Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola (PNBE): personagens negros como protagonistas e a construção da identidade étnico-racial

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

PNBE 2010: personagens negros como protagonistas

This article is the result of research that aimed to analyze the presence of black characters in children's literature books selected by the National Program of School Library (PNBE) in 2010. Besides the analysis of the collection of the Program, the research subjects were students of second and fifth years from Public Elementary School in a town in the state of São Paulo. The findings indicated that only eight books addressed to the topic. Students of black ancestry recognized, through interviews and discussions in groups, absence of black characters that could be references for the construction of ethnic identity among other manifestations.

A presença de personagens negros como protagonistas nas obras destinadas ao Ensino Fundamental I em 2010 pelo Programa Nacional Biblioteca na Escola (PNBE)

Esse texto é resultado das análises preliminares do projeto de pesquisa intitulado: Literatura infantil e a presença da criança negra: uma análise dos livros de literatura infantil recomendados pelo Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola (PNBE) de 2010, que tem como objetivo analisar a presença dos personagens negros nos livros de literatura infantil recomendados pelo Programa Nacional Biblioteca Escolar (PNBE) no ano de 2010, com o objetivo de compreender como as crianças do primeiro e do quinto ano do ensino fundamental I veem a presença do personagem negro na literatura infantil. A escolha pela série inicial e pela série final do ensino fundamental I tem a intenção de investigar se as percepções acerca dos personagens negros são diferentes ao decorrer do processo escolar, ou seja, analisar se as crianças pequenas possuem representações diferentes das crianças maiores. Por tratar-se da proposição de uma pesquisa de tipo etnográfico, serão realizadas observações para analisar e interpretar aspectos da literatura infantil veiculada na escola, entrevista semiestruturada para compreender como as crianças vêem a presença do personagem negro na literatura infantil, revisão bibliográfica e análise dos livros de literatura infantil recomendados pelo Programa Nacional Biblioteca Escolar (PNBE) de 2010. Foi escolhido o último ano do programa com o intuito de analisar as obras que estão em circulação atualmente.

O Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola - PNBE: da gestão ao leitor na educação infantil de Natal-RN

This study aims to investigate the process of implementation of Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola, PNBE, and the reader's training on Childhood Education level in Natal. The promotion of literary reading is the opportunity of inclusion in a world that is connected to citizenship, to human rights and social justice, because the reading is the way which gives meaning to the life and, therefore, it is a right for everybody. The study is characterized as a qualitative research with evaluative approach. The methodological procedure that constitutes this corpus took place in three stages: the first one was about the analysis of laws and documents of national public policies for the reading promotion; questionnaires were applied by Managing Committee - Natal/RN to CMEIs and the available websites from MEC that provide distribution of the acquis; in the second stage, we adopted the semi-structured interview as a methodological procedure elaborated with open questions that focus on the program management and to the acquis of PNBE; and in the third step we visited the 21 centers of childhood education in Natal for interviewing and to do the exploratory observation in places of reading. The Informant actors in this research are: the advisors of SME - Natal and FNDE, managers and teachers in Municipal Childhood Education Centers who totalize 30 informants. This theoretical and methodological framework follows the studies of Amarilha (1993; 1994; 2002; 2006; 2010; 2012), Bardin (2001), Bogdan; Biklen (1994), Castro (2007; 2008; 2012), Demo (2000; 2006; 2008), Fischer (2006), Moreira; Caleffe (2008), Paiva (2008; 2012), Secchi (2010; 2012), Soares (2003; 2008) and Zilberman (2001; 2003; 2008). The analysis indicates that decentralization strategy which is adopted in public management model will transfer responsibilities and assumption of the PNBE, exempting the actors to planning actions ensuring the efficiency and efficacy implementation on reading policy to national and municipal levels. The qualified acquis that is distributed by MEC reaches every Childhood Education center and does not depend on teacher's desire or it action, only a few of them know about it and they do not have information about the PNBE, neither receive specific training in order to articulate it to the practice of reading with children from Childhood Education. The reading project implemented by private education system in Natal overlaps the PNBE, making it invisible. The reading places that are available for that schooling stage are summarized to the reading corners. In some CMEI, books remain stored in boxes or they are locked in the closet, out of use to the teachers and students. Thus, care for the acquisition, selecting acquis, and a preoccupation to the supply of the reading and books for this education level are lost into volumes of closed boxes, teachers are jettisoned to this process and children do not have any enchantment to the reading or books. In this context, this paper draws attention to how much we should still investigate in order to understanding the perspectives, stresses and challenges from public policies for the reading promotion in our country. We hope that the research will help to improve the management model of the PNBE, ensuring the reading democratization and therefore the reader's training in early Childhood Education.

O Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola - PNBE: da gestão ao leitor na educação infantil de Natal-RN

This study aims to investigate the process of implementation of Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola, PNBE, and the reader's training on Childhood Education level in Natal. The promotion of literary reading is the opportunity of inclusion in a world that is connected to citizenship, to human rights and social justice, because the reading is the way which gives meaning to the life and, therefore, it is a right for everybody. The study is characterized as a qualitative research with evaluative approach. The methodological procedure that constitutes this corpus took place in three stages: the first one was about the analysis of laws and documents of national public policies for the reading promotion; questionnaires were applied by Managing Committee - Natal/RN to CMEIs and the available websites from MEC that provide distribution of the acquis; in the second stage, we adopted the semi-structured interview as a methodological procedure elaborated with open questions that focus on the program management and to the acquis of PNBE; and in the third step we visited the 21 centers of childhood education in Natal for interviewing and to do the exploratory observation in places of reading. The Informant actors in this research are: the advisors of SME - Natal and FNDE, managers and teachers in Municipal Childhood Education Centers who totalize 30 informants. This theoretical and methodological framework follows the studies of Amarilha (1993; 1994; 2002; 2006; 2010; 2012), Bardin (2001), Bogdan; Biklen (1994), Castro (2007; 2008; 2012), Demo (2000; 2006; 2008), Fischer (2006), Moreira; Caleffe (2008), Paiva (2008; 2012), Secchi (2010; 2012), Soares (2003; 2008) and Zilberman (2001; 2003; 2008). The analysis indicates that decentralization strategy which is adopted in public management model will transfer responsibilities and assumption of the PNBE, exempting the actors to planning actions ensuring the efficiency and efficacy implementation on reading policy to national and municipal levels. The qualified acquis that is distributed by MEC reaches every Childhood Education center and does not depend on teacher's desire or it action, only a few of them know about it and they do not have information about the PNBE, neither receive specific training in order to articulate it to the practice of reading with children from Childhood Education. The reading project implemented by private education system in Natal overlaps the PNBE, making it invisible. The reading places that are available for that schooling stage are summarized to the reading corners. In some CMEI, books remain stored in boxes or they are locked in the closet, out of use to the teachers and students. Thus, care for the acquisition, selecting acquis, and a preoccupation to the supply of the reading and books for this education level are lost into volumes of closed boxes, teachers are jettisoned to this process and children do not have any enchantment to the reading or books. In this context, this paper draws attention to how much we should still investigate in order to understanding the perspectives, stresses and challenges from public policies for the reading promotion in our country. We hope that the research will help to improve the management model of the PNBE, ensuring the reading democratization and therefore the reader's training in early Childhood Education.

新型镍、钯和钒烯烃聚合催化剂的研究

1.合成并表征了三个新型的双核3,3’-双水杨醛亚胺型中性镍配合物及其配体。这些配合物中的每个配位单元都充当了另外一个单元在C-3位的大体积取代基，从而开发了一种合成C-3位具有大体积取代基的水杨醛亚胺中性镍催化剂的简便方法。在不使用助催化剂的情况下，这些配合物催化乙烯聚合时活性高达5.6×105 g PE/molNih，所得聚乙烯分子量高，分子量分布比相应的单核镍催化剂宽。 2. 合成并表征了两个含游离羟基的水杨醛亚胺型中性镍配合物及其配体。在没有助催化剂的情况下，它们催化乙烯聚合时活性高达1.47×106 g PE/molNih，所得聚乙烯支化度高达127 branches/1000C。与经Al(CH3)3处理过的硅胶反应后，这两个催化剂通过化学键负载在硅胶上。负载后的催化剂能单组分地高活性地催化乙烯聚合得到高分子量低支化度的聚乙烯，据我们所知，这是第一例能催化乙烯聚合得到高分子量聚乙烯的中性镍负载催化剂。 3. 合成并表征了六个双核3,3’-双水杨醛亚胺型中性钯配合物。在改性甲基铝氧烷(MMAO)的活化下，它们和那些双核的水杨醛亚胺型中性镍配合物能高效催化降冰片烯聚合，催化活性高达2.3×108 g PNBE/molPdh，比相应的单核配合物活性高。其中含吡啶配体的双核钯配合物的催化活性远低于含三苯基磷配体的双核钯配合物。它们所产生的聚降冰片烯在结构上的差异导致镍配合物所得聚降冰片烯溶于有机溶剂而钯配合物所得降冰片烯不溶解。 4.合成并表征了一系列吡咯亚胺配体的钒(III)配合物。在AlEt2Cl的活化下，这些配合物能高效催化乙烯聚合，活性高达1.50 107 g PE/molVh。此外，它们还能催化乙烯与1-己烯、乙烯与降冰片烯的共聚合反应，活性都在4.80106 g Polym/molVh以上。所得乙烯/降冰片烯共聚物有着明显的交替共聚趋势，降冰片烯的插入率可达40% (mol)。该催化体系在高温下仍很稳定，助催化剂AlEt2Cl比MMAO廉价得多，有一定商业前景。

