Phosphors for plasma display panels

Excitation and emission characteristics were reviewed for phosphors which were reported, applied, or suggested for the plasma display panel (PDP). Correlation of luminescence characteristics to the host crystal structure and the activator of the phosphor was explained. Improvements of the PDP phosphor for practicality were considered. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Thermal Modeling of Organic Light-Emitting Diode Display Panels

Power densities required to operate active-matrix organic-light-emitting diode (AMOLED) based displays for high luminance applications, lead to temperature rise due to self heating. Temperature rise leads to significant degradation and consequent reduction in life time. In this work numerical techniques based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to determine the temperature rise and its distribution for an AMOLED based display for a given power density and size. Passive cooling option in form of protruded rectangular fins is implemented to reduce the display temperature.

等离子体平板显示（PDP）用荧光粉的合成及其光谱性质

等离子体平板显示（PDP）是目前高清晰度、大屏幕平板显示中的佼佼者，使挂壁彩电成为现实，但其关键部分之一-PDP荧光粉的发展却存在着相当滞后的问题，因此急需开发出性能更好的PDP荧光粉或对现有荧光粉的性能进行改善。改善PDP荧光粉性能的重要手段之一是选择合适的合成路径，因此本文探索了软化学合成方法-水热法在合成 PDP荧光粉合成中的应用，同时也采用高温固相法、共沉淀法对PDP荧光粉进行了合成，通过对比分析探索合成方法对PDP荧光粉光谱性质的影响。分别采用水热法、高温固相法、共沉淀法对掺杂稀土发光离子的稀土正硼酸盐（Y，Gd）BO_3、正磷酸盐（La，Gd）PO4、矾酸盐（Y，Gd）VO4、矾磷酸盐Y（P，V）O_4和硼硅酸盐LoBSIOS进行了合成，并用XRD、IR、SEM、XPS、TG-DTA等手段对其结构进行了表征，对上述PDP荧光粉的真空紫外（VUV）光谱、紫外可见光谱及发射光谱性质进行了研究，得到了一些新的、有意义的结果。（1）首次采用水热法以稀土氧化物、氢氧化物或硝酸盐与硼酸为原料合成了（Y,Gd）BO_3：RE~(3+)（RE＝Eu，Th）系列荧光粉，并对其VUV光谱特性进行了研究。sEM分析发现水热法以氢氧化物、硝酸盐合成的荧光粉粒度在100-200nm之间。XPS揭示不同基质中带结构具有一定的差异。光谱分析发现（Y,Gd）BO_3：RE~(3+)的VUV光谱中110-175nm范围内存在着基质硼酸根（B3场）的吸收带，该吸收带随基质中G矛"浓度的增大而增强并发生了红移，认为红移是由于基质中B-O反键轨道能量的变化引起的。对能量传递过程进行分析认为G矛十起到能量传递中间体的作用，使基质对激活剂的敏化效率随G矛十浓度的增大而提高。（Y,Gd）BO3:RE3＋中基质敏化效率的提高也可能是由于基质敏化带的红移使Gd3十或RE3＋更容易从基质中获得能量。