The effects of L1 orthography on processing an artificial logographic script

To date, studies have focused on the acquisition of alphabetic second languages (L2s) in alphabetic first language (L1) users, demonstrating significant transfer effects. The present study examined the process from a reverse perspective, comparing logographic (Mandarin-Chinese) and alphabetic (English) L1 users in the acquisition of an artificial logographic script, in order to determine whether similar language-specific advantageous transfer effects occurred. English monolinguals, English-French bilinguals and Chinese-English bilinguals learned a small set of symbols in an artificial logographic script and were subsequently tested on their ability to process this script in regard to three main perspectives: L2 reading, L2 working memory (WM), and inner processing strategies. In terms of L2 reading, a lexical decision task on the artificial symbols revealed markedly faster response times in the Chinese-English bilinguals, indicating a logographic transfer effect suggestive of a visual processing advantage. A syntactic decision task evaluated the degree to which the new language was mastered beyond the single word level. No L1-specific transfer effects were found for artificial language strings. In order to investigate visual processing of the artificial logographs further, a series of WM experiments were conducted. Artificial logographs were recalled under concurrent auditory and visuo-spatial suppression conditions to disrupt phonological and visual processing, respectively. No L1-specific transfer effects were found, indicating no visual processing advantage of the Chinese-English bilinguals. However, a bilingual processing advantage was found indicative of a superior ability to control executive functions. In terms of L1 WM, the Chinese-English bilinguals outperformed the alphabetic L1 users when processing L1 words, indicating a language experience-specific advantage. Questionnaire data on the cognitive strategies that were deployed during the acquisition and processing of the artificial logographic script revealed that the Chinese-English bilinguals rated their inner speech as lower than the alphabetic L1 users, suggesting that they were transferring their phonological processing skill set to the acquisition and use of an artificial script. Overall, evidence was found to indicate that language learners transfer specific L1 orthographic processing skills to L2 logographic processing. Additionally, evidence was also found indicating that a bilingual history enhances cognitive performance in L2.

Characteristics of fricatives consonants orthography in Brazilian children

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characteristics of the acquisition of sonorant consonants orthography in Brazilian children from a São Paulo municipality

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

DeCS terminology and the new rules on orthography of Portuguese language: guidelines for an update

PURPOSE: To indicate orthographic changes to be used as a basic reference for professionals, researchers, doctors, teachers, students and users, which are directly linked and performing activities in health services in general, aimed at implementing the correct orthography in recovery and production of their scientific studies. METHODS: For data collection, were shown some examples of terminology DeCS (Descriptors in Health Science) analyzed according to the current spelling and compared with the Orthographic Vocabulary of Portuguese Language (VOLP). RESULTS: It was select and listed examples of key words and/or terms related to Health Sciences, which was compared to the respective rules of the Orthographic Agreement of Portuguese Language, and divided into three items: graphical accentuation, the non use of dieresis and exceptions and, the use of hyphen. CONCLUSION: This study show some guidelines for the orthographic alterations of the terms used by scientific community, according the new orthographic rules, contributing for the efficiency in the description of the documents and consequently in their recovery.

Anglo-Saxon poems represented in Bright's Anglo-Saxon reader, done in a normalized orthography.

Mode of access: Internet.

Dictionary of foreign words and phrases : compiled from English sources and containing foreign words, phrases, mottos, proverbs, place names, titles, allusions and abbreviations from the Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Russian, Hebrew and other foreign languages, together with English equivalents and definitions and a supplement in Greek orthography.

Mode of access: Internet.

A practical English grammar : with progressive exercises in orthography, analysis, and grammatical composition : adapted to the use of schools and private students /

At head of title: Frost's practical grammar.

The youth's catechetical grammar; or, A simple illustration of the principles of the English language, adapted to the capacity of the juvenile mind; comprising a philosophical view of orthography, etymology, syntax and prosody,

Mode of access: Internet.

The teachers' manual of English grammar : consisting of three parts in one volume : Part I. contains the principles of analysis, or parsing : Part II. contains observations upon orthography, etymology, and syntax : Part III. contains the principles of the synthesis, or the idiom of the English language /

Includes bibliographical references.

Abridgement of Murray's English grammar, with an appendix, containing exercises in orthography, in parsing, in syntax, and in punctuation. Designed for the younger classes of learners. To which questions are added--punctuation, and the notes under rules in syntax, supplied from the author's large grammar. Being his own abridgement entire, rev., prepared, and adapted to the use of the "English exercises."

Mode of access: Internet.

A new English orthography,

Mimeographed.

English exercises adapted to Murray's English grammar : consisting of exercises in parsing, instances of false orthography, violations of the rules of syntax, defects in punctuation, and violations of the rules respecting perspicuous and accurate writing : designed for the benefit of private learners, as well as for the use of schools /

Mode of access: Internet.