Three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structures in the 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of L-tartaric acid with the associative-group monosubstituted pyridines 3-minopyridine, 3-carboxypyridine (nicotinic acid) and 2-carboxypyridine (picolinic acid).

The 1:1 proton-transfer compounds of L-tartaric acid with 3-aminopyridine [3-aminopyridinium hydrogen (2R,3R)-tartrate dihydrate, C5H7N2+·C4H5O6-·2H2O, (I)], pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (nicotinic acid) [anhydrous 3-carboxypyridinium hydrogen (2R,3R)-tartrate, C6H6NO2+·C4H5O6-, (II)] and pyridine-2-carboxylic acid [2-carboxypyridinium hydrogen (2R,3R)-tartrate monohydrate, C6H6NO2+·C4H5O6-·H2O, (III)] have been determined. In (I) and (II), there is a direct pyridinium-carboxyl N+-HO hydrogen-bonding interaction, four-centred in (II), giving conjoint cyclic R12(5) associations. In contrast, the N-HO association in (III) is with a water O-atom acceptor, which provides links to separate tartrate anions through Ohydroxy acceptors. All three compounds have the head-to-tail C(7) hydrogen-bonded chain substructures commonly associated with 1:1 proton-transfer hydrogen tartrate salts. These chains are extended into two-dimensional sheets which, in hydrates (I) and (III) additionally involve the solvent water molecules. Three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structures are generated via crosslinking through the associative functional groups of the substituted pyridinium cations. In the sheet struture of (I), both water molecules act as donors and acceptors in interactions with separate carboxyl and hydroxy O-atom acceptors of the primary tartrate chains, closing conjoint cyclic R44(8), R34(11) and R33(12) associations. Also, in (II) and (III) there are strong cation carboxyl-carboxyl O-HO hydrogen bonds [OO = 2.5387 (17) Å in (II) and 2.441 (3) Å in (III)], which in (II) form part of a cyclic R22(6) inter-sheet association. This series of heteroaromatic Lewis base-hydrogen L-tartrate salts provides further examples of molecular assembly facilitated by the presence of the classical two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded hydrogen tartrate or hydrogen tartrate-water sheet substructures which are expanded into three-dimensional frameworks via peripheral cation bifunctional substituent-group crosslinking interactions.

The genetics and structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:10 and its relationship with Escherichia coli O111 and Salmonella enterica O35

The O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) is a variable constituent of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria. The polymorphic nature of OPSs within a species is usually first defined serologically, and the current serotyping scheme for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis consists of 21 O serotypes of which 15 have been characterized genetically and structurally. Here, we present the structure and DNA sequence of Y. pseudotuberculosis O:10 OPS. The O unit consists of one residue each of d-galactopyranose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose) and d-glucopyranose in the backbone, with two colitose (3,6-dideoxy-l-xylo-hexopyranose) side-branch residues. This structure is very similar to that shared by Escherichia coli O111 and Salmonella enterica O35. The gene cluster sequences of these serotypes, however, have only low levels of similarity to that of Y. pseudotuberculosis O:10, although there is significant conservation of gene order. Within Y. pseudotuberculosis, the O10 structure is most closely related to the O:6 and O:7 structures.

Mapping of local electronic properties in nanostructured CMR thin films by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Local Conductance Map (LCMAP)

We have investigated the local electronic properties and the spatially resolved magnetoresistance of a nanostructured film of a colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) material by local conductance mapping (LCMAP) using a variable temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) operating in a magnetic field. The nanostructured thin films (thickness ≈500nm) of the CMR material La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) on quartz substrates were prepared using chemical solution deposition (CSD) process. The CSD grown films were imaged by both STM and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Due to the presence of a large number of grain boundaries (GB's), these films show low field magnetoresistance (LFMR) which increases at lower temperatures. The measurement of spatially resolved electronic properties reveal the extent of variation of the density of states (DOS) at and close to the Fermi level (EF) across the grain boundaries and its role in the electrical resistance of the GB. Measurement of the local conductance maps (LCMAP) as a function of magnetic field as well as temperature reveals that the LFMR occurs at the GB. While it was known that LFMR in CMR films originates from the GB, this is the first investigation that maps the local electronic properties at a GB in a magnetic field and traces the origin of LFMR at the GB.

