Long-term Pavement Performance Program (LTPP) data analysis support : National Pooled Fund Study TPF-5(013).

"HRDI-13/11-06(500)E"--P. [4] of cover.

Descripción y análisis de la aplicación de la teoría general de las organizaciones en el modelo de gestión del Fondo Nacional de Ahorro, FNA

La tesis que a continuación se presenta corresponde a la Maestría en Dirección y Gerencia de Empresas de la Universidad del Rosario. En ella se revisan y analizan múltiples factores mediante los cuales se determina o no la aplicación de aplicación de la Teoría General de las organizaciones en la gestión del Fondo Nacional de Ahorro, FNA. de la ciudad de Bogotá. En ella se plantean los aspectos que se aplican de cada una de las siguientes teorías organizacionales o administrativas: Administración Científica, Clásica (Administración Moderna), de las Relaciones Humanas, Neoclásica, Administración por Objetivos, Burocrática, Estructuralista, Conductista (del Comportamiento o Behaviorista, X, Y) Desarrollo Organizacional, Cibernética, Matemática, de Sistemas y Contingencial. En consecuencia, la revisión efectuada, las reflexiones, los hallazgos y el análisis correspondiente facilitan la comprensión y el dominio de los postulados teóricos. De modo que los aportes de tan exigente ejercicio real y práctico constituyen una significativa experiencia que revisa la vigencia y la pertinencia de las teorías organizacionales y se convierten en un valioso aporte a las ciencias empresariales y a la sociedad colombiana.

Fidelización, estrategia de perdurabilidad basada en calidad para el FNA

El presente documento hace referencia a la calidad como herramienta para la fidelización y la perdurabilidad en el Fondo Nacional del Ahorro. Para comprender la utilidad de la relación anteriormente descrita se realizará una presentación del FNA, su historia y el propósito que tiene como Institución, además de un breve recorrido por la historia del sector de la vivienda en el país. Por otra parte, se retomarán los conceptos más relevantes relacionados con la calidad, la fidelidad y la perdurabilidad y otros conceptos como la competitividad, la responsabilidad y la estrategia. Por último, se retoma la evaluación de calidad realizada al FNA por parte del ICONTEC en 2010, y a partir de ésta, y considerando además, que en la actualidad el FNA no cuenta con una estrategia de fidelización de clientes, se propone al final del documento el concepto y estrategias de fidelización para la Entidad.

Savings in Latin America after the mid 1990s: determinants, constraints and policies

Includes bibliography

Income inequality in the process of economic development : An empirical approach

This thesis studies the effect of income inequality on economic growth. This is done by analyzing panel data from several countries with both short and long time dimensions of the data. Two of the chapters study the direct effect of inequality on growth, and one chapter also looks at the possible indirect effect of inequality on growth by assessing the effect of inequality on savings. In Chapter two, the effect of inequality on growth is studied by using a panel of 70 countries and a new EHII2008 inequality measure. Chapter contributes on two problems that panel econometric studies on the economic effect of inequality have recently encountered: the comparability problem associated with the commonly used Deininger and Squire s Gini index, and the problem relating to the estimation of group-related elasticities in panel data. In this study, a simple way to 'bypass' vagueness related to the use of parametric methods to estimate group-related parameters is presented. The idea is to estimate the group-related elasticities implicitly using a set of group-related instrumental variables. The estimation results with new data and method indicate that the relationship between income inequality and growth is likely to be non-linear. Chapter three incorporates the EHII2.1 inequality measure and a panel with annual time series observations from 38 countries to test the existence of long-run equilibrium relation(s) between inequality and the level of GDP. Panel unit root tests indicate that both the logarithmic EHII2.1 inequality measure and the logarithmic GDP per capita series are I(1) nonstationary processes. They are also found to be cointegrated of order one, which implies that there is a long-run equilibrium relation between them. The long-run growth elasticity of inequality is found to be negative in the middle-income and rich economies, but the results for poor economies are inconclusive. In the fourth Chapter, macroeconomic data on nine developed economies spanning across four decades starting from the year 1960 is used to study the effect of the changes in the top income share to national and private savings. The income share of the top 1 % of population is used as proxy for the distribution of income. The effect of inequality on private savings is found to be positive in the Nordic and Central-European countries, but for the Anglo-Saxon countries the direction of the effect (positive vs. negative) remains somewhat ambiguous. Inequality is found to have an effect national savings only in the Nordic countries, where it is positive.