我们认为作为PDP荧光粉Eu3＋或Th3＋在GdB03基质中的发光性能更好。对水热合成的（Y,Gd）BO3：Eu~(3+)荧光粉进行热处理发现，荧光粉的亮度随热处理温度的提高而明显增强，说明一定温度下热处理有利于提高荧光粉的发光性能，这可能是由于热处理后荧光粉的结晶度提高，内部缺陷减少。比较水热法、高温固相法和共沉淀法对荧光粉性质的影响时发现三种方法制备的荧光粉光谱特性基本一致，但高温固相法和共沉淀法制备的荧光粉粒度较大，形貌不规则。（2）采用水热法制备了不同G矛十浓度的PDP荧光粉（L a，Gd）Po4：RE3＋（RE＝Eu，Tb），发现以稀土硝酸盐溶液和伽玩）2HPO4为原料，在pH值为5·240oC下反应3天可以合成出结晶度较高的纯相。从SEM照片中观察到水热法制备的荧光粉为晶化很好的棒状晶体。对水热法制备的LaP04：Eu3+和GdPO4：Eu3+进行热处理后发现热处理后晶体的尺寸变小，但形貌没有发生明显的变化，发光性能效果稍有提高。首次对共沉淀法合成的不同Gd3＋浓度的（La，Gd）PO4：KE3＋（RE=Eu，Tb）荧光粉的VUV光谱进行了分析，并研究了Gd3＋在能量传递过程中的作用，发现随基质中Gd3十浓度的增大，基质对发光离子的敏化效率提高，认为Gd3＋起着能量传递中间体的作用。同时观察到（La，Gd）PO4：Eu3+中电荷迁移带随着Gd3＋浓度的增大而发生红移，这也可能会导致基质对Eu3+敏化效率的提高。首次利于xPs分析了LaPO4和GdP04的价带结构，发现LaP04的价带由O2的2P能级构成，而GdPo4的价带则是由O2-的2p能级和Gd3＋的4f能级共同构成，这种价带结构的差异可能对（La，Gd）PO4：RE3＋在VUV区的吸收产生影响。（3）首次对水热法合成的（Y,Gd）VO4：Eu3+的VUV光谱进行了研究，观察到120-170nm范围内存在着vO43一离子团的弱吸收带，200nm处存在着来自2P（O）→4f（Y）或5d（均跃迁的激发带，20onm以后的激发宽带是由Eu3＋的电荷迁移带与VO43-的吸收带重叠而成的。对不同Gd3＋浓度的（Y，Gd）VO4：E矿"的vLJ'v光谱进行研究发现，在一定G矛＋浓度范围内Gd3＋的加入使基质vo43+对Eu3+的敏化效率提高。对（Y,Gd）VO4：Eu3+中的能量传递过程进行分析认为，（Y,Gd）vo4：Eus＋中可能存在着VO_4~(3-)→Eu~(3+)和VO_4~(3-)（vuv）→Gd~(3+)→VO_4~(3-)（UV）→Eu~(3+)等几种能量传递方式，Gd3＋起着能量传递中间体的作用。（4）首次采用水热法合成了Y（P，v）O4：Eu3"红色荧光粉，发现初始体系pH为12.5、在240℃下反应6天可以得到Y（P，V）o4：Eu3＋纯相。结合XRD和SEM分析发现Y（P，V）O4：Eu3＋荧光粉的粒径随VO3-4浓度的增大而增大，YPO4：Eu3+的粒径为100-150nm，而YVO4：Eu3+的粒径则为400-450nm。对水热法合成的Y（P， V）O4:Eu3+的VUV光谱进行研究发现基质对Eu3+的敏化效率随VO3-4户含量的增多而提高。通过比较发射光谱中~5D_0→~7F_2与~5D_0→~7F_1跃迁的强度发现二者强度之比随VO_4~(3-_浓度的增大而增大，说明荧光粉的色纯度随VO4含量的增多而更好。比较水热法和高温固相法合成的Y（P，V）O4：Eus"的VUV光谱发现水热法制备的荧光粉在真空紫外区的吸收较弱，说明水热法制备的荧光粉虽然粒度较小，形貌规则，但发光性能不如高温固相法制备的Y（P,V）O4：Eu3＋荧光粉。（5）分别采用水热法和高温固相法制备了单掺稀土发光离子的LaBSIOS，并对它们的光谱性质进行了研究。通过比较产物的SEM照片发现水热法可以制备出粒度为2-3μm，形状近似于球形的产物，而高温固相法制备的样品形貌不规则，粒度分布范围广。对水热法制备的LaBSiO_5：Eu~(3+)进行红外光谱分析发现1300-400cm~(-1)范围内为BO_4基团和SiO_4基团的振动峰。首次对高温固相法制备的LaBSiO_5:Re~(3+)（RE=Eu，Sm，Th）的vuv光谱性质进行了分析，认为其VUV光谱中125-200nm范围内存在着BO_4基团的吸收带（125-165nm）和SiO4四面体的吸收带（165-183nm）。比较两种方法制备的荧光粉的光谱性质和亮度发现两种方法制备的荧光粉光谱性质基本一致，而水热法制备的LaBSiO_5：RE~(3+)（RE＝Eu，Sm，Tb）在254nm紫外光激发下亮度相对较低。

