The impact of polymorphisms in P-gp, DNA repair and folic acid metabolism genes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with thalidomide plus dexamethasone, with or without bortezomib

The principle aim of this study was to investigate biological predictors of response and resistance to multiple myeloma treatment. Two hypothesis had been proposed as responsible of responsiveness: SNPs in DNA repair and Folate pathway, and P-gp dependent efflux. As a first objective, panel of SNPs in DNA repair and Folate pathway genes, were analyzed. It was a retrospective study in a group of 454, previously untreated, MM patients enrolled in a randomized phase III open-label study. Results show that some SNPs in Folate pathway are correlated with response to MM treatment. MTR genotype was associated with favorable response in the overall population of MM patients. However, this relation, disappear after adjustment for treatment response. When poor responder includes very good partial response, partial response and stable/progressive disease MTFHR rs1801131 genotype was associated with poor response to therapy. This relation - unlike in MTR – was still significant after adjustment for treatment response. Identification of this genetic variant in MM patients could be used as an independent prognostic factor for therapeutic outcome in the clinical practice. In the second objective, basic disposition characteristics of bortezomib was investigated. We demonstrated that bortezomib is a P-gp substrate in a bi-directional transport study. We obtain apparent permeability rate values that together with solubility values can have a crucial implication in better understanding of bortezomib pharmacokinetics with respect to the importance of membrane transporters. Subsequently, in view of the importance of P-gp for bortezomib responsiveness a panel of SNPs in ABCB1 gene - coding for P-gp - were analyzed. In particular we analyzed five SNPs, none of them however correlated with treatment responsiveness. However, we found a significant association between ABCB1 variants and cytogenetic abnormalities. In particular, deletion of chromosome 17 and t(4;14) translocation were present in patients harboring rs60023214 and rs2038502 variants respectively.

Einfluss der Modulation von P-Glykoprotein (P-gp) auf die Verfügbarkeit und Wirksamkeit der pharmakologischen Behandlung psychiatrischer Erkrankungen im Tiermodell

P-Glykoprotein (P-gp) ist ein ATP-verbrauchender Transporter, der in Organschranken exprimiert wird, um Fremdstoffe auszuschleusen, darunter auch Psychopharmaka. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde im Tiermodell der Maus untersucht, welche pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Konsequenzen sich bei Verabreichung von Risperidon als P-gp Modellsubstrat ergeben, wenn die Expression von P-gp induziert wird. Als potenzielle Induktoren wurden Dexamethason, Rifampicin, Quercetin, 5-Pregnen-3ß-ol-20-on-16α-Carbonitril (PCN) und Acitretin geprüft. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass alle Substanzen die Verteilung von Risperidon und seinem aktiven Metaboliten 9-Hydroxyrisperidon beeinflussten. Während sich für Quercetin und Acitretin leichte P-gp inhibitorische Eigenschaften ergaben, die an Hand von erhöhten Konzentrationen von Risperidon und 9-Hydroxyrisperidon gezeigt werden konnten, führten die bekannten P-gp Induktoren Rifampicin, Dexamethason und PCN zu verringerten Konzentrationen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Durch Western Blot Untersuchungen wurde bestätigt, dass die Induktoren die P-gp Expression im Hirngewebe tendenziell steigerten. Dies sprach dafür, dass bei Verabreichung einer Komedikation, die P-gp induziert, mit einer veränderten Verteilung von P-gp Substraten zu rechnen ist. Darüber hinaus konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass durch eine Hemmung bzw. Induktion von P-gp nicht nur die Pharmakokinetik, sondern auch die Pharmakodynamik von Risperidon und 9-Hydroxyrisperidon verändert wird. Dies wurde durch verhaltenspharmakologische Untersuchungen gezeigt. Durch Risperidon induzierte motorische Effekte auf dem RotaRod waren nach Induktion von P-gp abgeschwächt. Dies zeigte sich auch für Haloperidol, welches kein Substrat ist. Da P-gp abhängige Effekte in diesem Fall keine bedeutende Rolle spielen, ist davon auszugehen, dass neben der Induktion von P-gp an der Blut-Hirn Schranke auch andere Mechanismen wie z.B. eine Induktion von Enzymen der CYP-Familie an den beobachteten Effekten beteiligt sind. Bei Untersuchungen von kognitiven Leistungen in der Barnes Maze konnte gezeigt werden, dass Haloperidol im Gegensatz zu Risperidon das Lernverhalten negativ beeinflussen kann. Eine P-gp Induktion schien jedoch keinen deutlichen Einfluss auf das Lernverhalten unter Antipsychotika-Gabe zu haben und sprach vielmehr für substanzabhängige Effekte der einzelnen Antipsychotika bzw. P-gp Modulatoren. Zusatzuntersuchungen zur Hirngängigkeit von Acitretin, einem synthetischen Retinoid, welches derzeit als potenzielles Antidementivum geprüft wird, konnten belegen, dass es die Blut-Hirn Schranke überwindet. Bereits 1h nach Injektion war Acitretin in hoher Konzentration im Gehirn nachweisbar. Durch die Analyse zur Verteilung von Acitretin in Hirngewebe und Serum von P-gp Wildtyp und P-gp doppel knockout Mäusen konnte belegt werden, dass Acitretin nicht P-gp abhängig transportiert wird. Die Daten insgesamt betrachtet, lassen den Schluss zu, dass durch Verabreichung von Medikamenten, die P-gp Modulatoren sind, bei Antipsychotika mit pharmakokinetischen Interaktionen zu rechnen ist, welche die Wirksamkeit der Medikamente einschränken können.

