Low-lying excited states and primary photoproducts of [Os-3(CO)(10)-(s-cis-L)] (L = cyclohexa-1,3-diene, buta-1,3-diene)] clusters studied by picosecond time-resolved UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy and by density functional theory

Combined picosecond transient absorption and time-resolved infrared studies were performed, aimed at characterising low-lying excited states of the cluster [Os-3(CO)(10)(s-cis-L)] (L= cyclohexa-1,3-diene, 1) and monitoring the formation of its photoproducts. Theoretical (DFT and TD-DFT) calculations on the closely related cluster with L=buta-1,3-diene (2') have revealed that the low-lying electronic transitions of these [Os-3(CO)(10)(s-cis-1,3-diene)] clusters have a predominant sigma(core)pi*(CO) character. From the lowest sigmapi* excited state, cluster 1 undergoes fast Os-Os(1,3-diene) bond cleavage (tau=3.3 ps) resulting in the formation of a coordinatively unsaturated primary photoproduct (1a) with a single CO bridge. A new insight into the structure of the transient has been obtained by DFT calculations. The cleaved Os-Os(1,3-diene) bond is bridged by the donor 1,3-diene ligand, compensating for the electron deficiency at the neighbouring Os centre. Because of the unequal distribution of the electron density in transient la, a second CO bridge is formed in 20 ps in the photoproduct [Os-3(CO)(8)(mu-CO)(2)- (cyclohexa-1,3-diene)] (1b). The latter compound, absorbing strongly around 630 nm, mainly regenerates the parent cluster with a lifetime of about 100 ns in hexane. Its structure, as suggested by the DFT calculations, again contains the 1,3-diene ligand coordinated in a bridging fashion. Photoproduct 1b can therefore be assigned as a high-energy coordination isomer of the parent cluster with all Os-Os bonds bridged.

Photodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in various aqueous media: Persistence, toxicity and photoproducts assessment

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Development of a DNA-dosimeter system for monitoring the effects of solar-ultraviolet radiation

Solar radiation sustains and affects all life forms on Earth. In recent years, the increase in environmental levels of solar-UV radiation due to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, as a result of anthropogenic emission of destructive chemicals, has highlighted serious issues of social concern. This becomes still more dramatic in tropical and subtropical regions, where the intensity of solar radiation is higher. To better understand the impact of the harmful effects of solar-UV radiation on the DNA molecule, we developed a reliable biological monitoring system based on the exposure of plasmid DNA to artificial UV lamps and sunlight. The determination and quanti. cation of different types of UV photoproducts were performed through the use of specific DNA repair enzymes and antibodies. As expected, a significant number of CPDs and 6-4PPs was observed when the DNA-dosimeter system was exposed to increasing doses of UVB radiation. Moreover, CPDs could also be clearly detected in plasmid DNA when this system was exposed to either UVA or directly to sunlight. Interestingly, although less abundant, 6-4PPs and oxidative DNA damage were also generated after exposure to both UVA and sunlight. These results confirm the genotoxic potential of sunlight, reveal that UVA may also produce CPDs and 6-4PPs directly in naked DNA and demonstrate the applicability of a DNA-dosimeter system for monitoring the biological effects of solar-UV radiation.

Quantification of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers Induced by UVB Radiation in Conidia of the Fungi Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, Metarhizium acridum and Metarhizium robertsii

Conidia are responsible for reproduction, dispersal, environmental persistence and host infection of many fungal species. One of the main environmental factors that can kill and/or damage conidia is solar UV radiation. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) are the major DNA photoproducts induced by UVB. We examined the conidial germination kinetics and the occurrence of CPD in DNA of conidia exposed to different doses of UVB radiation. Conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans and Metarhizium acridum were exposed to UVB doses of 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 5.4 kJ m-2. CPD were quantified using T4 endonuclease V and alkaline agarose gel electrophoresis. Most of the doses were sublethal for all three species. Exposures to UVB delayed conidial germination and the delays were directly related both to UVB doses and CPD frequencies. The frequencies of dimers also were linear and directly proportional to the UVB doses, but the CPD yields differed among species. We also evaluated the impact of conidial pigmentation on germination and CPD induction on Metarhizium robertsii. The frequency of dimers in an albino mutant was approximately 10 times higher than of its green wild-type parent strain after exposure to a sublethal dose (1.8 kJ m-2) of UVB radiation.