Volume Change Behaviour of Soil Influenced with Sulfuric Acid

The paper brings out the role of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) on the volume change behaviour of natural black cotton soil with 1N sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as pore fluid. Natural black cotton soil contained predominantly montmorillonite [Ca0.2(Al,Mg)2Si4 O10 (OH)2 .4H2O] along with other minerals such as amesite [(Mg Fe)2 Al (Si Al)2 O5 (OH)4], kalsilite [KAlSiO4] and quartz [SiO2]. The calcitic soil, reacted with H2SO4 during consolidation testing, showed the presence of the new mineral yavapaiite [K Fe(SO4)2]. Consequently, the carbonate soil treated with 1N H2SO4 led to higher swell at seating load and more compression upon loading than the soil with no carbonate. The swelling increased with increase in the amount of carbonate present in the soil.

6H-SiC高场输运特性的多粒子蒙特卡罗研究

采用非抛物性能带模型，对6H-SiC高场电子输运特性进行了多粒子蒙特卡罗(Ensemble Monte Carlo)研究．研究表明：温度为296 K时，电子横向漂移速度在电场为2．0×104 V／cm处偏离线性区，5．O×10~5V／cm处达到饱和．由EMC方法得到的电子横向饱和漂移速度为1．95×10~7cm／s，纵向为6．0×10~6cm／s，各向异性较为显著．当电场小于1．0×10~6 V／cm时，碰撞电离效应对高场电子漂移速度影响较小．另一方面，高场下电子平均能量的各向异性非常明显．电场大于2．O×10~5V／cm时，极化光学声子散射对电子横向能量驰豫时间影响较大．当电场一定时，c轴方向的电子碰撞电离率随着温度的上升而增大．对非稳态高场输运特性的分析表明：阶跃电场强度为1．0×10~6 V／cm时，电子横向瞬态速度峰值接近3．O×10~7cm／s，反应时间仅为百分之几皮秒量级．

Eu~(2+)掺杂硼酸盐系列发光晶体化学键参数的计算

利用复杂晶体化学键理论对Eu2 +掺杂的硼酸盐晶体Ba2 LiB5 O10 ,Ba2 MgB2 O6 ,Ba2 Be2 B2 O6 ,BaLiBO3,SrB4 O7和SrAl2 B2 O7的化学键参数进行了理论计算 .结果表明 ,在不同的晶体中掺杂离子与配位原子间形成的共价键的键性是不同的 ,这种差异的产生是由于成键原子的性质、配位数以及键长的不同而造成的.

在空气下制备掺二价稀土的硼酸盐及二价稀土离子(RE~(2+)=Sm,Eu,Tm,Yb)的光谱特征

本文讨论了Sm2 + 、Eu2 + 、Tm2 + 、Yb2 + 等二价稀土离子的光谱特征 ,特别是在一些含四面体硼酸根的硼酸盐如SrB4 O7、SrB6 O10 和BaB8O13中它们的光谱性质。当以三价稀土离子取代化合物中的二价碱土离子时 ,利用不等价取代而产生的缺陷所带的电荷 ,可在高温的空气下使上述的稀土离子还原成二价 ,不需加入化学还原剂 ,从而提出了一个简便、安全的制备含二价稀土离子发光材料的方法