Glicoproteína-P, resistência a múltiplas drogas (MDR) e relação estrutura-atividade de moduladores

Multidrug resistance, MDR is a major obstacle for cancer chemotherapy. MDR can be reversed by drugs that vary in their chemical structure and main biological activity. Many efforts have been done to overcome MDR based on studies of structure-activity relationships and in this review we summarize some aspects of MDR mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as the most experimentally and clinically tested form of drug resistance. The most significant MDR mechanisms revealed until now are shortly discussed. Physicochemical and structural properties of MDR modulators, measures of the MDR reversal, and QSAR studies are included.

Determination of P-glycoprotein, MDR-related protein 1, breast cancer resistance protein, and lung-resistance protein expression in leukemic stem cells of acute myeloid leukemia

Background: The most primitive leukemic precursor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is thought to be the leukemic stem cell (LSC), which retains the properties of self-renewal and high proliferative capacity and quiescence of the hematopoietic stem cell. LSC seems to be immunophenotypically distinct and more resistant to chemotherapy than the more committed blasts. Considering that the multidrug resistance (MDR) constitutive expression may be a barrier to therapy in AML, we have investigated whether various MDR transporters were differentially expressed at the protein level by different leukemic subsets. Methods: The relative expression of the drug-efflux pumps P-gp, MRP, LRP, and BCRP was evaluated by mean fluorescence index (MFI) and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis (D values) in five leukemic subpopulations: CD34(+)CD38(-)CD123(+) (LSCs), CD34(+)CD38(+)CD123(-), CD34(+)CD38(+)CD123(+), CD34(+)CD38(+)CD123(-), and CD34(-) mature cells in 26 bone marrow samples of CD34(+) AML cases. Results: The comparison between the two more immature subsets (LSC versus CD34(+)CD38(-)CD123(-) cells) revealed a higher P-gp, MRP, and LRP expression in LSCs. The comparative analysis between LSCs and subsets of intermediate maturation (CD34(+)CD38(+)) demonstrated the higher BCRP expression in the LSCs. In addition, P-gp expression was also significantly higher in the LSC compared to CD34(+)CD38(+)CD123(-) subpopulation. Finally, the comparative analysis between LSC and the most mature subset (CD34(-)) revealed higher MRP and LRP and lower P-gp expression in the LSCs. Conclusions: Considering the cellular heterogeneity of AML, the higher MDR transporters expression at the most immature, self-renewable, and quiescent LSC population reinforces that MDR is one of the mechanisms responsible for treatment failure. (C) 2008 Clinical Cytometry Society.

Simultaneous LC-MS/MS quantification of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 probe substrates and their metabolites in DBS and plasma.