Saúde da Família: características do financiamento para municípios selecionados no Paraná

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as características do financiamento da atenção básica e do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), na 10 RS do Estado do Paraná, e sua relação como indutor do modelo assistencial à saúde. Identifica o comportamento das receitas para o PSF na 10 RS do Paraná, o comportamento das despesas com atenção básica em relação à despesa total com saúde da regional e o papel dos incentivos financeiros do PSF como indutores de manutenção e expansão do PSF na assistência à saúde dos municípios selecionados. O financiamento estável e suficiente é imprescindível para que o acesso às ações e serviços de saúde a todos os cidadãos brasileiros possa efetivamente acontecer. A implementação do SUS traz consigo um desafio na mudança do modelo assistencial: de um acesso restrito aos beneficiários do INPS ao acesso universal, o SUS garante a saúde como um direito de todos e dever do Estado, mediante políticas públicas que são os pilares básicos da transição de um modelo curativo para um modelo preventivo com ações pautadas na integralidade. Os desafios na mudança do modelo assistencial estão intimamente ligados aos desafios pelo financiamento. O embate constante por financiamento e as tentativas de vinculação de receita para garantir a suficiência e estabilidade de recursos para o SUS constituem imperativos para que o sistema possa dar conta de atender a todos os cidadãos. A 10 Regional de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, sediada na cidade de Cascavel, possui 25 municípios e apenas um não tem implantada a Estratégia Saúde da Família. Para a análise das características do financiamento da atenção básica e do PSF para o caso analisado, foram utilizados dados provenientes de sistemas de informação oficiais de caráter público, sendo eles: Sistema de Informação sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (SIOPS), Cadastro Nacional dos Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES), Departamento Nacional de Atenção Básica (DAB) e Fundo Nacional de Saúde (FNS). A partir da análise dos dados, foi possível identificar o papel indutor dos recursos do PAB variável ao PSF nos municípios, pois a maioria possui menos de 20 mil habitantes e sua organização dos serviços no nível municipal tem a atenção básica como único nível de assistência. As transferências intergovernamentais, entre elas os incentivos financeiros, têm alto peso no total de recursos dos municípios, mas a capacidade de gestão e a possibilidade de implantação das equipes com atuação nos moldes que se propõem a adotar a ESF precisam ser repensadas e discutidas no nível municipal, para que a implantação da estratégia não seja apenas a maneira através da qual os municípios buscam recursos. Desta forma, o Governo Federal continua sendo o agente definidor da política de saúde no território nacional. Num país onde os municípios são caracterizados por enorme heterogeneidade de tamanho e renda, os repasses federais cumprem e deverão continuar cumprindo papel fundamental no gasto do PSF, o que se confirma nos municípios analisados.

Intervenções das políticas federais de educação nos sistemas públicos municipais de ensino: reflexos na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (1996-2006)

Ao longo dos anos 1990, a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, da Emenda Constitucional n 14 e da LDB, ambas de 1996, novo panorama educacional tomou forma no Brasil, causando impactos, principalmente no meio rural. Naquele momento, se redefiniram as responsabilidades de estados e municípios na oferta da educação escolar, instituíram-se mecanismos de colaboração, financiamento, e manutenção entre as três esferas, reforçando-se o papel da União, como coordenadora das políticas em âmbito nacional. Considerado pelo Governo Federal como a principal reforma educacional promovida pelo Brasil na década de 90, o Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental (FUNDEF) assegurava a redistribuição dos recursos públicos, vinculados ao ensino obrigatório, de acordo com o número de alunos atendidos pela rede municipal e estadual de ensino,baseado no custo- aluno anual. Ao mesmo tempo, através do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação(FNDE), a União exerce sua função supletiva e redistributiva em relação à escolaridade obrigatória. A investigação tem ainda como objetivo, desvelar algumas contradições; a regulamentação do FUNDEF implicou em perda ou aumento da receita; enquanto, nos programas no FNDE, os gastos com os recursos públicos deveriam ser controlados pelos diversos conselhos de fiscalização e acompanhamento (CACS). Por outro lado, em alguns municípios do interior, o critério para a escolha dos integrantes destes conselhos e dos próprios secretários de educação, se revela como de cunho pessoal, priorizando a execução das formalidades burocráticas. Perante tal cultura política, o cumprimento da nova legislação, gerou dificuldades de ordem político-administrativa, no sentido de assumir as exigências daquelas novas diretrizes. O estudo sobre os sistemas públicos de ensino da Região Serrana (RJ) se baseou na metodologia do estudo de caso, na revisão de literatura sobre o tema e também, em dados oficiais e entrevistas com os dirigentes das secretarias municipais de educação de Santa Maria Madalena, Trajano de Moraes e São Sebastião do Alto.

Strikingly different penetrance of LHON in two Chinese families with primary mutation G11778A is independent of mtDNA haplogroup background and secondary mutation G13708A

The penetrance of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in families with primary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations is very complex. Matrilineal and nuclear genetic background, as well as environmental factors, have been reported to be involved in d

The role of MC1R gene in buffalo coat color

Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) plays a major role in pigmentation in many species. To investigate if the MC1R gene is associated with coat color in water buffalo, the coding region of MC1R gene of 216 buffalo samples was sequenced, which included 49 black river buffalo (Murrah and Nili-Ravi), 136 swamp buffalo (Dehong, Diandongnan, Dechang, Guizhou, and Xilin) with white and gray body, and 31 hybrid offspring of river buffalo Nili-Ravi (or Murrah) and swamp buffalo. Among the three variation sites found, SNP684 was synonymous, while SNP310 and SNP384 were nonsynonymous, leading to p.S104G and p.I128M changes, respectively. Only Individuals carrying homozygote E-BR/E-BR were black. The genotype and phenotype analysis of the hybrid offspring of black river buffalo and gray swamp buffalo further revealed that the river buffalo type allele E-BR or the allele carrying the amino acid p.104S was important for the full function of MC1R. The in silico functional analysis showed that the amino acid substitutions p.G104S and p.M128I had significant impact on the function of MC1R. Above results indicate that the allele E-BR or the allele carrying the amino acid p.104S was associated with the black coat color in buffalo.