双壳贝类幼虫变态诱导及其机理研究

变态过程是双壳贝类由幼虫向成体转变的一个必不缺少的发育阶段。研究双壳贝类幼虫的变态过程及其机理，对于阐明它们的种群数量变动，促进重要经济双壳贝类增养殖的发展有重要的理论和实践意义。本论文除了用化学物质对几种双壳贝类(海湾扇贝、墨西哥湾扇贝和硬壳蛤)幼虫的变态进行诱导外，主要以激素和神经递质的作用方式为基础，通过直接测定双壳贝类(以海湾扇贝为代表)幼虫体内激素和神经递质、第二信使cAMP等生化物质含量的变化来研究双壳贝类幼虫变态过程中的信息传递途径，从分子生物学和神经生物学角度阐明双壳贝类幼虫变态机理。主要结果如下：1．通过参考国内外大量文献的基础上，较为系统地评述了近二十年来海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态研究的一些进展情况，主要包括诱导因子、附着变态机理模型、人工诱导物的应用和延迟变态四个方面。到目前为止，人们已经发现了许多海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态的诱导物质，主要分为天然诱导物和人工诱导物两大类，一些人工诱导物如GABA、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素已经在经济贝类苗种生产中得到应用。幼虫附着变态机理模型主要有长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫附着变态的双调控模型、红鲍(Haliotis rufescens)幼虫附着变态的上行调节模型以及多毛类Phragmatopoma california幼虫附着变态的脂肪酸调控模型。本论文还评述了海洋无脊椎动物幼虫发生延迟变态的原因以及延迟变态对海洋无脊椎动物造成的影响，并提出了解决的方法和今后研究的重点问题。2．在室内用氯化乙酰胆碱、ATP和CaCl_2 3种化学物质对海湾扇贝幼虫的变态进行了诱导实验。结果表明，虽然在个别浓度和处理时间氯化乙酰胆碱和ATP有诱导作用，但总体诱导效果不显著。而10×10~(-3)～40×10~(-3M的CaCl_2在处理12～24h后诱导效果较显著，其诱导效果对处理时间的依赖性较显著，在浓度为40×10~(-3)M和处理时间为24h时诱导效果最好，与对照组相比，变态率提高23.18％。3种诱导物对幼虫死亡率均有显著影响，并且死亡率对浓度和处理时间均有显著的依赖性，浓度越高，处理时间越长，死亡率越高。3．用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱进行了墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians concentricus Say)幼虫变态的诱导作用实验。结果表明，KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫变态均有显著诱导作用。KCl在处理时间为12h～48h范围内均有诱导作用；13.42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl诱导效果较好，变态率平均提高10％以上。1．O×10~(-6)M～50×10~(-6)M的肾上腺素在处理时间为lh～12h较适宜，此时变态率均提高10％以上。1.0×10~(-6)M～50×10~(-6)M的去甲肾上腺素在处理时间为1h～24h都较适宜，变态率平均均提高10％以上，最高可提高31．07％。0.01×10~(-4)M～1.O×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h～48h时诱导效果均较好，它们之间的平均变态提高率并没有显著差别，均在12％～13％之间。10×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h时诱导效果较明显，变态率可以提高19.14％，超过12h，变态率明显下降，100×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱明显产生毒害作用，幼虫变态率均为零，而幼虫的死亡率均为100％。4．用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，Serotonin，5-HT)和GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)进行了不同浓度不同处理时间对硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria L.)幼虫变态诱导实验。结果表明，KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA和5-羟色胺对硬壳蛤幼虫的变态均有诱导作用，而GABA的诱导 作用不显著。KCl的最佳诱导浓度随处理时间不同而有所不同。当处理时间为1～24h时，KCl的最佳诱导浓度为33.56×10~(-3)M，此时幼虫变态率均提高24％以上，当处理时间为48h时，KCl的最佳诱导浓度为20.13～26.85×10~(-3)M，处理时间为72h时，最佳诱导浓度为13.42×10~(-3)M。肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的诱导作用与浓度和处理时间均有关。肾上腺素的最佳处理浓度为100×10~(-6)M，最佳处理时间均为8h，此时幼虫变态率提高最大，为36.97％。当去甲肾上腺素的诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M，处理时间为8h～16h时，幼虫变态提高率较高，均大于18％，死亡提高率均低于30％，当去甲肾上腺索诱导浓度为500×10~(-6)M时，虽然在8h～16h的处理时间范围内，幼虫变态提高率也较高，均大于18％，但当处理时间超过8h，在16～48h范围内，幼 虫死亡提高率明显升高，均大于50％。L-DOPA的适宜诱导浓度为10×10~(-6)M～50×10~(-6)M，适宜处理时间为8～24h，此时幼虫变态率均提高30％以上，最高可提高79.43％。5-羟色胺的诱导作用较强，其适宜诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M—1000×10~(-6)M，适宜处理时间为0.5～24h，此时幼虫变态率提高均在30％以上，当处理时间为8h时，最佳诱导浓度为1000×10~(-6)M，此时幼虫变态率提高57.5％，当处理时间为24h时，最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M，此时幼虫变态率提高69.29％。