UV-induced hyperphosphorylation of replication protein a depends on DNA replication and expression of ATM protein

Exposure to DNA-damaging agents triggers signal transduction pathways that are thought to play a role in maintenance of genomic stability. A key protein in the cellular processes of nucleotide excision repair, DNA recombination, and DNA double-strand break repair is the single-stranded DNA binding protein, RPA. We showed previously that the p34 subunit of RPA becomes hyperphosphorylated as a delayed response (4-8 h) to UV radiation (10-30 J/m(2)). Here we show that UV-induced RPA-p34 hyperphosphorylation depends on expression of ATM, the product of the gene mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). UV-induced RPA-p34 hyperphosphorylation was not observed in A-T cells, but this response was restored by ATM expression. Furthermore, purified ATM kinase phosphorylates the p34 subunit of RPA complex in vitro at many of the same sites that are phosphorylated in vivo after UV radiation. Induction of this DNA damage response was also dependent on DNA replication; inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin prevented induction of RPA-p34 hyperphosphorylation by UV radiation. We postulate that this pathway is triggered by the accumulation of aberrant DNA replication intermediates, resulting from DNA replication fork blockage by UV photoproducts. Further, we suggest that RPA-p34 is hyperphosphorylated as a participant in the recombinational postreplication repair of these replication products. Successful resolution of these replication intermediates reduces the accumulation of chromosomal aberrations that would otherwise occur as a consequence of UV radiation.

Photochemical characteristics of diclofenac and its photodegradation of inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrins

Diclofenac is one of most frequently detected compounds in the water cycle. In this work, the effect of initial concentration, liquid inclusion complexes with β-Cyclodextrins (β-CDs) on the photodegradation of diclofenac were studied. Six phototransformation products were detected by HPLC chromatograms. UV-absorption spectra of diclofenac and phototransformation products were determined. One of the phototransformation products was identified. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The experiment showed that irradiation of diclofenac in the presence of β-CDs increase photodegradation rate and determined the optimal molar ratio of diclofenac to β-CDs as 1:2. The reduced photohaemolytic activity of diclofenac in the presence of β-CDs may be attributed to the sequestering and stabilizing of the radical intermediates and /or photoproducts by complexation.

Régulation dépendante du cycle cellulaire de la réparation par excision de nucléotides

La réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) est une voie critique chez l'homme pour enlever des lésions qui déforment l’hélice d'ADN et qui bloquent à la fois la réplication et la transcription. Parmi ces lésions, il y a les dimères cyclobutyliques de pyrimidines (CPDs) et les adduits pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone (6-4PPs) induient par les rayons ultraviolets. L'importance physiologique de la NER est mise en évidence par l’existence de la maladie Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), causée par des mutations affectant des gènes impliqués dans cette voie de réparation. Les personnes atteintes sont caractérisées par une photosensibilité extrême et une forte prédisposition à développer des tumeurs cutanées (plus de 1000 fois). Les patients atteints du type variant de la maladie Xeroderma pigmentosum (XPV), apparemment compétents en réparation, portent plutôt des mutations dans le gène codant pour l'ADN polymérase η (polη). Polη est une ADN polymérase translésionnelle capable de contourner avec une grande fidélité certaines lésions telles que les CPDs, qui autrement bloquent les polymérases réplicatives. Ainsi, la polη prévient la formation de mutations et permet la reprise de la synthèse d'ADN. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'évaluer le rôle potentiel de voies de signalisation majeures dans la régulation de la NER, dont celles régulées par la kinase ATR (Ataxia Télangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase). Suite à l'irradiation UV, ATR est rapidement activée et phosphoryle des centaines de protéines qui régulent les points de contrôle du cycle cellulaire et joue un rôle notoire dans le maintient de la stabilité génomique. Nous avons postulé qu’ATR puisse réguler la NER de manière dépendante du cycle cellulaire. Cependant, tester cette hypothèse représente un grand défi car, pour des raisons techniques, les méthodes conventionnelles n’ont pas à ce jour été adaptées pour l'évaluation de la cinétique de réparation au cours des différentes phases du cycle cellulaire. Nous avons donc développé une méthode novatrice basée sur la cytométrie en flux permettant de quantifier avec grande précision la cinétique de réparation des 6-4PPs et CPDs dans chacune des phases G0/G1, S et G2/M. Avec cette nouvelle méthode, nous avons pu démontrer que l'inhibition d'ATR ou polη résulte en une très forte inhibition de la NER exclusivement durant la phase S du cycle cellulaire. Ces études ont révélé, pour la première fois, une fonction critique pour ces protéines dans le retrait des lésions qui bloquent la réplication. En outre, nous avons démontré que la synthèse d'ADN est indispensable pour l’inhibition de la réparation en phase-S, reflétant un lien potentiel entre la NER et la réplication. Curieusement, nous avons également montré que parmi six lignées cellulaires tumorales choisies aléatoirement, trois présentent une abrogation totale de la NER uniquement pendant la phase S, ce qui indique que de nombreux cancers humains pourraient être caractérisés par un tel défaut. Nos observations pourraient avoir d'importantes implications pour le traitement du cancer. En effet, le statut de la NER semble constituer un déterminant majeur dans la réponse clinique aux médicaments chimiothérapeutiques tels que le cisplatine, qui inhibent la croissance des cellules cancéreuses via l'induction de lésions à l’ADN.

Réparation par excision de nucléotides des dommages induits par rayons ultraviolets dans les mélanomes humains

Les mélanomes malins (MM) constituent le deuxième type de cancer le plus fréquent chez les jeunes adultes canadiens (entre 20 et 44 ans) ainsi qu’un des rares cancers dont l’incidence augmente annuellement. À moins que les MM ne soient excisés à temps par chirurgie, les chances de survie des patients sont pratiquement nulles puisque ce type de tumeur est très réfractaire aux traitements conventionnels. Il est bien connu que l’exposition aux rayons ultraviolets (UV), induisant des photoproduits génotoxiques, est une déterminante majeure dans l’acquisition de MM. À cet effet, la réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) est la ligne de défense principale contre le développement des mélanomes puisqu’elle est la voie de réparation prépondérante en ce qui a trait aux dits photoproduits. Malgré cela, la contribution potentielle de défauts de la NER au développement des MM dans la population normale n’est toujours pas bien établie. Notre laboratoire a précédemment développé une méthode basée sur la cytométrie de flux qui permet de mesurer la NER en fonction du cycle cellulaire. Cette méthode a déjà mise en évidence qu’une déficience de l’activité de la protéine ATR peut mener à une déficience de la NER exclusive à la phase S dans des fibroblastes humains. Pareillement, nous avons démontré que plusieurs lignées cellulaires cancéreuses modèles comportent une déficience en NER en phase S, suggérant qu’une telle déficience puisse caractériser certains types de cancers. Nous avons voulu savoir si une déficience en NER en phase S pouvait être associée à une proportion significative de mélanomes et si le tout pouvait être attribuable à une diminution de l’activité d’ATR. Nos objectifs ont donc été de : (i) mesurer l’efficacité de la NER en fonction du cycle cellulaire dans les MM en comparaison avec les mélanocytes primaires, (ii) vérifier si le niveau d’activité d’ATR corrèle avec l’efficacité de la NER en phase S dans les lignées de MM et (iii) voir si un gène fréquemment muté dans les mélanomes (tels PTEN et BRAF) pouvait coopérer avec ATR pour réguler la NER en phase S dans les mélanomes. Nous avons démontré que 13 lignées de MM sur 16 ont une capacité grandement diminuée à réparer les photoproduits induits par UV spécifiquement en phase S. De plus, cette déficience corrèle fortement avec une réduction de l’activation d’ATR et, dans plusieurs lignées de MM, avec une phosphorylation d’Akt plus importante. L’utilisation d’ARN interférent ou d’un inhibiteur du suppresseur de tumeurs PTEN, a permis, en plus d’augmenter la phosphorylation d’Akt, de réduire la réparation des photoproduits et l’activation d’ATR dans les cellules en phase S. En addition, (i) l’expression ectopique de la protéine PTEN sauvage dans des lignées déficientes en PTEN (mais pas d’une protéine PTEN sans activité phosphatase) ou (ii) l’inhibition pharmacologique d’Akt a permis d’augmenter la réparation en phase S ainsi que l’activation d’ATR. En somme, cette étude démontre qu’une signalisation d’ATR dépendante de PTEN/Akt amenant à une réparation déficiente des photoproduits génomiques causés par les UV en phase S peut être déterminante dans le développement des mélanomes induits par UV.