Luminescent properties of Mn2+ in hexagonal aluminates under ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet excitation

Mn2+-doped xBaO center dot 6Al(2)O(3) and BaMgAl10O17 phosphors were prepared by solid-state reaction. The investigation of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation spectra of these phosphors exhibits that 0.82BaO center dot 6Al(2)O(3):Mn2+ and BaMgAl10O17:Mn2+ have a stronger absorption than BaO center dot 6Al(2)O(3):Mn2+ at about 147 nm. The emission spectra under VUV excitation demonstrated that 0.82BaOBa center dot 6Al(2)O(3):Mn2+ and BaMgAl10O17:Mn2+ have a higher luminescent intensity than BaO center dot 6Al(2)O(3):Mn2+. The lifetime analysis indicates that they have similar decay times, indicating that 0.82BaOBa center dot 6Al(2)O(3):Mn2+ and BaMgAl10O17:Mn2+ can be used as luminescent materials for plasma display panels. We observed that the critical concentration of the Mn2+ ions by host excitation is different from that of Mn2+ direct excitation, revealing a different mechanism of energy transfer. The critical distance was calculated. A model was suggested to explain the process of the energy transfer from the host to the Mn2+ ions.

A graphene-based large area surface-conduction electron emission display

The fabrication and functionality of a 21 cm graphene-based transverse electron emission display panel is presented. A screen-printed triode edge electron emission geometry has been developed based on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene supported on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT) necessary to minimize electrostatic shielding induced by the proximal bulk substrate. Integrated ZnO tetrapod electron scatterers have been shown to increase the emission efficiency by more than 90%. Simulated electron trajectories validate the observed emission characteristics with driving voltages less than 60 V. Fabricated display panels have shown real-time video capabilities that are hysteresis free (<0.2%), have extremely stable lifetimes (<3% variation over 10 h continuous operation) in addition to rapid temporal responses (<1 ms). © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Application of rare earths in thermal barrier coating materials

Rare earths are a series of minerals with special properties that make them essential for applications including miniaturized electronics, computer hard disks, display panels, missile guidance, pollution controlling catalysts, H-2-storage and other advanced materials. The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) has the potential to extend the working temperature and the life of a gas turbine by providing a layer of thermal insulation between the metallic substrate and the hot gas. Yttria (Y2O3), as one of the most important rare earth oxides, has already been used in the typical TBC material YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia). In the development of the TBC materials, especially in the latest ten years, rare earths have been found to be more and more important. All the new candidates of TBC materials contain a large quantity of rare earths, such as R2Zr2O7 (R=La, Ce, Nd, Gd), CeO2-YSZ, RMeAl11O19 (R=La, Nd; Me=Mg, Ca, Sr) and LaPO4. The concept of double-ceramic-layer coatings based on the rare earth materials and YSZ is effective for the improvement of the thermal shock life of TBCs at high temperature.

Influence of presbyopic corrections on driving-related eye and head movements

Purpose: To investigate whether wearing different presbyopic vision corrections alters the pattern of eye and head movements when viewing and responding to driving-related traffic scenes. Methods: Participants included 20 presbyopes (mean age: 56.1 ± 5.7 years) who had no experience of wearing presbyopic vision corrections, apart from single vision (SV) reading spectacles. Each participant wore five different vision corrections: distance SV lenses, progressive addition spectacle lenses (PAL), bifocal spectacle lenses (BIF), monovision (MV) and multifocal contact lenses (MTF CL). For each visual condition, participants were required to view videotape recordings of traffic scenes, track a reference vehicle, and identify a series of peripherally presented targets. Digital numerical display panels were also included as near visual stimuli (simulating the visual displays of a vehicle speedometer and radio). Eye and head movements were measured, and the accuracy of target recognition was also recorded. Results: The path length of eye movements while viewing and responding to driving-related traffic scenes was significantly longer when wearing BIF and PAL than MV and MTF CL (both p ≤ 0.013). The path length of head movements was greater with SV, BIF, and PAL than MV and MTF CL (all p < 0.001). Target recognition and brake response times were not significantly affected by vision correction, whereas target recognition was less accurate when the near stimulus was located at eccentricities inferiorly and to the left, rather than directly below the primary position of gaze (p = 0.008), regardless of vision correction. Conclusions: Different presbyopic vision corrections alter eye and head movement patterns. The longer path length of eye and head movements and greater number of saccades associated with the spectacle presbyopic corrections may affect some aspects of driving performance.

