99 resultados para Observacions meteorològiques
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Ground clutter caused by anomalous propagation (anaprop) can affect seriously radar rain rate estimates, particularly in fully automatic radar processing systems, and, if not filtered, can produce frequent false alarms. A statistical study of anomalous propagation detected from two operational C-band radars in the northern Italian region of Emilia Romagna is discussed, paying particular attention to its diurnal and seasonal variability. The analysis shows a high incidence of anaprop in summer, mainly in the morning and evening, due to the humid and hot summer climate of the Po Valley, particularly in the coastal zone. Thereafter, a comparison between different techniques and datasets to retrieve the vertical profile of the refractive index gradient in the boundary layer is also presented. In particular, their capability to detect anomalous propagation conditions is compared. Furthermore, beam path trajectories are simulated using a multilayer ray-tracing model and the influence of the propagation conditions on the beam trajectory and shape is examined. High resolution radiosounding data are identified as the best available dataset to reproduce accurately the local propagation conditions, while lower resolution standard TEMP data suffers from interpolation degradation and Numerical Weather Prediction model data (Lokal Model) are able to retrieve a tendency to superrefraction but not to detect ducting conditions. Observing the ray tracing of the centre, lower and upper limits of the radar antenna 3-dB half-power main beam lobe it is concluded that ducting layers produce a change in the measured volume and in the power distribution that can lead to an additional error in the reflectivity estimate and, subsequently, in the estimated rainfall rate.
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This paper presents an observational study of the tornado outbreak that took place on the 7 September 2005 in the Llobregat delta river, affecting a densely populated and urbanised area and the Barcelona International airport (NE Spain). The site survey confirmed at least five short-lived tornadoes. Four of them were weak (F0, F1) and the other one was significant (F2 on the Fujita scale). They started mostly as waterspouts and moved later inland causing extensive damage estimated in 9 million Euros, three injured people but fortunately no fatalities. Large scale forcing was provided by upper level diffluence and low level warm air advection. Satellite and weather radar images revealed the development of the cells that spawned the waterspouts along a mesoscale convergence line in a highly sheared and relatively low buoyant environment. Further analysis indicated characteristics that could be attributed indistinctively to non-supercell or to mini-supercell thunderstorms.
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Contamination of weather radar echoes by anomalous propagation (anaprop) mechanisms remains a serious issue in quality control of radar precipitation estimates. Although significant progress has been made identifying clutter due to anaprop there is no unique method that solves the question of data reliability without removing genuine data. The work described here relates to the development of a software application that uses a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model to obtain the temperature, humidity and pressure fields to calculate the three dimensional structure of the atmospheric refractive index structure, from which a physically based prediction of the incidence of clutter can be made. This technique can be used in conjunction with existing methods for clutter removal by modifying parameters of detectors or filters according to the physical evidence for anomalous propagation conditions. The parabolic equation method (PEM) is a well established technique for solving the equations for beam propagation in a non-uniformly stratified atmosphere, but although intrinsically very efficient, is not sufficiently fast to be practicable for near real-time modelling of clutter over the entire area observed by a typical weather radar. We demonstrate a fast hybrid PEM technique that is capable of providing acceptable results in conjunction with a high-resolution terrain elevation model, using a standard desktop personal computer. We discuss the performance of the method and approaches for the improvement of the model profiles in the lowest levels of the troposphere.
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Weather radar observations are currently the most reliable method for remote sensing of precipitation. However, a number of factors affect the quality of radar observations and may limit seriously automated quantitative applications of radar precipitation estimates such as those required in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) data assimilation or in hydrological models. In this paper, a technique to correct two different problems typically present in radar data is presented and evaluated. The aspects dealt with are non-precipitating echoes - caused either by permanent ground clutter or by anomalous propagation of the radar beam (anaprop echoes) - and also topographical beam blockage. The correction technique is based in the computation of realistic beam propagation trajectories based upon recent radiosonde observations instead of assuming standard radio propagation conditions. The correction consists of three different steps: 1) calculation of a Dynamic Elevation Map which provides the minimum clutter-free antenna elevation for each pixel within the radar coverage; 2) correction for residual anaprop, checking the vertical reflectivity gradients within the radar volume; and 3) topographical beam blockage estimation and correction using a geometric optics approach. The technique is evaluated with four case studies in the region of the Po Valley (N Italy) using a C-band Doppler radar and a network of raingauges providing hourly precipitation measurements. The case studies cover different seasons, different radio propagation conditions and also stratiform and convective precipitation type events. After applying the proposed correction, a comparison of the radar precipitation estimates with raingauges indicates a general reduction in both the root mean squared error and the fractional error variance indicating the efficiency and robustness of the procedure. Moreover, the technique presented is not computationally expensive so it seems well suited to be implemented in an operational environment.