Novel highly active binuclear neutral nickel and palladium complexes as precatalysts for norbornene polymerization

A series of binuclear neutral nickel and palladium complexes [(XC6H2CH=NC6H3-iPr(2))MRL](2) 4b-f (X=NO2, M=Ni, R=Ph, L=PPh3, 4b; X=H, M=Pd, R=Me, L=PPh3,4c; X=H,M=Pd, R=Me, L=Py, 4d; X=NO2,M=Pd, R=Me, L=PPh3, 4e; X=NO2, M=Pd, R=Me, L=Py, 4f) and [(C10H7CH=NC6H3-iPr(2))MRL](2) 8a-c (M=Ni, R=Ph, L=PPh3, 8a; M=Pd, R=Me, L=PPh3, 8b; M=Pd, R=Me, L=Py, 8c) have been synthesized and characterized. The structures of complexes 4e and 8b have also been confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. With modified methylalummoxane (MMAO) as cocatalysts, these complexes and complex [(C6H3CH=NC6H3-iPr(2))NiPh(PPh3)](2) 4a are capable of catalyzing the addition polymerization of norbomene (NBE) with the high activity up to 2.3 x 10(8) g PNBE/(mol(M) h). The structure of complexes affects considerably catalytic activity towards norbomene polymerization. The polymers obtained with nickel complexes are soluble, while those obtained with palladium complexes are insoluble. Palladium complexes 4c, 4e and 8b bearing PPh3 ligands exhibit much higher activities than the corresponding complexes 4d, M and 8c bearing pyridine ligands under the same conditions.

O Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola e o seu impacto na sala de aula: a circulação e o acesso do livro de literatura no interior de uma escola municipal de ensino fundamental

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Biblioteca escolar e políticas públicas de incentivo à leitura: de museu de livro a espaço de saber e leitura

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Leitura Literária em sala de aula: a prática colaborativa no Ensino das Estratégias de leitura

Este artigo é fruto de reflexões oriundas de uma pesquisa, em andamento, a partir de observação acerca do trabalho pedagógico relacionado à literatura infantil nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental em uma escola pública, municipal, do Estado de São Paulo. Compreendemos que aprender a ler não é uma prática natural, espontânea, mas uma prática cultural criada pelo homem e, por isso, deve ser conteúdo escolar. Neste sentido, cabe ao professor ensinar a seus alunos atitudes, escolhas, ou seja, ações intelectuais que permitam ao leitor mirim colocar a compreensão como objetivo de sua leitura e que aprenda a mobilizar várias estratégias de leitura para atingir esse objetivo, uma vez que os dados revelados pela pesquisa “A Literatura na escola: espaços e contextos – a realidade brasileira e portuguesa” mostram que, apesar dos investimentos em programas de fomento à leitura, como, por exemplo, o Programa Nacional de Biblioteca na Escola – PNBE, nossas escolas, em sua grande maioria, não conseguem formar leitores qualitativamente melhores.Visto a necessidade de (re) pensarmos as práticas relacionadas à leitura e, especificamente, à leitura literária, nossa discussão se dirige a questões referentes ao modo como a leitura e o livro de literatura infantil são trabalhados, por professores e seus alunos, em sala de aula, e a influência dessas práticas no processo de atribuição de sentido das crianças ao que seja o ato de ler, bem como em relação a sua própria identidade de leitores em formação. O debate gerado pela pesquisa que deu origem a este texto evidencia o quanto as crianças sentem-se capazes e ativas em seu processo de apropriação da leitura literária decorrente do trabalho pedagógico relacionado à literatura infantil por meio da abordagem do ensino de estratégias de leitura.