Driving-related eye and head movements are changed by the type of presbyopic correction

Purpose: To investigate whether wearing different presbyopic vision corrections alters the pattern of eye and head movements when viewing dynamic driving-related traffic scenes. Methods: Participants included 20 presbyopes (mean age: 56±5.7 years) who had no experience of wearing presbyopic vision corrections (i.e. all were single vision wearers). Eye and head movements were recorded while wearing five different vision corrections: single vision lenses (SV), progressive addition spectacle lenses (PALs), bifocal spectacle lenses (BIF), monovision (MV) and multifocal contact lenses (MTF CL) in random order. Videotape recordings of traffic scenes of suburban roads and expressways (with edited targets) were presented as dynamic driving-related stimuli and digital numeric display panels included as near visual stimuli (simulating speedometer and radio). Eye and head movements were recorded using the faceLAB™ system and the accuracy of target identification was also recorded. Results: The magnitude of eye movements while viewing the driving-related traffic scenes was greater when wearing BIF and PALs than MV and MTF CL (p≤0.013). The magnitude of head movements was greater when wearing SV, BIF and PALs than MV and MTF CL (p<0.0001) and the number of saccades was significantly higher for BIF and PALs than MV (p≤0.043). Target recognition accuracy was poorer for all vision corrections when the near stimulus was located at eccentricities inferiorly and to the left, rather than directly below the primary position of gaze (p=0.008), and PALs gave better performance than MTF CL (p=0.043). Conclusions: Different presbyopic vision corrections alter eye and head movement patterns. In particular, the larger magnitude of eye and head movements and greater number of saccades associated with the spectacle presbyopic corrections, may impact on driving performance.