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In this chapter our objective is to provide an overview of the effects of anomalous propagation conditions on weather radar observations, based mostly on studies performed by the authors during the last decade, summarizing results from recent publications, presentations, or unpublished material. We believe this chapter may be useful as an introductory text for graduate students, or researchers and practitioners dealing with this topic. Throughout the text a spherical symmetric atmosphere is assumed and the focus is on the occurrence of ground and sea clutter and subsequent problems for weather radar applications. Other related topics such as long-path, over-the-horizon propagation and detection of radar targets (either clutter or weather systems) at long ranges is not considered here; however readers should be aware of the potential problems these phenomena may have as range aliasing may cause these echoes appear nearer than they are ¿ for more details see the discussion about second trip echoes by Zrnic, this volume.
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Màster en Meteorologia
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Descripció de les pintures que hi ha a la capella de Sant Narcís de l’església de Sant Feliu de Girona, què són d’època barroca. L’article s’escriu després d’una restauració de la capella, què dóna més lluminositat a les pintures. En el context de monogràfic dedicat a Sant Narcís
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Reunim en aquesta publicado un cert nombre de dades que hem aplegat en els nostres treballs dels anys darrers. La majoria corresponen als Països Catalans, algunes d'altres a terres veines. En general indiquem la situado de les localitats en el reticle UTM de 10 km de costat. Les especies son disposades per ordre alfabètic.
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La autora revisa diferentes usos de las observaciones de clases, en particular en lo que se refiere a las clases de lengua extrangera, tanto en investigación como en formación. A partir de algunos ejemplos, identifica, entre la diversidad de formas de aplicación, objetivos diferentes y modelos de formación diversos, considerando que éstos no se excluyen sino que se complementan, según su adecuación a cada situación de formación. Se comentan algunos problemas con el fin de iniciar una reflexión sobre la aplicación de las observaciones de clase a la formación, que debería proseguir con trabajos de investigación y encuentros de formadores.
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Projecte per recuperar les dades d'una estació meteorològica i desenvolupar una sèrie d'aplicacions i serveis en diferents tecnologies per consultar l'evolució d'aquestes dades en temps real.
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El projecte consisteix en la creació d'un visor web SIG de dades meteorològiques. Esta eina permetrà els usuaris accedir a una web on podran consultar i visualitzar diferents dades cartogràfiques i meteorològiques. A més a més, podran superposar en un mapa diferents conjunts de dades a analitzar, facilitant per tant la feina dels meteoròlegs. Es podrà també accedir a dades de diferents dates i visualitzar un històric de la situació del clima, facilitant la tasca de crear models històrics i permetent veure com ha evolucionat el clima al llarg del temps.
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Descripció de les pintures que hi ha a la capella de Sant Narcís de l’església de Sant Feliu de Girona, què són d’època barroca. L’article s’escriu després d’una restauració de la capella, què dóna més lluminositat a les pintures. En el context de monogràfic dedicat a Sant Narcís
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Este trabajo, realizado por el Grup Astre, recibió el Premi Baldiri Reixach 1997
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Arran de les experiències tant a la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya com a la Universitat de València, els autors comenten els aspectes més innovadors per a un nou enfocament en la docència de la Literatura grega. Aquest nou enfocament combina una nova programació de continguts amb nous plantejament dels procediments didàctics. Pel que fa als continguts, s'ha fet una adaptació que respon als interessos que la matèria desvetlla en el món contemporani. Quant als procediments didàctics comptem sobretot amb el treball col•laboratiu amb alumnat de diversa procedència -i amb interessos també diversos- juntament amb noves estratègies a partir de l'ús de les eines virtuals
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La tesi doctoral LA INTERVENCIÓ DE JOAN COROMINES EN ALGUNS DELS GRANS EPISODIS DE LA HISTÒRIA DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA DEL S. XX (AMB UN APÈNDIX D'OBSERVACIONS SOBRE LA LLENGUA CATALANA DE JOAN COROMINES) estudia l'aportació de Joan Coromines en la història de la llengua catalana del segle XX. El treball del lingüista és situat en el context de l'obra codificadora i modernitzadora de la llengua catalana realitzada per Pompeu Fabra durant les tres primeres dècades del segle passat i descriu la intervenció i les aportacions de Coromines en la continuació del treball normativitzador del català. La tesi demostra que Coromines és una figura indispensable per comprendre la dinàmica, la fesomia i la tessitura de la llengua catalana al llarg del crucial segle XX.