Le rôle d’Akt dans la réponse cellulaire aux dommages à l’ADN induits par les ultraviolets dans les cellules de mélanomes humains

Le mélanome malin est l’un des cancers les plus mortels dont l’incidence continue à augmenter chaque année avec peu de traitement efficace à long terme. Il est causé et initié principalement par l’exposition excessive aux rayons ultraviolets engendrant des photoproduits hautement génotoxiques. Il est bien connu que la cascade de signalisation PI3K/Akt joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation des processus qui sont généralement dérégulés durant le développement tumoral comme la prolifération, le contrôle du cycle cellulaire et l’apoptose. Néanmoins, l’implication de cette voie moléculaire dans la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN est peu caractérisée. Chez les mammifères, trois isoformes de la protéine kinase Akt ont été identifiées: Akt1, Akt2 et Akt3. Bien qu’elles soient très homologues en termes de séquence, plusieurs études ont montré que ces isoformes ont des fonctions biologiques distinctes, et nous suggérons qu’elles puissent contribuer différemment à la régulation de la réponse génotoxique. Les objectifs de ce projet étaient de: (i) évaluer l’activation d’Akt dans les cellules de mélanomes (ii) déterminer l’impact de l’inhibition de cette activité sur la régulation de la réponse cellulaire aux UV (iii) vérifier si la perte d’expression de l’un ou de l’autre des isoformes d’Akt peut réguler la réponse aux UV. Nous avons démontré qu’Akt est transitoirement hyperactivée par phosphorylation suite aux irradiations UV dans les lignées cellulaires de mélanomes. Afin de déterminer l'importance de cette activation dans la réponse cellulaire aux UV, notre approche était de diminuer (i) la phosphorylation d’Akt par l’usage d’inhibiteurs pharmacologiques ou (ii) l’expression de chaque isoforme d’Akt par l’approche des ARN interférents. Nous avons montré que l’inhibition de la phosphorylation d’Akt amène à l’augmentation du taux de l’apoptose induit par les UV d’une manière isoforme spécifique, alors qu’elle n’a aucun effet sur la régulation de la voie de réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER), qui est la seule voie humaine pour éliminer les dommages à l’ADN induits par les UV. En somme, notre étude constitue un nouvel aspect qui permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires du développement de mélanomes malins suites aux irradiations ultraviolettes.

