Radical 1,4-aryl transfer in arylcarboxamides leading to phthalimides, biaryls and enantiomerically enriched beta-arylethylamines

5-exo Cyclisation of vinyl-, aryl- and alkyl-radicals onto the aryl group of arylcarboxamides is followed by beta-scission of the resulting spirocyclohexadienyl radicals with ejection of a carbamoyl radical. The fate of this radical depends on the substrate but, in the cases studied, either 5-endo cyclisation or direct reduction follows to give phthalimides, biaryls or beta-arylethylamines.

Discovery of Phthalimides as Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Drug Prototypes

Brazilian National Council of Research (CNPq)[471834/2006-8]

Cyclic imides and an open-chain amide carboxylic acid from the facile reaction of cis-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic anhydride with the isomeric monofluoroanilines

The structures of the cyclic imides cis-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydroisoindole-1,3-dione, C14H14FNO2, (I), and cis-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydroisoindoline-1,3-dione, C14H14FNO2, (III), and the open-chain amide acid rac-cis-2-[(3-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, C14H16FNO3, (II), are reported. Cyclic imides (I) and (III) are conformationally similar, with comparable ring rotations about the imide N-Car bond [the dihedral angles between the benzene ring and the five-membered isoindole ring are 55.40 (8)° for (I) and 51.83 (7)° for (III)]. There are no formal intermolecular hydrogen bonds involved in the crystal packing of either (I) or (III). With the acid (II), in which the meta-related F-atom substituent is rotationally disordered (0.784:0.216), the amide group lies slightly out of the benzene plane [the interplanar dihedral angle is 39.7 (1)°]. Intermolecular amide-carboxyl N-HO hydrogen-bonding interactions between centrosymmetrically related molecules form stacks extending down b, and these are linked across c by carboxyl-amide O-HO hydrogen bonds, giving two-dimensional layered structures which lie in the (011) plane. The structures reported here represent examples of compounds analogous to the phthalimides or phthalanilic acids and have little precedence in the crystallographic literature.

Efficient synthesis of aryl hydroxylactams by reducing imides with activated zinc dust

A series of aryl hydroxylactams (2a, 2b, 2d-2g, 2i-2k, 2m, and 2n) was synthesized by partially reducing aryl cyclic imides in moderate to excellent yields with activated zinc dust alone in acetic acid. This method was regiospecific and can be employed as an alternative for reported methods to partially reduce aryl cyclic imides.

Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched aromatic poly(ester-imide)s

The synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched aromatic poly(ester-imide)s are described. A variety of AB(2) monomers, N-[3- or 4-bis(4-acetoxyphenyl)toluoyl]-4-carboxyl-phthalimide and N-{3- or 4-[1,1-bis(4-acetooxyphenyl)]ethylphenyl}-4-carboxy phthalimides were prepared starting from condensation of nitrobenzaldehydes or nitroacetophenones with phenol and used for synthesis of hyperbranched poly(ester-imide)s containing terminal acetyl groups by transesterification reaction. These hyperbranched poly(ester-imide)s were produced with weight-average molecular weight of up to 6.87 g/mol. Analysis of H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectroscopy revealed the structure of the four hyperbranched poly(ester-imide)s. These hyperbranched poly(ester-imide)s exhibited excellent solubility in a variety of solvents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and tetrahydrofuran and showed glass-transition temperatures between 217 and 255 degreesC. The thermogravimetric analytic measurement revealed the decomposition temperature at 10% weight-loss temperature (T-d(10)) ranging from 365 to 416 degreesC in nitrogen.

