Planejamento experimental na otimiza����o da extra����o dos frutos de Syzygium cumini (L.) skeels

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Produ����o de ciclodextrina glicosiltransferase por Bacillus sp subgrupo alcalophilus: otimiza����o por planejamento experimental

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Metabolic engineering of beta-oxidation in Penicillium chrysogenum for improved semi-synthetic cephalosporin biosynthesis

Industrial production of semi-synthetic cephalosporins by Penicillium chrysogenum requires supplementation of the growth media with the side-chain precursor adipic acid. In glucose-limited chemostat cultures of P. chrysogenum, up to 88% of the consumed adipic acid was not recovered in cephalosporinrelated products, but used as an additional carbon and energy source for growth. This low efficiency of side-chain precursor incorporation provides an economic incentive for studying and engineering the metabolism of adipic acid in P. cluysogenum. Chemostat-based transcriptome analysis in the presence and absence of adipic acid confirmed that adipic acid metabolism in this fungus occurs via beta-oxidation. A set of 52 adipate-responsive genes included six putative genes for acyl-CoA oxidases and dehydrogenases, enzymes responsible for the first step of beta-oxidation. Subcellular localization of the differentially expressed acyl-CoA oxidases and dehydrogenases revealed that the oxidases were exclusively targeted to peroxisomes, while the dehydrogenases were found either in peroxisomes or in mitochondria. Deletion of the genes encoding the peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase Pc20g01800 and the mitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase Pc20g07920 resulted in a 1.6- and 3.7-fold increase in the production of the semi-synthetic cephalosporin intermediate adipoyl-6-APA, respectively. The deletion strains also showed reduced adipate consumption compared to the reference strain, indicating that engineering of the first step of beta-oxidation successfully redirected a larger fraction of adipic acid towards cephalosporin biosynthesis. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Formula����o de pasta de cimento flex��vel utilizando planejamento experimental

Steam injection is an oil recovery method accomplished by introducing steam directly into the oil well to the reservoir. The steam causes dilation of the casing, which, after reduction in temperature, tends to return to the initial dimensions: causing the formation of cracks in the cement and loss of hydraulic isolation.. In this context, the type of the SBR latex is used to improve the flexibility of the cement matrix by reducing the amount of fatigue failure. To prevent these failures, the mechanical resistance parameters should be carefully adjusted to well conditions. This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of cement slurry systems additivated with SBR latex for cementing oil wells subject to steam injection. Through the central composite factorial design was studied the behavior of the compressive strength by varying the density of the paste between 1.75 g /cm�� (14.6 lb/ Gal) and 1.89 g/cm�� (15,8lb / Gal), curing time between 4 days and 28 days and concentration of SBR Latex between 0 L / m�� and 534.722 L / m�� (0 gpc and 4 gpc). The results showed that increasing the concentration of SBR latex, within the given ranges, there was a decreased compression resistance and elastic modulus by increasing the elastic deformability of the slurry. From the results it can determine best slurries formulation conditions in oil well cementing operations subject to steam injection.

Formula����o de pasta de cimento flex��vel utilizando planejamento experimental

Steam injection is an oil recovery method accomplished by introducing steam directly into the oil well to the reservoir. The steam causes dilation of the casing, which, after reduction in temperature, tends to return to the initial dimensions: causing the formation of cracks in the cement and loss of hydraulic isolation.. In this context, the type of the SBR latex is used to improve the flexibility of the cement matrix by reducing the amount of fatigue failure. To prevent these failures, the mechanical resistance parameters should be carefully adjusted to well conditions. This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of cement slurry systems additivated with SBR latex for cementing oil wells subject to steam injection. Through the central composite factorial design was studied the behavior of the compressive strength by varying the density of the paste between 1.75 g /cm�� (14.6 lb/ Gal) and 1.89 g/cm�� (15,8lb / Gal), curing time between 4 days and 28 days and concentration of SBR Latex between 0 L / m�� and 534.722 L / m�� (0 gpc and 4 gpc). The results showed that increasing the concentration of SBR latex, within the given ranges, there was a decreased compression resistance and elastic modulus by increasing the elastic deformability of the slurry. From the results it can determine best slurries formulation conditions in oil well cementing operations subject to steam injection.