GABA的诱导作用较弱，最佳诱导浓度随处理时间的不同而有所不同。处理时间为24h和48h时，最佳诱导浓度为0.1×10~(-6)M；处理时间为0.5～16h时，最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M。5．KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺索、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺、GABA、茶碱和咖啡因8种诱导物对不同发育阶段海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导作用是不同的。13．42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12天幼虫的变态有抑制作用，变态提高率为负值；之后当幼虫发育至第13和14天时，两浓度的KCl能够明显诱导幼虫变态，变态提高率均高于20％，而对于第16天的幼虫诱导作用有所减弱，变态提高率有所降低；26.85×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12和13天幼虫的变态均有抑制作用，变态提高率为负值，对第14和16天幼虫的变态却有明显的持续的诱导作用，变态提高率分别为22.98％和37.5％。神经递质肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺和GABA的诱导作用规律基本相似，即对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫的变态有明显的抑制作用，变态提高率均为负值，而对第14天幼虫的诱导作用较显著。茶碱和咖啡因作为影响细胞内cAMP的物质，它们的诱导作用规律与神经递质有所不同。它们对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导效果最好。6．测定了不同发育阶段及人工诱导后海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量的变化规律。结果表明，海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺索含量在变态前和变态后没有明显变化，变态前为2352(pg／mg湿重)，变态后为2770(pg／mg湿重)。多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量在变态前随幼虫的发育而增加，变态前(第13天)急剧增加，第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫分别增加了2.8倍和5.7倍，变态后急剧下降，变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫分别降低了25.1倍和16.4倍。海湾扇贝幼虫体内DA：NE比和5-HT：NE比在变态前和变态后变化比较剧烈。DA：NE比和5-HT：NE比在变态前(第13天)急剧增加，第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫增加了3.O倍(DA：NE比)和5.0倍(5-HT:NE比)；变态后急剧降低，变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫降低了29.8倍(DA：NE比)和19.5倍(5-HT：NE比)。海湾扇贝幼虫经KCl和氯化钙诱导24h后，体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺以及DA：NE比和5-HT：NE比均有所降低。本实验的结果表明，多巴胺和5-羟色胺可能启动了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。7．茶碱和咖啡因对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫的变态均有明显诱导作用。它们的诱导作用均对浓度的依赖性较强，对处理时间的依赖性较弱。10×10~(-4)M的茶碱诱导效果最好，平均变态提高率达33％，其次为1.0×10~(-4)M和100×10~(-4)M的茶碱，平均变态提高率分别为23.15％和21.97％。处理时间对茶碱诱导效果影响不显著，在1～24h范围内，平均变态提高率在19.07～26.1％之间变动。10×10~(-4)M的咖啡因诱导效果最佳，4个处理时间的平均变态提高率为36.01％，其次为100×10~(-4)M，平均变态提高率为26.43％。处理时间对茶碱的诱导效果影响不大，在1～24h范围内，平均变态提高率在19.65～22.02％之间变动。8．采用直接测定cAMP的方法来研究cAMP是否参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。结果表明，cAMP参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。海湾扇贝幼虫体内cAMP含量随着发育阶段的不同而有所变化。在D形幼虫期最低，为73 pmol／(mg蛋白质)；当到达壳顶期幼虫时cAMP含量明显增加，比D形幼虫期提高了12.7倍。从壳顶期幼虫到眼点幼虫(100％，第13天)cAMP含量增加速度较慢，各发育阶段分别比前一发育阶段增加了0.4倍、0.3倍和0.2倍。但当幼虫变态后，体内cAMP含量又急剧增加，幼苗体内cAMP含量比眼点幼虫(100％，第13天)增加了6.1倍。当用KCl、肾上腺索和L-DOPA诱导后，幼虫体内cAMP含量明显增加，分别比对照组提高了7.8倍、1.5倍和10.7倍，说明cAMP参与了这3种诱导物诱导海湾扇贝幼虫变态的过程。9．在前面实验结果和参考有关文献的基础上，初步提出了以海湾扇贝为代表的双壳贝类幼虫变态机理模型：幼虫变态分为两个过程：启动过程和后续过程。当幼虫发育到一定阶段，在外界刺激因子的作用下，体内分泌多巴胺和5-羟色胺，多巴胺和5-羟色胺通过某种信号转导途径(如以DG和IP_3为第二信使)启动变态过程，变态过程启动后，又激活以cAMP为第二信使的信号转导途径(暂时称为后续过程)，两者共同完成了幼虫的变态过程。

