Spirituality of Finnish peacekeepers

The previous academic research on Finnish peacekeeping has clarified the operative and historical aspects of Finnish peacekeeping lacking the view of an individual who does the actual peacekeeping work. This research is based on the underlying theoretical assumption of human beings possessing different kinds of talents and intelligences creating a holistic entity. In this broad perspective spirituality was explored as an umbrella concept, as a holistic ability or talent, that can be explored as the deepest aspect of defining what it means to be human. The theoretical framework incorporated the concept of an intelligence, which is defined in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences as the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings (Gardner, 1993, x). The viability of this theory was studied in the sample of Finnish peacekeepers. Spirituality in the theoretical and conceptual horizon was viewed as an extension of Gardner's theory of intelligences as one potential Gardnerian intelligence candidate. In addition to Gardner's theory, spirituality was explored as sensitivity which includes capacities such as sensing awareness, sensing mystery and sensing value (Hay, 1998). Also the practical aspects of spirituality were taken in account as shown in our everyday lives giving us the direction and influencing our social responsibilities and concerns (Bradford, 1995). Spirituality was explored also involving the element of the peacekeepers' community, the element of personal moral orientations and in the domain of religion and coping. The purpose of this research aimed in two dimensions. First, the aim was to outline the intelligence profile and the spiritual sensitivity profile of peacekeepers. Second, the aim was to understand qualitatively the nature of peacekeepers' spirituality The research interests were studied with different kinds of peacekeepers. Applying the mixed methods approach the research was conducted in two phases: first the former SFOR peacekeepers (N=6) were interviewed and the data was analysed. Inspired by the primary findings of these interviews, the data for the case-study of one peacekeeper was collected in co-operation with one former SFOR peacekeeper (N=1). In the second phase the data was collected from KFOR peacekeepers through the quantitative MI-Survey and the spiritual sensitivity survey (N=195). The quantitative method was used to outline the intelligence profile and the spiritual sensitivity profile of peacekeepers (N=195). In the mixed methods approach this method highlighted the general overview of intelligence traits and spiritual sensitivity of peacekeepers. In the mixed methods approach the qualitative method including interviews (N=6) and a case-study of one peacekeeper (N=1) increased subjective, qualitative information of spirituality of peacekeepers. The intelligence profile of peacekeepers highlighted the bodily-kinesthetic and interpersonal dimensions as the practical and social aspects of peacekeepers. Strong inter-item dependencies in the intrapersonal intelligence profile meant that peacekeepers possess a self-reflection and self-knowledge component and they reflect on deep psychological and philosophical issues. Regarding the spiritual sensitivity, peacekeepers found awareness-sensing, mystery-sensing, value-sensing and community-sensing important. The community-sensing emphasised a strong will to advance peace and to help people who are in need: things that are close to the heart of the peacekeepers. These results depicted practicality, being socially capable, and reflecting one's inner world as essential to peacekeepers. Moreover, spirituality as peacekeepers' moral endeavour became clearer because the sub-model of their community-sensing described morally charged destinations: advancing peace and helping people in need. In the qualitative findings peacekeepers articulated justice orientation and rule-following characterising the nature of peacekeepers' moral attitude and moral call (Kohlberg, 1969). An ethic of care (Gilligan, 1982) describes mainly female moral orientation, but the findings revealed that an ethic of care is also an important agent supporting strongly male peacekeepers in their aim to carry out qualitatively good peacekeeping work. The moral endeavour was voiced, when the role of religion in coping meant the assessment of the a way of life, a way of conduct, a way of being truthful to one's own values in confusing surroundings. The practical level of spiritual and religious contemplation was voiced as morally charged inner motivation to fulfil one's duties and at the same time to cope with various peacekeeping challenges. The results of different data sets were combined and interpreted as the moral endeavour, which characterises peacekeepers' spirituality. As the combining result, the perspective of peacekeepers' spirituality is considered moral or at least morally charged.

Reserve component soldiers as peacekeepers /

Mode of access: Internet.

Liderança, qualidade de troca social em equipes de trabalho e o comprometimento organizacional: um estudo com peacekeepers brasileiros no Haiti