Synthesis and Photochemistry of a few Olefin appended Dibenzobarrelenes and Bisdibenzobarrelenes

The thesis entitled: ‘Synthesis and Photochemistry of a few Olefin appended Dibenzobarrelenes and Bisdibenzobarrelenes’ is divided into 5 chapters.In Chapter 1, the fundamental concepts of Diels-Alder reaction, di-r:methane rearrangement and energy transfer process in organic photochemistry is discussed.Chapter 2 presents the synthesis of 9-olefin appended anthracenes and bisanthracenes. The target of synthesising various bridgehead olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and some novel bisdibenzobarrelenes, led us to the synthesis of the appropriate alkenylanthracenes and bisanthracenes as precursor molecules. Diels-Alder reaction was the synthetic tool for the preparation of the target olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes. This chapter attempts to throw light on our endeavours in synthesising the various 9-alkenylanthracenes and bisanthracenes.Chapter 3 deals with the synthesis of olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes. Ever since the discovery of di-It-methane rearrangement dibenzobarrelenes, tailored with dijferent substituents at various positions have always been a tool to photochemists in unravelling the mechanisms of light induced reactions. Our intention of analysing the role of a It-moiety at the bridgehead position of the dibenzobarrelene, was synthetically envisaged via the Diels-Alder reaction. Bisdibenzobarrelenes were synthesised through tandem Diels-Alder reaction. Various alkenylanthracenes and bisanthracenes were employed as dienes and the dienophiles used were dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and dibenzoylacetylene. In this chapter, we report our venture in synthesising the various olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes. Chapter 4 describes the preliminary time-resolved fluorescence studies of some olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes.To understand the primary and secondary physicochemical processes in a photochemical reaction it is necessary to characterise the excited states and the transient intermediates during their short lifetime. A number of methods developed on the basis of the physical properties of the transient species are available for their detection. Time-correlated single-photon counting technique has been utilised in the present study of the excited states of olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes. To understand the primary and secondary physicochemical processes in a photochemical reaction it is necessary to characterise the excited states and the transient intermediates during their short lifetime. A number of methods developed on the basis of the physical properties of the transient species are available for their detection. Time-correlated single-photon counting technique has been utilised in the present study of the excited states of olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes.Chapter 5 portrays the photochemistry of olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes. Dibenzocyclooctatetraene and dibenzosemibullvalene are the photoproducts obtained respectively through the singlet excited state and the triplet excited state of dibenzobarrelenes. Chemical literature shows evidences of the photoreactivity of dibenzobarrelenes generating both the singlet and triplet mediated photoproducts, in a single photoreaction. Our research target in synthesising various bridgehead olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes, was based on the perception that olefins are eflicient triplet quenchers, thereby quenching intramolecularly the triplet excited state of the barrelenes. A It-moiety at the bridgehead position of the dibenzobarrelene, creates a tetra tr-methane system, which similar to a 6li—7l' or tri-tr-methane systems, could be the fertile ground for interesting photochemical rearrangements. Our attempts in deciphering the photochemistry of the olefin appended dibenzobarrelenes and bisdibenzobarrelenes is the substance of this chapter.

Synthesis and photoreactivity of aryl substituted 4,5-dithienyl[1,3]dithiol-2-ones

UV irradiation of hitherto unknown 4,5-bis-benzol[b]thiophen-3-yl-[1,3]dithiol-2-one gave 3-(3-benzo[b]thienyl)-thieno[3,4-c]benzo[ e][1,2]dithine by loss of carbon monoxide and rearrangement, whereas 4,5-bis-(2-bromo-phenyl)-[1,3]dithiol-2-one gave a polymeric material containing S-S bridges. The Structures of both photoproducts were demonstrated on the basis of chemical behaviour and/or X-ray diffraction. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Heterosite effects in novel heteronuclear clusters [OS2Ru(CO)(11)(PPh3)] and Os2Ru(CO)(10)(2-acetylpyridine-N-isopropylimine)]

