Pectinases: aplicações industriais e perspectivas

Pectic substances are structural heteropolysaccharides that occur in the middle lamellae and primary cell walls of higher plants. They are composed of partially methyl-esterified galacturonic acid residues linked by alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bonds. Pectinolytic enzymes are complex enzymes that degrade pectic polymers and there are several classes of enzymes, which include pectin esterases, pectin and pectate lyases and polygalacturonases. Plants, filamentous fungi, bacteria and yeasts are able to produce pectinases. In the industrial world, pectinases are used in fruit juice clarification, in the production of wine, in the extraction of olive oil, fiber degumming and fermentation of tea, coffee and cocoa.

Pectinases: aplicações industriais e perspectivas

Pectic substances are structural heteropolysaccharides that occur in the middle lamellae and primary cell walls of higher plants. They are composed of partially methyl-esterified galacturonic acid residues linked by alpha-1, 4-glycosidic bonds. Pectinolytic enzymes are complex enzymes that degrade pectic polymers and there are several classes of enzymes, which include pectin esterases, pectin and pectate lyases and polygalacturonases. Plants, filamentous fungi, bacteria and yeasts are able to produce pectinases. In the industrial world, pectinases are used in fruit juice clarification, in the production of wine, in the extraction of olive oil, fiber degumming and fermentation of tea, coffee and cocoa.

Determination of pectin methylesterase activity in commercial pectinases and study of the inactivation kinetics through two potentiometric procedures

Pectinases are enzymes that degrade pectic substances and are widely used in juice and fruit beverages to improve the quality of the process. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum pH and temperature of two samples of commercial pectinases and propose an alternative procedure to determine the residual activity comparing the data with those of the traditional procedure. The pectin methylesterase (PME) activity in Pectinex 100 L Plus and Panzyn Clears was determined by potentiometry. The reaction consisted of 5.00 mg.mL-1 apple pectin, 0.100 mol.L-1 NaCl, and 50 µL enzyme to a total volume of 30 mL. The pectin reaction in the presence of PME in all experiments revealed a first order kinetics. The PME in the two enzyme preparations showed higher activity at pH 4.0 to 4.5 and temperature of 45 ºC. From the results of both procedures ΔV NaOH/Δt and ΔpH/Δt, it was concluded that the inactivation of PME occurred at 75 ºC. The results obtained from the ratio ΔpH/Δt showed good correlation with those obtained from the ratio ΔV NaOH/Δt. In the reaction accompanied by the ratio ΔpH/Δt, the release of H3O+ occurred in the real time reaction.

Solid state production of thermostable pectinases from thermophilic Thermoascus aurantiacus

Pectin lyase (Pl) and polygalacturonase (Pg) production by Thermoascus aurantiacus 179-5 was carried out by means of solid-state determination using orange bagasse and wheat bran as a carbon sources. Pg and Pl had optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 10.5 respectively. Maximal activity of the enzymes were determined at 65 °C. Pg was stable in the acidic to neutral pH range and at 60 °C for 1 h. whereas Pl was stable at acidic pH and at 60 °C for 5 h. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pectin and pectinases: Production, characterization and industrial application of microbial pectinolytic enzymes

Pectinases are a big group of enzymes that break down pectic polysaccharides of plant tissues into simpler molecules like galacturonic acids. It has long been used to increase yields and clarity of fruit juices. Since pectic substances are a very complex macromolecule group, various pectinolytic enzymes are required to degrade it completely. These enzymes present differences in their cleavage mode and specificity being basically classified into two main groups that act on pectin smooth regions or on pectin hairy regions. Pectinases are one of the most widely distributed enzymes in bacteria, fungi and plants. This review describes the pectinolytic enzymes and their substrates, the microbial pectinase production and characterization, and the industrial application of these enzymes. © Pedrolli et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.