BACKGROUND: An LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) probe substrates and their Phase I metabolites in DBS and plasma. P-gp (fexofenadine) and CYP-specific substrates (caffeine for CYP1A2, bupropion for CYP2B6, flurbiprofen for CYP2C9, omeprazole for CYP2C19, dextromethorphan for CYP2D6 and midazolam for CYP3A4) and their metabolites were extracted from DBS (10 µl) using methanol. Analytes were separated on a reversed-phase LC column followed by SRM detection within a 6 min run time. RESULTS: The method was fully validated over the expected clinical concentration range for all substances tested, in both DBS and plasma. The method has been successfully applied to a PK study where healthy male volunteers received a low dose cocktail of the here described P-gp and CYP probes. Good correlation was observed between capillary DBS and venous plasma drug concentrations. CONCLUSION: Due to its low-invasiveness, simple sample collection and minimal sample preparation, DBS represents a suitable method to simultaneously monitor in vivo activities of P-gp and CYP.

Geneva cocktail for cytochrome p450 and P-glycoprotein activity assessment using dried blood spots.

The suitability of the capillary dried blood spot (DBS) sampling method was assessed for simultaneous phenotyping of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) using a cocktail approach. Ten volunteers received an oral cocktail capsule containing low doses of the probes bupropion (CYP2B6), flurbiprofen (CYP2C9), omeprazole (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), midazolam (CYP3A), and fexofenadine (P-gp) with coffee/Coke (CYP1A2) on four occasions. They received the cocktail alone (session 1), and with the CYP inhibitors fluvoxamine and voriconazole (session 2) and quinidine (session 3). In session 4, subjects received the cocktail after a 7-day pretreatment with the inducer rifampicin. The concentrations of probes/metabolites were determined in DBS and plasma using a single liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The pharmacokinetic profiles of the drugs were comparable in DBS and plasma. Important modulation of CYP and P-gp activities was observed in the presence of inhibitors and the inducer. Minimally invasive one- and three-point (at 2, 3, and 6 h) DBS-sampling methods were found to reliably reflect CYP and P-gp activities at each session.

The permeability P-glycoprotein: a focus on enantioselectivity and brain distribution.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: The permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) is an important protein transporter involved in the disposition of many drugs with different chemical structures, but few studies have examined a possible stereoselectivity in its activity. P-gp can have a major impact on the distribution of drugs in selected organs, including the brain. Polymorphisms of the ABCB1 gene, which encodes for P-gp, can influence the kinetics of several drugs. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: A search including publications from 1990 up to 2009 was performed on P-gp stereoselectivity and on the impact of ABCB1 polymorphisms on enantiomer brain distribution. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: Despite stereoselectivity not being expected because of the large variability of chemical structures of P-gp substrates, structure-activity relationships suggest different P-gp-binding sites for enantiomers. Enantioselectivity in the activity of P-gp has been demonstrated by in vitro studies and in animal models (preferential transport of one enantiomer or different inhibitory potencies towards P-gp activity between enantiomers). There is also in vivo evidence of an enantioselective drug transport at the human blood-brain barrier. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: The significant enantioselective activity of P-gp might be clinically relevant and must be taken into account in future studies.

Role of P-glycoprotein in the uptake/efflux transport of oral vitamin K antagonists and rivaroxaban through the Caco-2 cell model.

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are prescribed worldwide and remain the oral anticoagulant of choice. These drugs are characterized by a narrow therapeutic index and a large inter- and intra-individual variability. P-glycoprotein could contribute to this variability. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of P-gp in the transport of acenocoumarol, phenprocoumon and warfarin using an in vitro Caco-2 cell monolayer model. These results were compared with those obtained with rivaroxaban, a new oral anticoagulant known to be a P-gp substrate. The transport of these four drugs was assessed at pH conditions 6.8/7.4 in the presence or absence of the P-gp inhibitor cyclosporine A (10 μM) and the more potent and specific P-gp inhibitor valspodar (5 μM). Analytical quantification was performed by LC/MS. With an efflux ratio of 1.7 and a significant decrease in the efflux (Papp B-A), in the presence of P-gp inhibitors at a concentration of 50 μM, acenocoumarol can be considered as a weak P-gp substrate. Concerning phenprocoumon, the results suggest that this molecule is a poor P-gp substrate. The P-gp inhibitors did not affect significantly the transport of warfarin. The efflux of rivaroxaban was strongly inhibited by the two P-gp inhibitors. In conclusion, none of the three VKAs tested are strong P-gp substrates. However, acenocoumarol can be considered as a weak P-gp substrate and phenprocoumon as a poor P-gp substrate.