The impact of presbyopic spectacles and contact lenses on driving performance

Presbyopia affects individuals from the age of 45 years onwards, resulting in difficulty in accurately focusing on near objects. There are many optical corrections available including spectacles or contact lenses that are designed to enable presbyopes to see clearly at both far and near distances. However, presbyopic vision corrections also disturb aspects of visual function under certain circumstances. The impact of these changes on activities of daily living such as driving are, however, poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine which aspects of driving performance might be affected by wearing different types of presbyopic vision corrections. In order to achieve this aim, three experiments were undertaken. The first experiment involved administration of a questionnaire to compare the subjective driving difficulties experienced when wearing a range of common presbyopic contact lens and spectacle corrections. The questionnaire was developed and piloted, and included a series of items regarding difficulties experienced while driving under day and night-time conditions. Two hundred and fifty five presbyopic patients responded to the questionnaire and were categorised into five groups, including those wearing no vision correction for driving (n = 50), bifocal spectacles (BIF, n = 54), progressive addition lenses spectacles (PAL, n = 50), monovision (MV, n = 53) and multifocal contact lenses (MTF CL, n = 48). Overall, ratings of satisfaction during daytime driving were relatively high for all correction types. However, MV and MTF CL wearers were significantly less satisfied with aspects of their vision during night-time than daytime driving, particularly with regard to disturbances from glare and haloes. Progressive addition lens wearers noticed more distortion of peripheral vision, while BIF wearers reported more difficulties with tasks requiring changes in focus and those who wore no vision correction for driving reported problems with intermediate and near tasks. Overall, the mean level of satisfaction for daytime driving was quite high for all of the groups (over 80%), with the BIF wearers being the least satisfied with their vision for driving. Conversely, at night, MTF CL wearers expressed the least satisfaction. Research into eye and head movements has become increasingly of interest in driving research as it provides a means of understanding how the driver responds to visual stimuli in traffic. Previous studies have found that wearing PAL can affect eye and head movement performance resulting in slower eye movement velocities and longer times to stabilize the gaze for fixation. These changes in eye and head movement patterns may have implications for driving safety, given that the visual tasks for driving include a range of dynamic search tasks. Therefore, the second study was designed to investigate the influence of different presbyopic corrections on driving-related eye and head movements under standardized laboratory-based conditions. Twenty presbyopes (mean age: 56.1 ± 5.7 years) who had no experience of wearing presbyopic vision corrections, apart from single vision reading spectacles, were recruited. Each participant wore five different types of vision correction: single vision distance lenses (SV), PAL, BIF, MV and MTF CL. For each visual condition, participants were required to view videotape recordings of traffic scenes, track a reference vehicle and identify a series of peripherally presented targets while their eye and head movements were recorded using the faceLAB® eye and head tracking system. Digital numerical display panels were also included as near visual stimuli (simulating the visual displays of a vehicle speedometer and radio). The results demonstrated that the path length of eye movements while viewing and responding to driving-related traffic scenes was significantly longer when wearing BIF and PAL than MV and MTF CL. The path length of head movements was greater with SV, BIF and PAL than MV and MTF CL. Target recognition was less accurate when the near stimulus was located at eccentricities inferiorly and to the left, rather than directly below the primary position of gaze, regardless of vision correction type. The third experiment aimed to investigate the real world driving performance of presbyopes while wearing different vision corrections measured on a closed-road circuit at night-time. Eye movements were recorded using the ASL Mobile Eye, eye tracking system (as the faceLAB® system proved to be impractical for use outside of the laboratory). Eleven participants (mean age: 57.25 ± 5.78 years) were fitted with four types of prescribed vision corrections (SV, PAL, MV and MTF CL). The measures of driving performance on the closed-road circuit included distance to sign recognition, near target recognition, peripheral light-emitting-diode (LED) recognition, low contrast road hazards recognition and avoidance, recognition of all the road signs, time to complete the course, and driving behaviours such as braking, accelerating, and cornering. The results demonstrated that driving performance at night was most affected by MTF CL compared to PAL, resulting in shorter distances to read signs, slower driving speeds, and longer times spent fixating road signs. Monovision resulted in worse performance in the task of distance to read a signs compared to SV and PAL. The SV condition resulted in significantly more errors made in interpreting information from in-vehicle devices, despite spending longer time fixating on these devices. Progressive addition lenses were ranked as the most preferred vision correction, while MTF CL were the least preferred vision correction for night-time driving. This thesis addressed the research question of how presbyopic vision corrections affect driving performance and the results of the three experiments demonstrated that the different types of presbyopic vision corrections (e.g. BIF, PAL, MV and MTF CL) can affect driving performance in different ways. Distance-related driving tasks showed reduced performance with MV and MTF CL, while tasks which involved viewing in-vehicle devices were significantly hampered by wearing SV corrections. Wearing spectacles such as SV, BIF and PAL induced greater eye and head movements in the simulated driving condition, however this did not directly translate to impaired performance on the closed- road circuit tasks. These findings are important for understanding the influence of presbyopic vision corrections on vision under real world driving conditions. They will also assist the eye care practitioner to understand and convey to patients the potential driving difficulties associated with wearing certain types of presbyopic vision corrections and accordingly to support them in the process of matching patients to optical corrections which meet their visual needs.

Evaluating the use of a very large-scale presentation and collaboration framework

In this paper we describe the use and evaluation of CubIT, a multi-user, very large-scale presentation and collaboration framework. CubIT is installed at the Queensland University of Technology’s (QUT) Cube facility. The “Cube” is an interactive visualisation facility made up of five very large-scale interactive multi-panel wall displays, each consisting of up to twelve 55-inch multi-touch screens (48 screens in total) and massive projected display screens situated above the display panels. The paper outlines the unique design challenges, features, use and evaluation of CubIT. The system was built to make the Cube facility accessible to QUT’s academic and student population. CubIT enables users to easily upload and share their own media content, and allows multiple users to simultaneously interact with the Cube’s wall displays. The features of CubIT are implemented via three user interfaces, a multi-touch interface working on the wall displays, a mobile phone and tablet application and a web-based content management system. The evaluation reveals issues around the public use and functional scope of the system.