Isolamento de linhagens fúngicas termofílicas produtoras de pectinases termoestáves: produção, caracterização e purificação parcial da poligalacturonase

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização físico-química de pectinases extracelulares purificadas de Aspergillus giganteus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pectinases From Sphenophorus levis Vaurie, 1978 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Putative Accessory Digestive Enzymes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

EFEITO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE PECTINASE, INVERTASE E GLICOSE ISOMERASE NA QUALIDADE DO SUCO DE BANANA

The association of 0,03 % v/w pectinase (Clarex), 0,6 % v/w invertase (Invertase-S) and 0,5 % w/w glucose isomerase (Taka-sweet) in industrialized banana (Musa cavendishii) pulp, under conditions of hydrolysis 40oC, 15 minutes, was observed and compared to other three enzymatic treatements: 0,03 % v/w pectinase (Clarex); 0,03 % v/w pectinase (Clarex) associated to 0,6 % v/w invertase (Invertase-S); and 0,03 % v/w pectinase (Sigma) associated to 0,03 % cellulase (Sigma) to determine the quality using a group of physical, physico-chemical, chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of the banana juices obtained. These properties had not differ significantly in function of pectinases and celulase employed. The addition of invertase had increased sweetness and decreased viscosity in juice. On the other side, the addition of glucose isomerase in inverted juice was not able in increasing significantly fructose content.

Enzymatic differences between the endophyte Guignardia mangiferae (Botryosphaeriaceae) and the citrus pathogen G. citricarpa

The endophyte Guignardia mangiferae is closely related to G. citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot; for many years these species had been confused with each other. The development of molecular analytical methods has allowed differentiation of the pathogen G. citricarpa from the endophyte G. mangiferae, but the physiological traits associated with pathogenicity were not described. We examined genetic and enzymatic characteristics of Guignardia spp strains; G. citricarpa produces significantly greater amounts of amylases, endoglucanases and pectinases, compared to G. mangiferae, suggesting that these enzymes could be key in the development of citrus black spot. Principal component analysis revealed pectinase production as the main enzymatic characteristic that distinguishes these Guignardia species. We quantified the activities of pectin lyase, pectin methylesterase and endopolygalacturonase; G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae were found to have significantly different pectin lyase and endopolygalacturonase activities. The pathogen G. citricarpa is more effective in pectin degradation. We concluded that there are significant physiological differences between the species G. citricarpa and G. mangiferae that could be associated with differences in pathogenicity for citrus plants.

Purification and Partial Characterization of an Exo-polygalacturonase from Paecilomyces variotii Liquid Cultures

An extracellular polygalacturonase (PG) produced from Paecilomyces variotii was purified to homogeneity through two chromatography steps using DEAE-Fractogel and Sephadex G-100. The molecular weight of P. variotii PG was 77,300 Da by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. PG had isoelectric point of 4.37 and optimum pH 4.0. PG was very stable from pH 3.0 to 6.0. The extent of hydrolysis of different pectins by the purified enzyme was decreased with an increase in the degree of esterification. PG had no activity toward non-pectic polysaccharides. The apparent K (m) and V (max) values for hydrolyzing sodium polypectate were 1.84 mg/mL and 432 A mu mol/min/mg, respectively. PG was found to have temperature optimum at 65 A degrees C and was totally stable at 45 A degrees C for 90 min. Half-life at 55 A degrees C was 50.6 min. Almost all the examined metal cations showed partial inhibitory effects under enzymatic activity, except for Na(+1), K(+1), and Co(+2) (1 mM) and Cu(+2) (1 and 10 mM).

Triagem de hidrolases por metagenômica de solos agrícolas do Norte do Paraná.

Hidrolases englobam um grupo de enzimas que catalisam a quebra de ligações covalentes em reação com água; entre elas estão as proteases, amilases, lipases, pectinases, celulases e catalases. Essas enzimas são muito importantes, com ampla utilização na indústria em geral. O solo é um ambiente muito rico e diverso em microrganismos, sendo considerado a maior fonte para obtenção de substâncias, enzimas e antibióticos, por exemplo. Com a metagenômica, passou a ser possível acessar melhor esse potencial microbiano, permitindo a descoberta de novos genes e biomoléculas. Neste estudo foram coletadas amostras de solos (0-10 cm de profundidade) do norte do Paraná visando buscar hidrolases microbianas funcionais. Foi realizada a extração do DNA de um Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico sob quatro manejos de solo e de culturas distintos e as amostras foram submetidas ao sequenciamento utilizando a plataforma 454 (Applied Science). As sequências de DNA foram comparadas com o banco de dados não redundante (NR) do NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) e KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) para busca de similaridade com proteases, amilases, lipases, pectinases, celulases e catalases. A partir do DNA total foram realizadas reações de PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) com primers degenerados direcionados para a amplificação de pectinases, celulases e lacases e os produtos de PCR foram purificados com Purelink kit (Invitrogen®) e sequenciados (ABI 3500xL, Aplied Biosystems®). A comparação com as sequências do NCBI e KEGG resultou na identificação de 1.137 sequências com grande similaridade com a enzima lacase; 16.883 sequências para celulase; 2.001 para pectinase; 1.006 para amilase; e 3.725 para lipase. Esses resultados mostram que esses solos agrícolas representam uma fonte importante de recursos biológicos para aplicação industrial, principalmente de enzimas celulases. Até o presente momento, o sequenciamento de 26 produtos amplificados por PCR apresentou identidade para uma amostra, que foi identificada como a enzima celulase.