Role of Membrane Transporters, P-Glycoprotein and Mrp1, in The Placental Transfer of Drugs With Special Reference to Saquinavir and Quetiapine

Drug transporting membrane proteins are expressed in various human tissues and blood-tissue barriers, regulating the transfer of drugs, toxins and endogenous compounds into or out of the cells. Various in vitro and animal experiments suggest that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) forms a functional barrier between maternal and fetal blood circulation in the placenta thereby protecting the fetus from exposure to xenobiotics during pregnancy. The multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) is a relatively less studied transporter protein in the human placenta. The aim of this study series was to study the role of placental transporters, apical P-gp and basal MRP1, using saquinavir as a probe drug, and to study transfer of quetiapine and the role of P-gp in its transfer in the dually perfused human placenta/cotyledon. Furthermore, two ABCB1 (encoding P-gp) polymorphisms (c.3435C>T, p.Ile1145Ile and c.2677G>T/A, p.Ala893Ser/Thr) were studied to determine their impact on P-gp protein expression level and on the transfer of the study drugs. Also, the influence of the P-gp protein expression level on the transfer of the study drugs was addressed. Because P-gp and MRP1 are ATP-dependent drug-efflux pumps, it was studied whether exogenous ATP is needed for the function of ATP-dependent transporter in the present experimental model. The present results indicated that the addition of exogenous ATP was not necessary for transporter function in the perfused human placental cotyledon. Saquinavir and quetiapine were both found to cross the human placenta; transplacental transfer (TPTAUC %) for saquinavir was <0.5% and for quetiapine 3.7%. Pharmacologic blocking of P-gp led to disruption of the blood-placental barrier (BPB) and increased the placental transfer of P-gp substrate, saquinavir, into the fetal circulation by 6- to 8-fold. In reversed perfusions P-gp, MRP1 and possibly OATP2B1 had a negligible role in the fetal-to-maternal transfer of saquinavir. The TPTAUC % of saquinavir was about 100-fold greater from the fetal side to the maternal side compared with the maternal-to-fetal transfer. P-gp activity is not likely to modify the placental transfer of quetiapine. Higher P-gp protein expression levels were associated with the variant allele 3435T, but no correlation was found between the TPTAUC % of saquinavir and placental P-gp protein expression. The present results indicate that P-gp activity drastically affects the fetal exposure to saquinavir, and suggest that pharmacological blockade of the P-gp activity during pregnancy may pose an increased risk for adverse fetal outcome. The blockade of P-gp activity could be used in purpose to obtain higher drug concentration to the fetal side, for example, in prevention (to decrease virus transfer to fetal side) or in treating sick fetus.

Glicoproteína-P, resistência a múltiplas drogas (MDR) e relação estrutura-atividade de moduladores

Multidrug resistance, MDR is a major obstacle for cancer chemotherapy. MDR can be reversed by drugs that vary in their chemical structure and main biological activity. Many efforts have been done to overcome MDR based on studies of structure-activity relationships and in this review we summarize some aspects of MDR mediated by P-glycoprotein (P-gp), as the most experimentally and clinically tested form of drug resistance. The most significant MDR mechanisms revealed until now are shortly discussed. Physicochemical and structural properties of MDR modulators, measures of the MDR reversal, and QSAR studies are included.

Expression of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, glutathione-S-transferase pi and p53 in canine transmissible venereal tumor

The overexpression of proteins P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1), mutant p53, and the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GSTpi) are related to resistance to chemotherapy in neoplasms. This study evaluated the expression of these markers by immunohistochemistry in two groups of canine TVT, without history of prior chemotherapy (TVT1, n=9) and in TVTs presented unsatisfactory clinical response to vincristine sulfate (TVT2, n=5). The percentage of specimens positively stained for P-gp, MRP1, GSTpi and p53 were, respectively 88.8%, 0%, 44.5% and 22.2% in TVT1 and 80%, 0%, 80% and 0% in TVT2. In TVT1, one specimen presented positive expression for three markers and four specimens for two markers. In TVT2, three specimens expressed P-gp and GSTpi. In conclusion, the canine TVTs studied expressed the four markers evaluated, but just P-gp and GSTpi were significantly expressed, mainly at cytoplasm and cytoplasm and nuclei, respectively, either before chemotherapy as after vincristine sulfate exposure. Future studies are needed to demonstrate the function of these two markers in conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) or predict the response to chemotherapy in canine TVT.