S��ntese de pigmento cer��mico ferrita de cobalto utilizando planejamento experimental

Synthetic inorganic pigments are the most widely used in ceramic applications because they have excellent chemical and thermal stability and also, in general, a lower toxicity to man and to the environment. In the present work, the ceramic black pigment CoFe2O4 was synthesized by the polymerization Complex method (MPC) in order to form a material with good chemical homogeneity. Aiming to optimize the process of getting the pigment through the MPC was used a fractional factorial design 2(5-2), with resolution III. The factors studied in mathematical models were: citric acid concentration, the pyrolysis time, temperature, time and rate of calcination. The response surfaces using the software statistica 7.0. The powders were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopy in the UV-visible. Based on the results, there was the formation of phase cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) with spinel structure. The color of the pigments obtained showed dark shades, from black to gray. The model chosen was appropriate since proved to be adjusted and predictive. Planning also showed that all factors were significant, with a confidence level of 95%

Palma forrageira (Opuntia ficus indica e Nopalea cochenillifera) como mat��ria-prima para produ����o de etanol celul��sico e enzimas celulol��ticas

The need for new sources of energy and the concern about the environment have pushed the search for renewable energy sources such as ethanol. The use of lignocellulosic biomass as substrate appears as an important alternative because of the abundance of this raw material and for it does not compete with food production. However, the process still meets difficulties of implementation, including the cost for production of enzymes that degrade cellulose to fermentable sugars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the species of cactus pear Opuntia ficus indica and Nopalea cochenillifera, commonly found in northeastern Brazil, as raw materials for the production of: 1) cellulosic ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process, using two different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2 and LNF CA-11), and 2) cellulolytic enzymes by semi-solid state fermentation (SSSF) using the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Before alcoholic fermentation process, the material was conditioned and pretreated by three different strategies: alkaline hydrogen peroxide, alkaline using NaOH and acid using H2SO4 followed by alkaline delignification with NaOH. Analysis of composition, crystallinity and enzymatic digestibility were carried out with the material before and after pretreatment. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images were used to compare qualitatively the material and observe the effects of pretreatments. An experimental design 2�� with triplicate at the central point was used to evaluate the influence of temperature (30, 40 and 45 ��C) and the initial charge of substrate (3, 4 and 5% cellulose) in the SSF process using the material obtained through the best condition and testing both strains of S. cerevisiae, one of them flocculent (LNF CA-11). For cellulase production, the filamentous fungus P. chrysogenum was tested with N. cochenillifera in the raw condition (without pretreatment) and pretrated hydrothermically, varying the pH of the fermentative medium (3, 5 and 7). The characterization of cactus pear resulted in 31.55% cellulose, 17.12% hemicellulose and 10.25% lignin for N. cochenillifera and 34.86% cellulose, 19.97% hemicellulose and 15.72% lignin for O. ficus indica. It has also been determined, to N. cochenillifera and O. ficus indica, the content of pectin (5.44% and 5.55% of calcium pectate, respectively), extractives (26.90% and 9.69%, respectively) and ashes (5.40% and 5.95%). Pretreatment using alkaline hydrogen peroxide resulted in the best cellulose recovery results (86.16% for N. cochenillifera and 93.59% for O. ficus indica) and delignification (48.79% and 23.84% for N. cochenillifera and O. ficus indica, respectively). This pretreatment was also the only one which did not increase the crystallinity index of the samples, in the case of O. ficus indica. However, when analyzing the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose, alkali pretreatment was the one which showed the best yields and therefore it was chosen for the tests in SSF. The experiments showed higher yield of conversion of cellulose to ethanol by PE-2 strain using the pretreated N. cochenillifera (93.81%) at 40 ��C using 4% initial charge of cellulose. N. cochenillifera gave better yields than O. ficus indica and PE-2 strain showed better performance than CA-11. N. cochenillifera proved to be a substrate that can be used in the SSSF for enzymes production, reaching values of 1.00 U/g of CMCase and 0.85 FPU/g. The pretreatment was not effective to increase the enzymatic activity values

Compara����o entre planejamento estat��stico experimental e an��lise dimensional em opera����es de mistura e separa����o para sistema ��leo-��gua

This work aims to determine a better methodology to help predicting some operational parameters to a new design of mixer-settler on treating wastewater produced by petroleum industry, called MDIF (Misturador-Decantador �� Invers��o de Fases/ Mixer-Settler based on Phase Inversion MSPI). The data from this research were obtained from the wastewater treatment unit, called MSPI-TU, installed on a wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of PETROBRAS/UO-RNCE. The importance in determining the better methodology to predict the results of separation and extraction efficiency of the equipment, contributes significantly to determine the optimum operating variables for the control of the unit. The study was based on a comparison among the experimental efficiency (E) obtained by operating MSPI-TU, the efficiency obtained by experimental design equation (Eplan) from the software Statistica Experimental Design�� (version 7.0), and the other obtained from a modeling equation based on a dimensional analysis (Ecalc). The results shows that the experimental design equation gives a good prediction of the unit efficiencies with better data reliability, regarding to the condition before a run operation. The average deviation between the proposed by statistic planning model equation and experimental data was 0.13%. On the other hand, the efficiency calculated by the equation which represents the dimensional analysis, may result on important relative deviations (up 70%). Thus, the experimental design is confirmed as a reliable tool, with regard the experimental data processing of the MSPI-TU

