Rightful Resistance in the Colombian conflict. A theoretical reflection based on a Peace Community

This article considers the opportunities of civilians to peacefully resist violent conflicts or civil wars. The argument developed here is based on a field-based research on the peace community San José de Apartadó in Colombia. The analytical and theoretical framework, which delimits the use of the term ‘resistance’ in this article, builds on the conceptual considerations of Hollander and Einwohner (2004) and on the theoretical concept of ‘rightful resistance’ developed by O’Brien (1996). Beginning with a conflict-analytical classification of the case study, we will describe the long-term socio-historical processes and the organizational experiences of the civilian population, which favoured the emergence of this resistance initiative. The analytical approach to the dimensions and aims of the resistance of this peace community leads to the differentiation of O`Brian’s concept of ‘rightful resistance’.

Análisis sobre la visibilización mediática y procesos de judicialización de la situación de la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó: 1997-2010

El presente trabajo pretende determinar sí la situación de la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó,logró constituirse o no como un problema público en el periodo 1997- 2010. Ésto, a través del análisis de la forma en la que los medios de comunicación mostraron la situación, y las razones por las cuales la Comunidad de Paz decide emplear el uso de la Movilización legal.

Formas de solidaridad internacional de las ONG OXFAM GB y Caritas Española con el proceso de resistencia civil de la comunidad de paz San Francisco de Asís. Periodo 1997- 2002.

Este estudio de caso analiza las formas de solidaridad internacional de OXFAM Gran Bretaña y Cáritas Española con las dinámicas y procesos de la Comunidad de Paz San Francisco de Asís en el Chocó. Comunidad que surge en medio del desplazamiento forzado en 1997.

Análisis del rol de las ONG como voceras en la escena internacional de las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia. Estudio de caso: Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó ante el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos. Período 1997-2011

El presente trabajo de grado hace referencia a la población de San José de Apartadó, víctima del conflicto armado por la pugna entre grupos subversivos que buscan tener el control territorial, por la riqueza de los recursos y la ubicación geoestratégica que posee. La población se encuentra en una situación de crisis humanitaria y de desplazamiento forzado por más de 50 años. El conflicto se vio agudizado desde la llegada de los paramilitares en la década de los 90, estos en aparente connivencia con las fuerzas militares. Dicha situación llevó a que los civiles se organizaran bajo una iniciativa de resistencia civil no violenta para rechazar el conflicto y exigir el respeto a los derechos humanos. Se declaran Comunidad de Paz el 23 de marzo de 1997, lo cual generó un ambiente de descontento y represalias por parte de los grupos armados. Los pobladores se vieron en la obligación de acudir a actores externos como las ONG, con la capacidad de mediar por la población víctima y elevar el caso a nivel internacional, para que desde las instituciones internacionales pertinentes se ejerza presión externa al Estado colombiano, exigiendo la reparación y protección de las víctimas. El presente caso toma como referencia al Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos- SIDH.

Community managed rural water supply systems in the Dominican Republic : assessment of sustainability of systems built by the National Institute of Potable Water and Peace Corps, Dominican Republic

In the Dominican Republic economic growth in the past twenty years has not yielded sufficient improvement in access to drinking water services, especially in rural areas where 1.5 million people do not have access to an improved water source (WHO, 2006). Worldwide, strategic development planning in the rural water sector has focused on participatory processes and the use of demand filters to ensure that service levels match community commitment to post-project operation and maintenance. However studies have concluded that an alarmingly high percentage of drinking water systems (20-50%) do not provide service at the design levels and/or fail altogether (up to 90%): BNWP (2009), Annis (2006), and Reents (2003). World Bank, USAID, NGOs, and private consultants have invested significant resources in an effort to determine what components make up an “enabling environment” for sustainable community management of rural water systems (RWS). Research has identified an array of critical factors, internal and external to the community, which affect long term sustainability of water services. Different frameworks have been proposed in order to better understand the linkages between individual factors and sustainability of service. This research proposes a Sustainability Analysis Tool to evaluate the sustainability of RWS, adapted from previous relevant work in the field to reflect the realities in the Dominican Republic. It can be used as a diagnostic tool for government entities and development organizations to characterize the needs of specific communities and identify weaknesses in existing training regimes or support mechanisms. The framework utilizes eight indicators in three categories (Organization/Management, Financial Administration, and Technical Service). Nineteen independent variables are measured resulting in a score of sustainability likely (SL), possible (SP), or unlikely (SU) for each of the eight indicators. Thresholds are based upon benchmarks from the DR and around the world, primary data collected during the research, and the author’s 32 months of field experience. A final sustainability score is calculated using weighting factors for each indicator, derived from Lockwood (2003). The framework was tested using a statistically representative geographically stratified random sample of 61 water systems built in the DR by initiatives of the National Institute of Potable Water (INAPA) and Peace Corps. The results concluded that 23% of sample systems are likely to be sustainable in the long term, 59% are possibly sustainable, and for 18% it is unlikely that the community will be able to overcome any significant challenge. Communities that were scored as unlikely sustainable perform poorly in participation, financial durability, and governance while the highest scores were for system function and repair service. The Sustainability Analysis Tool results are verified by INAPA and PC reports, evaluations, and database information, as well as, field observations and primary data collected during the surveys. Future research will analyze the nature and magnitude of relationships between key factors and the sustainability score defined by the tool. Factors include: gender participation, legal status of water committees, plumber/operator remuneration, demand responsiveness, post construction support methodologies, and project design criteria.