Natural selection on EPAS1 (HIF2 alpha) associated with low hemoglobin concentration in Tibetan highlanders

By impairing both function and survival, the severe reduction in oxygen availability associated with high-altitude environments is likely to act as an agent of natural selection. We used genomic and candidate gene approaches to search for evidence of such genetic selection. First, a genome-wide allelic differentiation scan (GWADS) comparing indigenous highlanders of the Tibetan Plateau (3,200 3,500 m) with closely related lowland Han revealed a genome-wide significant divergence across eight SNPs located near EPAS1. This gene encodes the transcription factor HIF2 alpha, which stimulates production of red blood cells and thus increases the concentration of hemoglobin in blood. Second, in a separate cohort of Tibetans residing at 4,200 m, we identified 31 EPAS1 SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium that correlated significantly with hemoglobin concentration. The sex-adjusted hemoglobin concentration was, on average, 0.8 g/dL lower in the major allele homozygotes compared with the heterozygotes. These findings were replicated in a third cohort of Tibetans residing at 4,300 m. The alleles associating with lower hemoglobin concentrations were correlated with the signal from the GWADS study and were observed at greatly elevated frequencies in the Tibetan cohorts compared with the Han. High hemoglobin concentrations are a cardinal feature of chronic mountain sickness offering one plausible mechanism for selection. Alternatively, as EPAS1 is pleiotropic in its effects, selection may have operated on some other aspect of the phenotype. Whichever of these explanations is correct, the evidence for genetic selection at the EPAS1 locus from the GWADS study is supported by the replicated studies associating function with the allelic variants.

Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Lignans from the Fruits of Schisandra rubriflora

This study investigated the 70% aqueous acetone extract of the fruits of Schisandra rubriflora which led to the isolation of eight lignans, including a new isolate, rubrisandrin C (1), and seven known lignans (2-8). The structure of 1 was established by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and its absolute stereochemistry was determined by CD spectrum. Compounds 1-5 and 7-8 were evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 activity that showed inhibitory activity on HIV-1(IIIB) induced syncytium formation with EC50 values in the range of 2.26 similar to 20.4 mu g/mL. Compounds 1 and 7 exerted their obvious protection of HIV-1(IIIB) inducted MT-4 host cells lytic effects with a selectivity index of 15.4 and 24.6, respectively.

Effects of constructed wetland system on the removal of dibutyl phthalate (DBP)

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have become widely diffused in the environment via the manufacturing process. Numerous experiments have shown that the bioaccumulation of PAEs occurred in the aquatic and terrestrial food chain; meanwhile, it was found that some of PAEs were considered as potential carcinogens, teratogens and mutagens. In this research, two vertical/reverse-vertical flow constructed wetland systems were set up to study its removal efficiency of dibutyl, phthalate (DBP) pollution. The results showed that the constructed wetland system could remove DBP effectively, and the removal rates reached nearly 100%. Substrate microorganism and enzymatic activities probably played key roles during DBP removal, and the removal of DBP probably mainly took place in the upper layer of chamber A in the constructed wetland systems. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Allelopathic interactions between the Potamogeton spp and toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa)

This study aimed to investigate the allelopathic activities between 3 Potamogeton spp. (Potamogeton maackianus, Potamogeton malaianus and Potamogeton pectinatus) and the toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa). All Potamogeton spp inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa in both coexistence and exudates experiments. Inhibition of M. aeruginosa growth by plant exudates depended strongly on the biomass of P malaianus. Initial pH (6.5-9.8) did not influence the inhibitory effects of P. malaianus exudates. However, the M. aeruginosa inhibited the net photosynthesis and respiration of all three pondweed test spp.. The decreases in photosynthesis and respiration were probably caused by the toxic compounds released by M. aeruginosa, rather than its shading effects. The M. aeruginosa also decreased the nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) uptake rates of macrophytes. The absorption rates of phosphorus and nitrogen and net photosynthesis were decreased sharply. These results will help to restore submerged plants in eutrophic waters.

Influence of ZnS and MgO Shell on the Photoluminescence Properties of ZnO Core/Shell Nanowire

Chinese Academy of Sciences；National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar 60925016；National High Technology Research and Development program of China 2009AA034101；Postdoctoral Foundation 0971050000