Isolamento, sele����o e cultivo de leveduras com potencia biotecnol��gico para a produ����o de endo-xilaneses

Xilanases s��o enzimas que catalisam a hidr��lise das xilanas e t��m sido em grande parte, obtidas a partir de bolores e bact��rias. No entanto poucos estudos t��m sido relatados sobre a produ����o destas enzimas por leveduras. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar leveduras de diferentes fontes vegetais visando �� produ����o de xilanases, al��m de maximizar sua produ����o, estudar o uso de diferentes fontes de nitrog��nio e cultivar as leveduras em meios contendo coprodutos agroindustriais. As amostras de alimentos e res��duos foram enriquecidas em caldo extrato de malte e levedura e isoladas em ��gar Nutriente Wallerstein, as leveduras isoladas foram, a seguir, avaliadas quanto �� capacidade de degradar xilana presente no meio e produzir halos de hidr��lise, os quais foram visualizados atrav��s do uso do corante vermelho congo. Os micro-organismos selecionados como potenciais produtores de xilanase foram crescidos em meio complexo l��quido e as atividades enzim��ticas de endoxilanase, ��-xilosidase, carboximetilcelulase, celulase total, pH e concentra����o de biomassa foram avaliadas ao longo de 96 h de cultivo. Dentre as leveduras isoladas, sete foram selecionadas, e a 18Y foi a que apresentou a maior atividade de endo- xilanase (2,7 U.mL-1 ), sendo esta isolada de chic��ria e identificada como Cryptococcus laurentii. Esta estirpe apresentou capacidade de produzir xilanase com baixos n��veis de celulase, sendo assim selecionada neste trabalho. A maximiza����o de endo-xilanase foi avaliada fazendo uso de planejamento experimental onde primeiramente foi realizado um planejamento fracion��rio 2 6-2 para verificar os efeitos do pH inicial e as concentra����es de xilana, peptona, (NH4)2SO4, extrato de levedura e KH2PO4 sobre a atividade enzim��tica. Ap��s selecionar as vari��veis xilana, peptona, pH e extrato de levedura foi realizado um delineamento composto central rotacional (24 ) onde todos os cultivos foram mantidos a 30��C, 150 rpm durante 96 h sendo retiradas al��quotas para determina����o das atividades, pH e biomassa. A produ����o m��xima foi de 6,9 U.mL-1 usando 10,0 g.L-1 de extrato de levedura, 10,0 g.L-1 de peptona, 10,0 g.L-1 de xilana, 1,0 g.L-1 de (NH4)2SO4 em pH 6,5 o que permitiu um incremento de mais de 250% sobre a atividade. Posteriormente foram realizados ensaios avaliando diferentes fontes e concentra����es de nitrog��nio org��nico e inorg��nico. A presen��a de NH4NO3 e (NH���)���SO��� usados na concentra����o de 3% proporcionaram as maiores atividades de endo-xilanase (6,2 e 6,0 U.mL-1 respectivamente). O sulfato de am��nio foi selecionado e fixado em 1 g.L-1 e logo ap��s um planejamento completo 22 foi realizado onde as vari��veis xilana e extrato de levedura foram estudadas e as demais fixadas. As condi����es ��timas estabelecidas para a produ����o da enzima foram: concentra����o de xilana de 18,6 g.L-1 , concentra����o de extrato de levedura de 10 g.L-1 atingindo 14 U.mL-1 . Ap��s a maximiza����o enzim��tica estudou-se o crescimento de Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-1603 e Cryptococcus laurentti em cinco substratos agroindustriais visando a possibilidade estes substratos substitu��rem a xilana em cultivos para a produ����o de endo-xilanase. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando os subtratos pr��-tratados com NaOH 4% e n��o tratados. Para inser����o dos mesmos aos meios de cultivo, estes foram mo��dos e adicionados na concentra����o de 2%. O pr��-tratamento para todos as fontes de hemicelulose foi eficiente e promoveu aumento nas atividades produzidas. Cryptococcus laurentti apresentou maior atividade enzim��tica (8,7 U.mL-1 ) em farelo de arroz desengordurado e pr��- tratado enquanto que a levedura Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-1603 apresentou sua melhor condi����o para produ����o de endo-xilanase quando cultivada em meio contendo casca de aveia e o farelo de arroz pr��-tratados, alcan��ando atividades m��ximas de 7,6 e 7,5 U.mL-1 .