Du pastel : traité de sa composition, de sa fabrication, de son emploi dans la peinture et des moyens propres à la fixer : précédé de quelques considérations sur le dessin et le coloris /

Mode of access: Internet.

Le pastel, simplifié et perfectionné /

Mode of access: Internet.

Il disegno a pastello in Italia nel XVI secolo: un problema critico

Il tema della ricerca sono i caratteri della grafica a pastello in area italiana nel XVI secolo. Il lavoro è articolato in tre parti. Il primo capitolo analizza l’uso e il significato del termine “pastello” nelle fonti Cinque-Seicentesche. Il secondo capitolo ricostruisce il dibattito critico multidisciplinare sull’argomento. Se da una parte l’attenzione riservata al pastello da specialisti di diversi settori ha portato a una feconda varietà di punti di vista, dall’altro ha avuto come risultato una serie di ricostruzioni frammentarie. All’interno del dibattito sulla tecnica è stato possibile distinguere posizioni differenziate, in parte conseguenza dei diversi approcci e specializzazioni, ed enucleare alcuni nodi critici meritevoli di approfondimento. In primo luogo è possibile distinguere varie opinioni sulla fondamentale questione della natura e dei criteri di identificazione del medium, in particolare per i disegni risalenti al XVI secolo ovvero alla fase “embrionale” dell’utilizzo della tecnica. Si è proceduto poi, sulla base di queste premesse, all’analisi dei disegni del XVI secolo tradizionalmente ritenuti o recentemente proposti dalla storiografia come opere a pastello in ambito milanese, nelle aree settentrionali e centro-italiane. Successivamente è stato quindi studiato il ruolo della tecnica all’interno della grafica di Federico Barocci e Jacopo Bassano , i due artisti che si dedicano con maggiore intensità all’esplorazione delle possibilità del medium. Sono state infine considerate opere di artisti appartenenti alle generazioni successive (sempre entro il XVI secolo) che sperimentano l’uso dei pastelli policromi sul modello di Barocci e Bassano.

La Tour, der pastellmaler Ludwigs xv. 89 nachbildungen von kunstwerken in St. Quentin.

"Verzeichnts der abbildungen": p. [3-4]

Whistler's pastels and other modern profiles,

Reprinted in part from Art and progress and the International studio.

Anleitung zur Pastell-Malerei /

Mode of access: Internet.

The French pastellists of the eighteenth century, their lives, their times, their art, and their significance;

The colored portraits are accompanied by guard sheets with descriptive letterpress.

Morse's manual of art : a self teacher in all branches of deocrative art, embracing almost every variety of painting and drawing, on china, glass, velvet, canvas, paper and wood : the secret of all glass transparencies, sketching from nature, pastel and crayon drawing, etc. : illustrated /

Mode of access: Internet.

The secret of pictorial art, or, Self-instructor in painting on glass, china, satin and paper : it teaches the oil photo-miniature, Grecian oil, antique, oriental, crystal and pastel paintings, crystalline, decalcomanie and diaphanie transferring /

Includes index.

Petit manuel de dessin à la mine de plomb, aux trois crayons,au fusain et au pastel, d'après les conseils de nos premiers artistes;

Mode of access: Internet.

The accuracy of the Clock Drawing Test compared to that of standard screening tests for Alzheimer`s disease: results from a study of Brazilian elderly with heterogeneous educational backgrounds

Background: Although the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is the second most used test in the world for the screening of dementia, there is still debate over its sensitivity specificity, application and interpretation in dementia diagnosis. This study has three main aims: to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the CDT in a sample composed of older adults with Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and normal controls; to compare CDT accuracy to the that of the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), and to test whether the association of the MMSE with the CDT leads to higher or comparable accuracy as that reported for the CAMCOG. Methods: Cross-sectional assessment was carried out for 121 AD and 99 elderly controls with heterogeneous educational levels from a geriatric outpatient clinic who completed the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorder of the Elderly (CAMDEX). The CDT was evaluated according to the Shulman, Mendez and Sunderland scales. Results: The CDT showed high sensitivity and specificity. There were significant correlations between the CDT and the MMSE (0.700-0.730; p < 0.001) and between the CDT and the CAMCOG (0.753-0.779; p < 0.001). The combination of the CDT with the MMSE improved sensitivity and specificity (SE = 89.2-90%; SP = 71.7-79.8%). Subgroup analysis indicated that for elderly people with lower education, sensitivity and specificity were both adequate and high. Conclusions: The CDT is a robust screening test when compared with the MMSE or the CAMCOG, independent of the scale used for its interpretation. The combination with the MMSE improves its performance significantly, becoming equivalent to the CAMCOG.