Este trabalho apresenta o resultado de cinco estudos teóricos e empíricos embasados nas teorias de trocas sociais entre Líder-liderados (leader-member exchange), nas trocas sociais entre integrantes de equipes (team-member exchange) e no comprometimento organizacional, realizados nos anos de 2012 e 2013. A pesquisa empírica investigou a liderança, o comprometimento organizacional e o trabalho em equipe, mediante a participação voluntária de militares do Exército Brasileiro, dentre os quais se destacam aqueles que integraram a Missão de Paz para Estabilização do HAITI (MINUSTAH). Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados mediante o emprego de entrevistas individuais, realização de grupos focais (focus group) e aplicação de surveys pela internet. Os resultados dos estudos qualitativos indicaram a relevância da qualidade das trocas sociais entre líderes e liderados e do comprometimento organizacional para o trabalho desenvolvido na Missão de Paz para Estabilização do HAITI (MINUSTAH). Os estudos quantitativos indicaram o papel mediador do componente afetivo do comprometimento organizacional na relação entre a qualidade de trocas líder-liderado e a qualidade de trocas sociais em equipes. Análises comparativas identificaram diferenças no padrão de qualidade das trocas sociais estabelecidas entre líderes e liderados, entre os diferentes níveis hierárquicos e entre os militares que atuaram ou não na MINUSTAH. Verificou-se, ainda, que níveis mais elevados na qualidade de trocas sociais estabelecidas entre líderes e liderados e em equipes de trabalho estão associados a níveis mais elevados do componente afetivo de comprometimento organizacional. Estima-se que o presente estudo possa contribuir para o avanço de pesquisas sobre liderança e trocas sociais, além de subsidiar o aperfeiçoamento de programas de ensino, de treinamento e de fomento a pesquisas científicas, que possam favorecer as relações civis-militares no contexto brasileiro.

Points of convergence and divergence : normative, institutional and operational relationships between R2P and POC

As an international norm, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) has gained substantial influence and institutional presence—and created no small controversy—in the ten years since its first conceptualisation. Conversely, the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (PoC) has a longer pedigree and enjoys a less contested reputation. Yet UN Security Council action in Libya in 2011 has thrown into sharp relief the relationship between the two. UN Security Council Resolutions 1970 and 1973 follow exactly the process envisaged by R2P in response to imminent atrocity crimes, yet the operative paragraphs of the resolutions themselves invoke only PoC. This article argues that, while the agendas of PoC and R2P converge with respect to Security Council action in cases like Libya, outside this narrow context it is important to keep the two norms distinct. Peacekeepers, humanitarian actors, international lawyers, individual states and regional organisations are required to act differently with respect to the separate agendas and contexts covered by R2P and PoC. While overlap between the two does occur in highly visible cases like Libya, neither R2P nor PoC collapses normatively, institutionally or operationally into the other.

Submission to the External Independent Review of the United Nations Response to Allegations of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse and Other Serious Crimes by Members of Foreign Military Forces Not Under United Nations Command in the Central African Republic

In 2015 the UN Secretary-General established an External Independent Review to review how the United Nations has responded to allegations of child sexual exploitation and child sexual abuse, and to make recommendations concerning how the United Nations should respond to allegations in the future. This submission to the Review Panel draws on literature regarding children's rights, the nature of child sexual abuse, international instruments and policy, the nature of institutional child sexual abuse, and the CAR case itself. It makes recommendations for reform of UN protocols and procedures to better prevent child sexual abuse, and to improve responses to future occurrences.

In Bello, Pax: a responsabilidade penal dos brasileiros em Operações de Paz

Esta Tese analisa a possibilidade de responsabilização penal dos brasileiros que têm participado de operações de paz capitaneadas ou delegadas pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Além de apresentar como se procede esta responsabilização no ambiente nacional, também analisa a possibilidade de sua responsabilização internacional diante da evolução que esta tem constatado desde o final do período conhecido como guerra-fria. Para tanto, parte de uma contextualização histórica da evolução e modificação das operações de paz, mostrando como o Brasil também modificou sua inserção nesta questão, em especial depois de 1990. Decorrente desse relevante aumento de responsabilidades e numérico de brasileiros engajados nestas operações apresenta como a fundamentação doutrinária legal e normativa também sofreu significativas mudanças nas últimas décadas. A partir deste ponto, fazendo uso de metodologia analítico-descritiva, apresenta as qualificações jurídicas admitidas, análise dos principais documentos internacionais que abordam a responsabilização penal dos integrantes de operações de paz e como se processa a relação entre estes documentos e o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Procura analisar como se processa, no ambiente interno, a jurisdição e competência para julgamento destas questões. Apresenta como o direito internacional tem sido influenciado pelo crescimento do direito internacional penal e como este pode se manifestar diante de integrantes de operações de paz, fazendo, inclusive, uma abordagem de como outras cortes internacionais têm se manifestado sobre a questão. Parte de decisões de direito interno de outros países, mostra a contribuição que os tribunais Ad Hoc instituídos pela ONU trouxeram para culminar na análise da possibilidade (ou não) de responsabilização destes integrantes pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional, ou mesmo, por terceiros Estados fazendo uso da Jurisdição Universal. Assim, a tese demonstra que efetivamente o Brasil dispõe de meios para exercer sua plena jurisdição perante seus nacionais envolvidos nestas operações internacionais, no entanto, a fim de garantir maior adensamento de juridicidade e sustentação legal, aponta possíveis soluções como contribuição para dirimir eventuais ponderações internas e internacionais.