Empirical Evidence on Relationships between Ex Ante Innovation Pursuit and Post-M&A Performance in the Vietnamese M&A Industry, 2005-2012

This research aims to communicate new results of empirical investigations to learn about the relationship between determination of controlling an acquired firm’s capital, assets and brand versus its capability of innovation and ex post performance of the rising Vietnamese M&A industry in the 2005-2012 period. The analysis employs a categorical data sample, consisting of 212 M&A cases reported by various information sources, and performs a number of logistic regressions with significant results as follows. Firstly, the overall relationship between pre-M&A pursuit’s determination on acquiring resources and performance of the post-M&A performance is found significant. There exist profound effects of a ‘size matters’ strategy in M&A ex post performance. When there is an overwhelming ‘resources acquiring’ strategy, the innovation factor’s explanatory power becomes negligible. Secondly, for negative performance of post-M&A operations, the emphasis on both capital base and asset size, and the brand value at the time of the M&A pursuit is the major explanation in the post-M&A period. So does the absence of innovation as a goal in the pre-M&A period. These two insights together are useful in careful M&A planning. Lastly, expensive pre-M&A expenditures tend to adversely affect the post-M&A performance. As a general conclusion, this study shows that innovation can be an important factor to pursue in M&A transitions, together with the need to emphasize and find capable and willing human capital, rather than a capital base (equity or debt) and existing values of the acquired brands.

Vietnam’s political economy: a discussion on the 1986-2016 period

Being a member of the thriving ASEAN and successfully implementing economic renovation (Doi Moi) have drawn the world's attention on Vietnam around the turn of the millennium. Some even expected a much faster pace of transformation, and renewed economic, AND political, reforms in Vietnam, or Doi Moi II.However, in the recent transition turmoil the Vietnamese economy has experienced some significant setback, and the solution for getting the country out of the downward spiral of low productivity, waning purchasing power and increasing costs of doing business cannot be worked out without addressing those political economy issues that have shaped the modus operandi of the nation's economic system. This article discusses the post-Doi Moi political economy in Vietnam, from 1986 to 2016 – when the 12th Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam takes place – and prospects of reviving reform momentum in subsequent years.