A new synthetic route towards the mixed-metal cluster [OS2Ru(CO)(12)] is described together with the syntheses of its PPh3 and iPr-AcPy (iPr-AcPy = 2-acetylpyridine-N-isopropylimine) derivatives. The molecular structures of the novel clusters [Os2Ru(CO)(11)(PPh3)] and [Os2Ru(CO)(10)(iPr-AcPy)] were determined on the basis of crystalline solid solutions of the Os2Ru and corresponding Os-3 species. The structures reveal that coordination of the Lewis bases occurs exclusively at the ruthenium site of [Os2Ru(CO)(12)], which is in agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations on several structural isomers of these compounds. According to the time-dependent DFT results, the lowest optically accessible excited state of [Os2Ru(CO)(10)(iPr-AcPy)] has a prevailing sigma(Ru-Os-2)pi*(iPr-AcPy) character, with a partial sigma sigma*(Ru-Os-2) contribution. In weakly coordinating 2-chlorobutane, the excited state has a lifetime tau = 10.4 +/- 1.2 ps and produces biradicals considerably faster than observed for [Os-3(CO)10(iPr-AcPy) (tau = 25.3 +/- 0.7ps)]. In coordinating acetonitrile, the excited state of [Os2Ru(CO)(10)(iPr-AcPy)] decays mono-exponentially with a lifetime tau = 2.1 +/- 0.2 ps. In contrast to [Os-3(CO)(10)(iPr-AcPy)] that forms biradicals as the main primary photoproduct even in strongly coordinating solvents, zwitterion formation from the solvated lowest excited state is observed for the heterometallic cluster. This is concluded from time-resolved absorption studies in the microsecond time domain. Due to the lower tendency of the coordinatively unsaturated Ru+(CO)(2)(iPr-AcPy-/0) moiety to bind a Lewis base, the heteronuclear biradical and zwitterionic photoproducts live significantly shorter than their triosmium counterparts. The influence of the weaker Os-2-Ru(iPr-AcPy) bond on the redox reactivity is clearly reflected in very reactive radical anions formed upon electrochemical reduction of [Os2Ru(CO)(10)(iPr-AcPy)]. The dimer [-OS(CO)(4)-Os(CO)(4)-Ru(CO)(2)(iPr-AcPy)](2)(2-) is the only IR-detectable intermediate reduction product. The dinuclear complex [Os-2(CO)(8)](2-) and insoluble [Ru(CO)(2)(iPr-AcPy)](n), are the ultimate reduction products, proving fragmentation of the OS2Ru core.

Redox control of light-induced charge separation in a transition metal cluster: photochemistry of a methyl viologen-substituted [Os-3(CO)10(a-diimine)] cluster

Sub)picosecond transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectra of the cluster [OS3(CO)(10-) (AcPy-MV)](2+) (the clication AcPy-MV = Acpy-MV2+ = [2-pyridylacetimine-N-(2-(1'-methyl-4,4'-bipyridine-1,1'-diium-1-yl) ethyl)] (PF6)(2)) (1(2+)) reveal that photoinduced electron transfer to the electron-accepting 4,4'-bipyridine-1,1'diium (MV2+) moiety competes with the fast relaxation of the initially populated sigmapi* excited state of the cluster to the ground state and/or cleavage of an Os-Os bond. The TA spectra of cluster 12 in acetone, obtained by irradiation into its lowest-energy absorption band, show the characteristic absorptions of the one-electron-reduced MV*(+) unit at 400 and 615 nm, in accordance with population of a charge-separated (CS) state in which a cluster-core electron has been transferred to the lowest pi* orbital of the remote MV2+ unit. This assignment is confirmed by picosecond TRIR spectra that show a large shift of the pilot highest-frequency nu(CO) band of 1(2+) by ca. +40 cm(-1), reflecting the photooxidation of the cluster core. The CS state is populated via fast (4.2 x 10(11) s(-1)) and efficient (88%) oxidative quenching of the optically populated sigmapi* excited state and decays biexponentially with lifetimes of 38 and 166 ps (1:2:1 ratio) with a complete regeneration of the parent cluster. About 12% of the cluster molecules in the sigmapi* excited state form long-lived open-core biradicals. In strongly coordinating acetonitrile, however, the cluster core-to-MV2+ electron transfer in cluster 12+ results in the irreversible formation of secondary photoproducts with a photooxidized cluster core. The photochemical behavior of the [Os-3(CO)(10)(alpha-diimine-MV)](2+) (donor-acceptor) dyad can be controlled by an externally applied electronic bias. Electrochemical one-electron reduction of the MV2+ moiety prior to the irradiation reduces its electron-accepting character to such an extent that the photoinduced electron transfer to MV*+ is no longer feasible. Instead, the irradiation of reduced cluster 1(.)+ results in the reversible formation of an open-core zwitterion, the ultimate photoproduct also observed upon irradiation of related nonsubstituted clusters [Os-3(CO)(10)(alpha-diimine)] in strongly coordinating solvents such as acetonitrile.