Efeito dos complexos enzimáticos clarificantes Clarex e CEC1-CTAA sobre a qualidade do suco de banana

Neste trabalho foi observado o efeito dos complexos enzimáticos clarificantes Clarex e CEC1-CTAA, adicionados na proporção de 0,03% v/p sobre purê de banana (Musa cavendishii), em condições amenas de hidrólise (40ºC, 15 minutos) visando determinar a qualidade, aqui representada pelos indicadores: rendimento; viscosidade; Brix; pH; composição centesimal; contagens de bolores e leveduras e de mesófilos, e propriedades sensoriais de cor, aroma, sabor e corpo dos sucos de banana clarificados. O suco clarificado com Clarex apresentou-se significativamente (p < 0,01) mais amarelo, menos cinza, menos opaco e menos viscoso do que o obtido com CEC1-CTAA. Não houve diferença significativa entre as médias de aroma de banana fresca e sabor nesses sucos. Além disso, os valores obtidos quanto a sabor, de ambos os sucos, foram considerados bons (6,72 e 6,05 com referência a sucos clarificados com Clarex e CEC1-CTAA, respectivamente), apresentando-se superiores ao centro da escala empregada, que variou de 0 a 10.

Enzimas termoestáveis: fontes, produção e aplicação industrial

REVIEW: Living organisms encountered in hostile environments that are characterized by extreme temperatures rely on novel molecular mechanisms to enhance the thermal stability of their proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and cell membranes. Proteins isolated from thermophilic organisms usually exhibit higher intrinsic thermal stabilities than their counterparts isolated from mesophilic organisms. Although the molecular basis of protein thermostability is only partially understood, structural studies have suggested that the factors that may contribute to enhance protein thermostability mainly include hydrophobic packing, enhanced secondary structure propensity, helix dipole stabilization, absence of residues sensitive to oxidation or deamination, and increased electrostatic interactions. Thermostable enzymes such as amylases, xylanases and pectinases isolated from thermophilic organisms are potentially of interest in the optimization of industrial processes due to their enhanced stability. In the present review, an attempt is made to delineate the structural factors that increase enzyme thermostability and to document the research results in the production of these enzymes.

Atividades amilolítica e pectinolítica de Alternaria solani e a relação com a agressividade em tomateiro

As atividades amilolítica e pectinolítica de 45 isolados de Alternaria solani, provenientes de diferentes hospedeiros, foram estimadas por meio da difusão enzimática em meio sólido específico e mensuração do halo de degradação do substrato. Todos os isolados degradaram pectina. Apenas 17 isolados apresentaram atividade amilolítica, sendo nove isolados provenientes de batateira. Somente o isolado AS18 se destacou como bom produtor de ambas as enzimas. Uma vez que a atividade pectinolítica foi mais evidente, avaliou-se a influência de pectinases na agressividade de A. solani ao tomateiro. Para isso, cinco isolados (2 de berinjela, 2 de tomateiro e 1 de batateira) contrastantes quanto à produção de pectinases foram selecionados para testes em folíolos destacados e plantas inteiras. Quatro isolados foram utilizados no teste em folíolos destacados (AS6, AS7, AS12 e AS26), e constatou-se haver variabilidade patogênica. A correlação obtida entre o tamanho das lesões e a atividade pectinolítica foi de r = 0,963 (P = 0,087). Cinco isolados (AS6, AS7, AS12, AS25 e AS26) foram inoculados em plantas inteiras de tomate. Os isolados não diferiram quanto ao número de lesões/cm² de área foliar, porém variaram em agressividade. Houve correlação (r = 0,916; P = 0,042) entre a atividade de pectinases e o índice de doença, sugerindo possível papel para as enzimas pécticas durante a infecção de A. solani em tomateiro. É provável que as diferenças no perfil enzimático dos isolados estejam associadas ao hospedeiro original de onde os mesmos foram obtidos. Os resultados reforçaram evidências de especificidade por hospedeiro em populações de A. solani.