Statistical Inference for Computable General Equilibrium Models with Application to a Model of the Moroccan Economy

We study the problem of measuring the uncertainty of CGE (or RBC)-type model simulations associated with parameter uncertainty. We describe two approaches for building confidence sets on model endogenous variables. The first one uses a standard Wald-type statistic. The second approach assumes that a confidence set (sampling or Bayesian) is available for the free parameters, from which confidence sets are derived by a projection technique. The latter has two advantages: first, confidence set validity is not affected by model nonlinearities; second, we can easily build simultaneous confidence intervals for an unlimited number of variables. We study conditions under which these confidence sets take the form of intervals and show they can be implemented using standard methods for solving CGE models. We present an application to a CGE model of the Moroccan economy to study the effects of policy-induced increases of transfers from Moroccan expatriates.

How Prescribed Policy Can Mislead when Data Are Defective: a Follow-Up to Srinivasan (1994) Using General Equilibrium.

We highlight an example of considerable bias in officially published input-output data (factor-income shares) by an LDC (Turkey), which many researchers use without question. We make use of an intertemporal general equilibrium model of trade and production to evaluate the dynamic gains for Turkey from currently debated trade policy options and compare the predictions using conservatively adjusted, rather than official, data on factor shares.

Production Linkages Between Informal and Formal Activities Considering Domestic and Imported Inputs: an Application of the Minimal-Flow-Analysis Method to Senegal.

We apply to the Senegalese input-output matrix of 1990, disagregated into formal and informal activities, a recently designed structural analytical method (Minimal-Flow-Analysis) which permits to depict the direct and indirect production likanges existing between activities.

Desenvolvimento econômico e revolução capitalista

Desenvolvimento Econômico ou Crescimento Econômico Só Pode ser Compreendido a Partir de uma Perspectiva Histórica como o Processo de Acumulação de Capital Personificando o Progresso Tecnológico que Melhora os Padrões de Vida. Definido Nestes Termos o Desenvolvimento Econômico é um Processo Histórico e Econômico que é Parte da Revolução Capitalista. o Desenvolvimento Econômico, Assim como as Nações, o Estado Moderno e os Estados-Nação são Resultado Desta Mudança Estrutural Tectônica, que foi Formada por Três Sub-Revoluções a Revolução Comercial, a Nacional e a Industrial. de Acordo com Essa Perspectiva, Poderemos Distinguir Quatro Modelos ou Padrões Históricos de Desenvolvimento, Dois Referentes Aos Países Hoje Ricos (Desenvolvimento Original e Desenvolvimento Atrasado), e Dois Aos Países em Desenvolvimento (Desenvolvimento Autônomo e Desenvolvimento Nacional-Dependente), Tendo como Exemplos, Respectivamente, a Inglaterra, a Alemanha, a China e o Brasil.

O conceito histórico de desenvolvimento econômico

Uma Análise do Conceito de Desenvolvimento Econômico. o Crescimento Econômico, ou Desenvolvimento Econômico, é Visto como um Fenômeno Histórico como Resultado da Revolução Capitalista, E, Consequentemente, da Revolução Comercial, da Industrial E, no Meio Delas, da Revolução Nacional. Assim, é Necessário um Conceito Histórico de Crescimento Econômico, e não um Conceito Normativo. Visto sob este Aspecto, o Desenvolvimento Econômico é Intrinsecamente Relacionado ao Surgimento do Estado-Nação Moderno. é o Produto de Nações Usando o Estado como Ferramenta de Ação Coletiva para Alcançar o Crescimento Econômico. Mas Desenvolvimento e Crescimento Econômicos não são Diferentes? o Autor Argumenta que Historicamente Eles não São, se a Distinção é Feita com Base na Distribuição ou Concentração de Renda: Desenvolvimento Econômico é Frequentemente Acompanhado por um Aumento da Desigualdade. é Diferente se Definirmos Crescimento como não Envolvendo Mudanças Econômicas Estruturais, Mas, Historicamente Isto é Quase Impossível. este Paper Procura Mostra Que, Apesar do Desenvolvimento Econômico não ser o Único Objetivo Político das Nações, é um dos Principais: os Outros Objetivos são Segurança, Liberdade, Justiça Social e Proteção ao Meio-Ambiente. o Desenvolvimento Econômico não Pode Solucionar Esses Problemas.