Prédiction des impacts pharmacocinétiques des interactions médicamenteuses impliquant des CYP3A et les glycoprotéines-P : développement de modèles physiologiques et analyse de sensibilité

Les propriétés pharmacocinétiques d’un nouveau médicament et les risques d’interactions médicamenteuses doivent être investigués très tôt dans le processus de recherche et développement. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de concevoir des approches prédictives de modélisation du devenir du médicament dans l’organisme en présence et en absence de modulation d’activité métabolique et de transport. Le premier volet de recherche consistait à intégrer dans un modèle pharmacocinétique à base physiologique (PBPK), le transport d’efflux membranaire gouverné par les glycoprotéines-P (P-gp) dans le cœur et le cerveau. Cette approche, basée sur des extrapolations in vitro-in vivo, a permis de prédire la distribution tissulaire de la dompéridone chez des souris normales et des souris déficientes pour les gènes codant pour la P-gp. Le modèle a confirmé le rôle protecteur des P-gp au niveau cérébral, et a suggéré un rôle négligeable des P-gp dans la distribution tissulaire cardiaque pour la dompéridone. Le deuxième volet de cette recherche était de procéder à l’analyse de sensibilité globale (ASG) du modèle PBPK précédemment développé, afin d’identifier les paramètres importants impliqués dans la variabilité des prédictions, tout en tenant compte des corrélations entre les paramètres physiologiques. Les paramètres importants ont été identifiés et étaient principalement les paramètres limitants des mécanismes de transport à travers la membrane capillaire. Le dernier volet du projet doctoral consistait à développer un modèle PBPK apte à prédire les profils plasmatiques et paramètres pharmacocinétiques de substrats de CYP3A administrés par voie orale à des volontaires sains, et de quantifier l’impact d’interactions médicamenteuses métaboliques (IMM) sur la pharmacocinétique de ces substrats. Les prédictions des profils plasmatiques et des paramètres pharmacocinétiques des substrats des CYP3A ont été très comparables à ceux mesurés lors d’études cliniques. Quelques écarts ont été observés entre les prédictions et les profils plasmatiques cliniques mesurés lors d’IMM. Cependant, l’impact de ces inhibitions sur les paramètres pharmacocinétiques des substrats étudiés et l’effet inhibiteur des furanocoumarins contenus dans le jus de pamplemousse ont été prédits dans un intervalle d’erreur très acceptable. Ces travaux ont contribué à démontrer la capacité des modèles PBPK à prédire les impacts pharmacocinétiques des interactions médicamenteuses avec une précision acceptable et prometteuse.

Avaliação da expressão do gene MDR1 (Glicoproteína-P) e atividade de efluxo em células do sangue periférico de pacientes sob tratamento da tuberculose multirresistente

O regime de tratamento com múltiplas drogas é correspondente a uma interação de drogas que pode causar efeitos adversos e falha no tratamento. Essa interação pode gerar modificações funcionais dos transportadores de membrana e por consequência a biodisponibilidade das drogas durante o tratamento. Dentre os transportadores de drogas transmembranares está a glicoproteína-P (P-gp), uma proteína de 170KD, produto do gene MDR1, caracterizada como uma \201CATP Binding cassete\201D (ABC). Seu papel está muito bem definido nas células neoplásicas multirresistentes a drogas, assim como sua relação com as drogas para o tratamento da infecção pelo HIV. Entretanto, pouco tem sido estudado sobre esta bomba de efluxo na tuberculose multirresistente (TBMR). Neste estudo analisamos por citometria de fluxo sua expressão e atividade de efluxo nos monócitos, principal célula relacionada com a tuberculose e também em linfócitos e granulócitos do sangue periférico por meio da citometria de fluxo. A taxa de efluxo foi medida através do uso da Rodamina 123 (Rho123) e a expressão da P-gp através do anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD243 (clone UIC2). A utilização direta do sangue total para a determinação da atividade de efluxo por citometria de fluxo caracterizou a implantação de uma nova ferramenta de análise para a pesquisa A análise contemplou 52% do total de pacientes em tratamento de TBMR no ambulatório do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Micobacterioses do Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC). Para as análises foram levadas em consideração a idade, cor da pele, o tempo de tratamento e a quantidade de drogas administradas. O estudo revelou que há correlação entre a expressão da P-gp nos monócitos e a idade dos pacientes (P<0,01). Diferenças entre pacientes brancos e não brancos também foram observadas. Em linfócitos a expressão de P-gp quando aumentada foi diretamente proporcional à atividade de efluxo observada nos monócitos (P< 0,05). Além disso, pacientes submetidos ao tratamento para TBMR por até seis meses apresentaram uma maior expressão de P-gp e, linfócitos quando comparados àqueles que receberam o tratamento por mais de seis meses (P<0,01)