Desenvolvimento da linguagem infantil à luz da Teoria Histórico-Cultural: contribuições de práticas literárias na primeira infância

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Biblioteca escolar: espaço de formação inicial do leitor na educação infantil

The books are part of the school routine in the course of our lives, currently, we are the gateway to the processes of social literacy that begins with the presentation of these objects for babies and children in early childhood education (EI). This research has the main question: to know how are the libraries or reading rooms in Early Childhood Education Centres (CEI) of Botucatu. Thus, the overall goal is to understand, characterize and analyze the CEIs libraries Botucatu. What implies: investigate and analyze the existing legislation on school libraries, their approach to the reality of the CEIs and the official documents of early childhood education; To investigate the relationship between the child and the playful objects (books, toys etc.) and finally discover and describe the reality of School Libraries in CEIs studied. The research is qualitative orientation, more precisely a Case Study. The space, proper equipment and support provide a rich learning that will serve as the basis for school achievements. However, the offering of School Libraries and Reading Rooms in many cases it is not a reality. The survey took into account which of the schools have assets, how is the organization of space, the playful activities with learners users and which functions, training and professional responsibilities designated as responsible for School Library/Reading Room. It is noteworthy to say the official documents as a basis and motive of this research as well as the fulfillment of established targets and carried out by the municipal, state and national governments on the implementation of School Libraries in schools, with the help of programs like National Fund Development of Education (ENDF), National School Library program (PNBE) and the National Book and Reading Plan (PNLL)

Biblioteca escolar: espaço de formação inicial do leitor na educação infantil

The books are part of the school routine in the course of our lives, currently, we are the gateway to the processes of social literacy that begins with the presentation of these objects for babies and children in early childhood education (EI). This research has the main question: to know how are the libraries or reading rooms in Early Childhood Education Centres (CEI) of Botucatu. Thus, the overall goal is to understand, characterize and analyze the CEIs libraries Botucatu. What implies: investigate and analyze the existing legislation on school libraries, their approach to the reality of the CEIs and the official documents of early childhood education; To investigate the relationship between the child and the playful objects (books, toys etc.) and finally discover and describe the reality of School Libraries in CEIs studied. The research is qualitative orientation, more precisely a Case Study. The space, proper equipment and support provide a rich learning that will serve as the basis for school achievements. However, the offering of School Libraries and Reading Rooms in many cases it is not a reality. The survey took into account which of the schools have assets, how is the organization of space, the playful activities with learners users and which functions, training and professional responsibilities designated as responsible for School Library/Reading Room. It is noteworthy to say the official documents as a basis and motive of this research as well as the fulfillment of established targets and carried out by the municipal, state and national governments on the implementation of School Libraries in schools, with the help of programs like National Fund Development of Education (ENDF), National School Library program (PNBE) and the National Book and Reading Plan (PNLL)

O negro e a diferença nos livros de literatura infantil veiculados no programa nacional biblioteca da escola

O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender e analisar como o negro vem sendo narrado nos livros de Literatura Infantil veiculados no Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola – PNBE para a Educação Infantil e que efeitos de verdade esses discursos vêm produzindo. Utilizo os conceitos de identidade, diferença e raça a partir de uma abordagem pós-estruturalista na intenção de fazer aproximações com o pensamento de Michel Foucault e outros autores desta perspectiva teórica. Os materiais utilizados foram livros de literatura infantil disponibilizados pelo Ministério de Educação do Brasil por meio do Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola distribuído no ano de 2012, especificamente para a Educação Infantil. O estudo foi organizado a partir de três movimentos de análise. No primeiro, realizei um mapeamento sobre o acervo geral dos livros disponibilizados pelo Programa na intenção de perceber as temáticas principais destes materiais, os quais permitiram a seleção e o desenvolvimento das especificidades desta pesquisa. No segundo movimento analisei o acervo de livros propostos pelo PNBE buscando o aparecimento de personagens negros, para logo após analisar a forma como são apresentados, tanto como protagonistas das narrações, como no seus silenciamentos. No terceiro movimento busquei analisar como os discursos sobre a diversidade e a diferença são abordados nos livros deste acervo. A análise dos livros me possibilitou perceber a pequena presença de personagens negros nos materiais pesquisados, assim como a universalização dos materiais, tanto em conteúdo como personagens. Cabe destacar que esta pesquisa permitiu olhar como a presença do sujeito negro continua sendo mínima com relação a suas formas de representação, nas quais ainda persistem os silenciamentos quanto à participação deste personagem em comparação com o referencial branco. Pude perceber, também, que os conceitos de diferença e diversidade são tratados como sinônimos em grande parte dos livros analisados, permitindo ver como a produção do discurso sobre a identidade é, muitas vezes, atravessada por uma lógica de universalização e homogeneização dos sujeitos, desconsiderando suas particularidades históricas e culturais que os diferenciam.