Aux frontières du mercenariat : éléments de contexte et trajectoires de trois «affreux» français de la sécession katangaise (1960-1963)

Ce mémoire étudie les origines de l’engagement des combattants de nationalité française en faveur de la sécession du Katanga (1960-63), au moment de l’indépendance du Congo belge. Recrutés pour s’opposer à l’Armée nationale congolaise et aux Casques bleus de l’ONU qui cherchent à faire réintégrer la province par la force, ces hommes aguerris par quinze années de guerre contre-insurrectionnelle vont s’avérer être les éléments clefs du dispositif militaire katangais. Centrée sur les « conditions objectives » de l’action plutôt que sur ses « fondements psychologiques », notre étude vise à mettre en lumière les « forces profondes » au gré desquelles l’intervention des « affreux » a pris forme. Elle s’intéresse en particulier à la trajectoire de trois figures remarquables du point de vue de l'historiographie de l'engagement armé international : Roger Trinquier, Roger Faulques et Bob Denard. Inspirée de la sociologie du champ intellectuel et militant dont elle contribue à montrer la pertinence pour l’étude du fait militaire transnational, notre recherche soutient que le sens de l'engagement ne peut être saisi qu'en replaçant la trajectoire de ces hommes au sein des différents niveaux de contexte dans lesquels elle s’est réalisée. Notre mémoire montre que le recours aux « affreux » coïncide avec le recul des vieilles puissances coloniales sur la scène internationale et avec l'affirmation des nouveaux acteurs que sont les États-Unis, l'URSS et l'ONU. L'engagement de ces hommes, dépourvus de statut officiel, apparaît pour la France comme un moyen détourné de maintenir en Afrique des intérêts et une influence contraire à la dynamique des indépendances.

Análisis del papel de Argentina y Brasil en la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití (MINUSTAH) en materia de reestructuración de la Fuerza Pública y consolidación del proceso democrático. Período 2004 a 2010.

La Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití (MINUSTAH por sus siglas en francés) constituida por el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas mediante la resolución 1542 de 2004 se ha planteado dos grandes objetivos. El primero hace referencia a la reestructruración de la Fuerza Pública haitiana para el aseguramiento de un entorno seguro y estable, mientras que un segundo objetivo responde a la consolidación de un proceso democrático. La intervención de la Misión ha dejado como resultado diferentes alcances y limitaciones. Por otro lado, el estudio de la misma es de particular interés para la comunidad académica latinoamericana ya que Argentina y Brasil han estado liderando la intervención de la MINUSTAH. Teniendo en cuenta todo lo anterior, el presente trabajo de grado se centró principalmente en analizar el papel de estos países sudamericanos, como peacekeepers o garantes de paz, en la Misión de estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití.

Of Law, Lawlessness, and Sovereignty : Multinational Peacekeeping and International Law

Laws of war have been carefully defined by individual nations’ own codes of law as well as by supranational bodies. Yet the international scene has seen an increasing movement away from traditionally declared war toward multinational peacekeeping missions geared at containing local conflicts when perceived as potential threats to their respective regions’ political stability. While individual nations’ laws governing warfare presuppose national sovereignty, the multinational nature of peacekeeping scenarios can blur the lines of command structures, soldiers’ national loyalties, occupational jurisdiction, and raise profound questions as to which countries’ moral sense/governmental system is to be the one upheld. Historically increasingly complex international relations have driven increasingly detailed internationally drafted guidelines for countries’ interactions while at war, yet there are operational, legislative, and moral issues arising in multinational peacekeeping situations which these laws do not address at all. The author analyzes three unique peacekeeping operations in light of these legislative voids and suggests systematic points to consider to the end of protecting the peacekeepers, the national interests of the countries involved, operational matters, and clearly delineating both the objective and logical boundaries of a given multinational peacekeeping mission.

Panel 5: Memories and Fantasies of Genocides

Panel 5: Memories and Fantasies of Genocides Mark Hobbs, University of Winchester, United Kingdom: "Destroying Memory: The Attack on Holocaust Conscience and Memory in Britain 1942-2011" Download paper (login required) Kristen Dyck, Washington State University: "Hate Rock: White-Power Music in International Perspective" Download paper (login required) Audrey Mallet, Concordia University, Canada: “The Old Jewish Strangler and Other Ghost Stories: Poles’ Struggle to Come to Terms with the Holocaust” Download paper (login required) Tea Rozman-Clark, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia: “Oral History: UN Peacekeepers and Local Population of the UN Safe Area Srebrenica” Download paper (login required) Chair: Kimberly Partee and Kathrin Haurand, Clark UniversityComment: Cecilie Felicia Stokholm Banke, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen

Resolução de conflitos internacionais: estudo com militares em missões de paz

Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia na área de especialidade em Psicologia Comunitária