Coordination dynamics and attentional costs of continuous and discontinuous bimanual circle drawing movements

It has been suggested that the temporal control of rhythmic unimianual movements is different between tasks requiring continuous (e.g., circle drawing) and discontinuous movements (e.g., finger tapping). Specifically, for continuous movements temporal regularities are ail emergent property, whereas for tasks that involve discontinuities timing is ail explicit part of the action goal. The present experiment further investigated the control of continuous and discontinuous movements by comparing the coordination dynamics and attentional demands of bimanual continuous circle drawing with bimanual intermittent circle drawing. The intermittent task required participants to insert a 400 ms pause between each cycle while circling. Using dual-task methodology, 15 right-handed participants performed the two circle drawing tasks, while vocally responding to randomly presented auditory probes. The circle drawing tasks were performed in symmetrical and asymmetrical coordination modes and at movement frequencies of 1 Hz and 1.7 Hz. Intermittent circle drawing exhibited superior spatial and temporal accuracy and stability than continuous circle drawing supporting the hypothesis that the two tasks have different underlying control processes. In terms of attentional cost, probe RT was significantly slower during the intermittent circle drawing task than the continuous circle drawing task across both coordination modes and movement frequencies. Of interest was the finding that in the intermittent circling task reaction time (RT) to probes presented during the pause between cycles did not differ from the RT to probes occurring during the circling movement. The differences in attentional demands between the intermittent and continuous circle drawing tasks may reflect the operation of explicit event timing and implicit emergent timing processes, respectively. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Texture and mechanical properties evolution of a deep drawing medium carbon steel during cold rolling and subsequent recrystallization

Medium carbon steels are mostly used for simple applications; however, new applications have been developed for which good sheet metal formability is required. These types of steels have an inherent low formability. A medium-carbon hot-rolled SAE 1050 steel was selected for this study. It has been cold rolled with thickness reductions varying between 7 and 80%. The samples obtained were used to evaluate the strain hardening curve. For samples with a 50 and 80% thickness reduction, an annealing heat treatment was performed to achieve recrystallization. The material was characterized in the ""as-received"", cold rolled and annealed conditions using several methods: optical metallography, X-ray diffraction (texture), Vickers hardness, and tensile testing. For large thickness reductions, the SAE 1050 steel presented low elongation, less than 2%, and yield strength (YS) and tensile strength (TS) around 1400 MPa. Texture in the ""as-received"" condition showed strong components on the {001} plane, in the < 100 >, < 210 > and (110) directions. After cold rolling, the texture did not present any significant changes for small thickness reductions, however. It changed completely for large ones, where gamma, < 111 >//ND, alpha, < 110 > HRD, and gamma prime, < 223 >//ND, fibres were strengthened. After annealing, the microstructure of the SAE 1050 steel was characterized by recrystallized ferrite and globular cementite. There was little change in the alpha fibre for the 50% reduction, whereas for the 80% reduction, its intensity increased. Both gamma and gamma prime fibres vanished upon annealing for 50 and 80% reductions alike. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Medium carbon steel deep drawing: A study on the evolution of mechanical properties, texture and simulations, from cold rolling to the end product

Medium carbon steels are mostly used for simple applications; nevertheless new applications have been developed for which good sheet formability is required. This class of steels has an inherent low formability. A medium carbon hot rolled SAE 1050 steel has been selected for this study. It has been cold rolled with reductions in the 7-80% range. Samples have been used to assess the cold work hardening curve. For samples with a 50 and 80% thickness reduction, an annealing heat treatment has been performed to obtain recrystallization. The material has been characterized in the ""as received"", cold rolled and annealed conditions, using several methods: optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (texture), Vickers hardness and tensile testing. The 50% cold rolled and recrystallized material has been further studied in terms of sheet metal formability and texture evolution during the actual stamping of a steel toecap that has been used to validate the finite element simulations. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.