P-Glycoprotein Expression, Tumor Weight, Age, and Relapse in Patients with Stage I and II Favorable-Histology Wilms` Tumor

Fifteen percent of patients with Wilms`` tumor (WT) experience relapse. It has been suggested that weight and age may affect the chances of relapse. Few studies have investigated the role, if any, between P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and relapse. The authors assessed the prognostic value of tumor weight and age at diagnosis and asked whether some other potential biological markers, specifically P-gp protein expression, had a prognostic value in favorable-histology WT. No association between age and relapse could be found. Patients with tumor weight >= a parts per thousand yen550 g were 6 times more likely to relapse, whereas P-gp expression was positive in 18/40 (45%%) of the patients, of which 10/12 (83.3%%) relapsed and 8/28 (28.6%%) did not. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether or not P-gp is related to relapse in patients with histologically favorable Wilms`` tumor. If confirmed, the protein may be used in the future as a target for new drugs and treatments for this group of patients.

Avaliação de compostos com actividade inibidora da glicoproteína-P

A resistência a múltiplos fármacos é um grande problema na terapia anti-cancerígena, sendo a glicoproteína-P (P-gp) uma das responsáveis por esta resistência. A realização deste trabalho incidiu principalmente no desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos/estatísticos e “químicos”. Para os modelos matemáticos/estatísticos utilizamos métodos de Machine Learning como o Support Vector Machine (SVM) e o Random Forest, (RF) em relação aos modelos químicos utilizou-se farmacóforos. Os métodos acima mencionados foram aplicados a diversas proteínas P-gp, p53 e complexo p53-MDM2, utilizando duas famílias: as pifitrinas para a p53 e flavonóides para P-gp e, em menor medida, um grupo diversificado de moléculas de diversas famílias químicas. Nos modelos obtidos pelo SVM quando aplicados à P-gp e à família dos flavonóides, obtivemos bons valores através do kernel Radial Basis Function (RBF), com precisão de conjunto de treino de 94% e especificidade de 96%. Quanto ao conjunto de teste com previsão de 70% e especificidade de 67%, sendo que o número de falsos negativos foi o mais baixo comparativamente aos restantes kernels. Aplicando o RF à família dos flavonóides verificou-se que o conjunto de treino apresenta 86% de precisão e uma especificidade de 90%, quanto ao conjunto de teste obtivemos uma previsão de 70% e uma especificidade de 60%, existindo a particularidade de o número de falsos negativos ser o mais baixo. Repetindo o procedimento anterior (RF) e utilizando um total de 63 descritores, os resultados apresentaram valores inferiores obtendo-se para o conjunto de treino 79% de precisão e 82% de especificidade. Aplicando o modelo ao conjunto de teste obteve-se 70% de previsão e 60% de especificidade. Comparando os dois métodos, escolhemos o método SVM com o kernel RBF como modelo que nos garante os melhores resultados de classificação. Aplicamos o método SVM à P-gp e a um conjunto de moléculas não flavonóides que são transportados pela P-gp, obteve-se bons valores através do kernel RBF, com precisão de conjunto de treino de 95% e especificidade de 93%. Quanto ao conjunto de teste, obtivemos uma previsão de 70% e uma especificidade de 69%, existindo a particularidade de o número de falsos negativos ser o mais baixo. Aplicou-se o método do farmacóforo a três alvos, sendo estes, um conjunto de inibidores flavonóides e de substratos não flavonóides para a P-gp, um grupo de piftrinas para a p53 e um conjunto diversificado de estruturas para a ligação da p53-MDM2. Em cada um dos quatro modelos de farmacóforos obtidos identificou-se três características, sendo que as características referentes ao anel aromático e ao dador de ligações de hidrogénio estão presentes em todos os modelos obtidos. Realizando o rastreio em diversas bases de dados utilizando os modelos, obtivemos hits com uma grande diversidade estrutural.