Síntese e reatividade de benzo-e pirroloporfirinas

O trabalho descrito nesta dissertação envolve estudos de funcionalização de uma pirrolo[3,4-b]porfirina através de reações do tipo cicloadição [4+2]. A metodologia de cicloadição usada permitiu sintetizar duas grandes famílias de compostos: benzoporfirinas e 1,3-dioxopirroloporfirinas. Este documento é composto por três partes distintas. Na primeira parte são tecidas considerações gerais sobre síntese, propriedades e aplicações de porfirinas. Na segunda parte é apresentado o trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito de síntese e reatividade de benzoporfirinas. Numa primeira fase é feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre síntese de benzoporfirinas e ftalimidas, uma vez que o trabalho prático descrito apresenta compostos contendo estas duas unidades estruturais. Numa segunda fase é descrito o trabalho desenvolvido para a obtenção de uma benzoporfirina derivatizada com uma unidade de ácido ftálico fundida em posições β-pirrólicas, partindo da reação de Diels-Alder entre uma N-metilpirrolo[3,4- b]porfirina e o acetilenodicarboxilato de dimetilo e posterior hidrólise básica do diéster obtido. Seguem-se os estudos que visaram a obtenção de um anidrido porfirínico a partir do ácido ftálico anterior. Esta plataforma sintética foi usada para diversas transformações com diferentes aminas. Destas reações resultaram diferentes unidades benzoporfirínicas, que serão descritas em pormenor. Face às distintas cores apresentadas pelos diferentes compostos sintetizados, foi ainda feita uma análise pormenorizada dos espectros de UV-vis de alguns dos compostos obtidos. Na terceira parte, é apresentado o trabalho realizado no âmbito da síntese de uma 1,3-dioxopirroloporfirina, partindo da reação de Diels-Alder entre a N-metilpirrolo[ 3,4-b]porfirina e oxigénio singleto (1O2). Primeiramente é feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o papel do 1O2 em síntese orgânica e sobre reações de oxidação de isoindóis, compostos possuindo uma analogia estrutural com pirroloporfirinas. Segue-se a descrição da síntese de uma N-metil1,3- dioxopirroloporfirina, em que se começa por apresentar a descrição sistemática de todas as experiências levadas a cabo no sentido de otimizar o rendimento do composto em questão, tirando partido da reação com 1O2. Seguidamente expõemse as diferentes abordagens conduzidas para proceder à funcionalização da 1,3- dioxopirroloporfirina obtida. São apresentadas reações de hidrólise e reações com diferentes aminas. As reações com aminas conduziram à formação de porfirina- 2,3-dicarboxamidas e posteriormente às 1,3-dioxopirroloporfirinas correspondentes. Também neste caso foi feita uma análise pormenorizada dos espectros de UV-vis da marioria dos derivados obtidos. De forma a avaliar a potencialidade de alguns dos macrociclos sintetizados em terapia fotodinâmica (PDT), são apresentados os ensaios biológicos de PDT in vitro conduzidos com alguns dos macrociclos sintetizados. Estes ensaios envolveram a avaliação da viabilidade celular após tratamento fotodinâmico, estudos de localização celular e morfologia.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS/MS) methods for the quantification of captan and folpet phthalimide metabolites in human plasma and urine.

Captan and folpet are fungicides largely used in agriculture. They have similar chemical structures, except that folpet has an aromatic ring unlike captan. Their half-lives in blood are very short, given that they are readily broken down to tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI) and phthalimide (PI), respectively. Few authors measured these biomarkers in plasma or urine, and analysis was conducted either by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography with UV detection. The objective of this study was thus to develop simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS/MS) methods to quantify both THPI and PI in human plasma and urine. Briefly, deuterated THPI was added as an internal standard and purification was performed by solid-phase extraction followed by LC/APCI-MS/MS analysis in negative ion mode for both compounds. Validation of the methods was conducted using spiked blank plasma and urine samples at concentrations ranging from 1 to 250 μg/L and 1 to 50 μg/L, respectively, along with samples of volunteers and workers exposed to captan or folpet. The methods showed a good linearity (R (2) > 0.99), recovery (on average 90% for THPI and 75% for PI), intra- and inter-day precision (RSD, <15%) and accuracy (<20%), and stability. The limit of detection was 0.58 μg/L in urine and 1.47 μg/L in plasma for THPI and 1.14 and 2.17 μg/L, respectively, for PI. The described methods proved to be accurate and suitable to determine the toxicokinetics of both metabolites in human plasma and urine.

Microondas doméstico na síntese de derivados ftalimídicos

Microwaves have been used in organic synthesis, since 1986, and have proved advantageous in several respects: the possibility of higher yields, greater selectivity and less thermal decomposition. Phthalimide and its derivatives constitute an important class of compounds for use in synthetic organic chemistry; in medicinal chemistry, it is considered an important biophore, acting as a pharmacophoric structural subunit for the synthesis of a number of compounds with different pharmacological uses, such as against sickle-cell disease. The purpose of the work reported here was to develop an alternative method for the synthesis of phthalimide derivatives by exploiting the condensation of phthalic anhydride with amino groups under microwave radiation. The results showed that phthalimide derivatives were obtained in shorter reaction times (5-10 min) and higher yields (60-89%) than by with conventional heating (reflux), demonstrating the potential use of microwaves in the synthesis of this class of molecules.