Supporting collaboration on very large-scale interactive wall surfaces

In this paper we describe CubIT, a multi-user presentation and collaboration system installed at the Queensland University of Technology’s (QUT) Cube facility. The ‘Cube’ is an interactive visualisation facility made up of five very large-scale interactive multi-panel wall displays, each consisting of up to twelve 55-inch multi-touch screens (48 screens in total) and massive projected display screens situated above the display panels. The paper outlines the unique design challenges, features, implementation and evaluation of CubIT. The system was built to make the Cube facility accessible to QUT’s academic and student population. CubIT enables users to easily upload and share their own media content, and allows multiple users to simultaneously interact with the Cube’s wall displays. The features of CubIT were implemented via three user interfaces, a multi-touch interface working on the wall displays, a mobile phone and tablet application and a web-based content management system. Each of these interfaces plays a different role and offers different interaction mechanisms. Together they support a wide range of collaborative features including multi-user shared workspaces, drag and drop upload and sharing between users, session management and dynamic state control between different parts of the system. The results of our evaluation study showed that CubIT was successfully used for a variety of tasks, and highlighted challenges with regards to user expectations regarding functionality as well as issues arising from public use.

Uniformity in Bias Tilt for Nematics Oriented by Polyvinyl Alcohol Surface Layers

Uniformity in bias tilt, for the polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)surface layer induced orientation of nematic liquid crystals, could be achieved for large area display panels, if one of the transparent electrodes is first directionally rubbed with fine abrasive; then both the electrodes coated with PVA, followed by directionally buffing the chemisorbed layers in the same direction. Uniformity may be due to increased 'train' configuration of the adsorbed macromolecule by falling on to microgrooves and maintaining the same sense of asymmetry for the looped segments.

Atomic Layer Deposition of Electroluminescent ZnS, SrS, and BaS Thin Films

The light emitted by flat panel displays (FPD) can be generated in many different ways, such as for example alternating current thin film electroluminescence (ACTFEL), liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED), or plasma display panel (PDP) technologies. In this work, the focus was on ACTFEL devices and the goal was to develop new thin film processes for light emitting materials in ACTFEL devices. The films were deposited with the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, which has been utilized in the manufacturing of ACTFEL displays since the mid-1980s. The ALD method is based on surface-controlled self-terminated reactions and a maximum of one layer of the desired material can be prepared during one deposition cycle. Therefore, the film thickness can be controlled simply by adjusting the number of deposition cycles. In addition, both large areas and deep trench structures can be covered uniformly. During this work, new ALD processes were developed for the following thin film materials: BaS, CuxS, MnS, PbS, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, SrS1-xSex, ZnS, and ZnS1-xSex. In addition, several ACTFEL devices were prepared where the light emitting material was BaS, SrS, SrS1-xSex, ZnS, or ZnS1-xSex thin film that was doped with Ce, Cu, Eu, Mn, or Pb. The sulfoselenide films were made by substituting the elemental selenium for sulfur on the substrate surface during film deposition. In this way, it was possible to replace a maximum of 90% of the sulfur with selenium, and the XRD analyses indicated that the films were solid solutions. The polycrystalline BaS, SrS, and ZnS thin films were deposited at 180-400, 120-460, and 280-500 °C, respectively, and the processes had a wide temperature range where the growth rate of the films was independent of the deposition temperature. The electroluminescence studies showed that the doped sulfoselenide films resulted in low emission intensity. However, the emission intensities and emission colors of the doped SrS, BaS, and ZnS films were comparable with those found in earlier studies. It was also shown that the electro-optical properties of the different ZnS:Mn devices were different as a consequence of different ZnS:Mn processes. Finally, it was concluded that because the higher deposition temperature seemed to result in a higher emission intensity, the thermal stability of the reactants has a significant role when the light emitting materials of ACTFEL devices are deposited with the ALD method.