Marked influence of the bridging carbonyl ligands on the photo- and electrochemistry of the clusters [Ru-3(CO)(8)(mu-CO)(2)-(alpha-diimine)] (alpha-diimine = 2,2 '-bipyridine, 4,4 '-dimethyl-2,2 '-bipyridine and 2,2 '-bipyrimidine)

Bonding, photochemical and electrochemical properties of the clusters [Ru-3(CO)(8)(mu-CO)(2)(alpha-diimine)] (alpha-diimine=2,2'-bipyridine (1), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2) and 2,2'-bipyrimidine (3)) are strongly influenced by the presence of bridging carbonyl ligands. Irradiation at 471 nm initially results in the population of a sigma(Ru-3)pi*(alpha-diimine) excited state. From this state, fast decay takes place to the optically hardly directly accessible pi(Ru/mu-CO) pi*(alpha-diimine) lowest excited state. These assignments agree with theoretical (TD-DFT) results, resonance Raman and picosecond time-resolved infrared spectra. The involvement of the bridging carbonyl ligands in the electron transfer increases the energetic barrier for the formation of open-structure photoproducts such as biradicals and zwitterions. Zwitterions were therefore only obtained in strongly coordinating media such as pyridine at 250 K. The bridging carbonyl ligands also stabilize the radical anions produced upon one-electron reduction of the clusters [Ru-3(CO)(8)(mu-CO)(2)(alpha-diimine)] and observed with cyclic voltammetry, EPR and IR spectroelectrochemistry (for alpha-diimine=2,2'-bipyrimidine). In contrast, open-triangle intermediates formed along the reduction path to [Ru(CO)(2)(alpha-diimine)](n) and [Ru-2(CO)(8)](2-) are more reactive than their triosmium analogues.

Dinitrogen release from arylpentazole: A picosecond time-resolved infrared, spectroelectrochemical, and DFT computational study

p-(Dimethylamino)phenyl pentazole, DMAP-N5 (DMAP = Me2N−C6H4), was characterized by picosecond transient infrared spectroscopy and infrared spectroelectrochemistry. Femtosecond laser excitation at 310 or 330 nm produces the DMAP-N5 (S1) excited state, part of which returns to the ground state (τ = 82 ± 4 ps), while DMAP-N and DMAP-N3 (S0) are generated as double and single N2-loss photoproducts with η ≈ 0.14. The lifetime of DMAP-N5 (S1) is temperature and solvent dependent. [DMAP-N3]+ is produced from DMAP-N5 in a quasireversible, one-electron oxidation process (E1/2 = +0.67 V). Control experiments with DMAP-N3 support the findings. DFT B3LYP/6-311G** calculations were used to identify DMAP-N5 (S1), DMAP-N3 +, and DMAP-N in the infrared spectra. Both DMAP-N5 (S1) and [DMAP-N5]+ have a weakened N5 ring structure.