CD18-dependent activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase during phagocytosis of Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus is regulated by class III but not class I or II PI3Ks

Phagocytosis and activation of the NADPH oxidase are important mechanisms by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf and kill microbial pathogens. We investigated the role of PI3K signaling pathways in the regulation of the oxidase during phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by mouse and human neutrophils, a mouse macrophage-like cell line and a human myeloid-like cell line. Phagocytosis of these bacteria was promoted by serum, independent of serum-derived antibodies, and effectively abolished in mouse neutrophils lacking the beta(2)-integrin common chain, CD18. A combination of PI3K isoform-selective inhibitors, mouse knock-outs, and RNA-interference indicated CD18-dependent activation of the oxidase was independent of class I and II PI3Ks, but substantially dependent on the single class III isoform (Vps34). Class III PI3K was responsible for the synthesis of PtdIns( 3) P on phagosomes containing either bacteria. The use of mouse neutrophils carrying an appropriate knock-in mutation indicated that PtdIns(3) P binding to the PX domain of their p40(phox) oxidase subunit is important for oxidase activation in response to both S aureus and E coli. This interaction does not, however, account for all the PI3K sensitivity of these responses, particularly the oxidase response to E coli, suggesting that additional mechanisms for PtdIns( 3) P-regulation of the oxidase must exist. ( Blood. 2008; 112: 5202-5211)

Cell-free activation of neutrophil NADPH oxidase by a phosphatidic acid-regulated protein kinase.

The phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms regulating activation of the human neutrophil respiratory-burst enzyme, NADPH oxidase, have not been elucidated. We have shown that phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerol (DG), products of phospholipase activation, synergize to activate NADPH oxidase in a cell-free system. We now report that activation by PA plus DG involves protein kinase activity, unlike other cell-free system activators. NADPH oxidase activation by PA plus DG is reduced approximately 70% by several protein kinase inhibitors [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine, staurosporine, GF-109203X]. Similarly, depletion of ATP by dialysis reduces PA plus DG-mediated NADPH oxidase activation by approximately 70%. Addition of ATP, but not a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, to the dialyzed system restores activation levels to normal. In contrast, these treatments have little effect on NADPH oxidase activation by arachidonic acid or SDS plus DG. PA plus DG induces the phosphorylation of a number of endogenous proteins. Phosphorylation is largely mediated by PA, not DG. A predominant substrate is p47-phox, a phosphoprotein component of NADPH oxidase. Phosphorylation of p47-phox precedes activation of NADPH oxidase and is markedly reduced by the protein kinase inhibitors. In contrast, arachidonic acid alone or SDS plus DG is a poor activator of protein phosphorylation in the cell-free system. Thus, PA induces activation of one or more protein kinases that regulate NADPH oxidase activation in a cell-free system. This cell-free system will be useful for identifying a functionally important PA-activated protein kinase(s) and for dissecting the phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms responsible for NADPH oxidase activation.

Different functions for the interleukin 8 receptors (IL-8R) of human neutrophil leukocytes: NADPH oxidase and phospholipase D are activated through IL-8R1 but not IL-8R2.

Two monoclonal antibodies, anti-IL8R1 and anti-IL8R2, raised against both interleukin 8 receptors (IL-8R) of human neutrophils, IL-8R1 and IL-8R2, were used to study individual receptor functions after stimulation with IL-8, GRO alpha, or NAP-2. Efficacy and selectivity of the antibodies were tested in Jurkat cells transfected with cDNA coding for one or the other receptor. The binding of 125 I labeled IL-8 and IL-8-induced changes of the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration were inhibited by anti-IL8RI in cells expressing IL-8R1 and by anti-IL8R2 in cells expressing IL-8R2. In human neutrophils, release of elastase was observed after stimulation with IL-8 or GRO alpha. The response to IL-8 was inhibited slightly by anti-IL8R1 and more substantially when both monoclonal antibodies were present, while the response to GRO alpha was inhibited by anti-IL8R2 but was not affected by anti-IL8R1. These results indicate that both IL-8 receptors can signal independently for granule enzyme release. Superoxide production, a measure of the respiratory burst, was obtained with increasing concentrations of IL-8 with maximum effects at 25 to 50 nM, but no response was observed upon challenge with GRO alpha or NAP-2 up to 1000 nM. The superoxide production induced by IL-8 was inhibited by anti-IL8R1, but was not affected by anti-IL8R2. Stimulation of neutrophils with IL-8, in contrast to GRO alpha or NAP-2, also elicited phospholipase D activity. The effect of IL-8 was again inhibited by anti-IL-8R1 but not by anti-IL8R2, indicating that this response, like the respiratory burst, was mediated by IL-8R1. Taken together, our results show that IL-8R1 and IL-8R2 are functionally different. Responses, such as cytosolic free Ca2+ changes and the release of granule enzymes, are mediated through both receptors, whereas the respiratory burst and the activation of phospholipase D depend exclusively on stimulation through IL-8R1.

The oxidation of apocynin catalyzed by myeloperoxidase: Proposal for NADPH oxidase inhibition

Apocynin has been used as an efficient inhibitor of the NADPH oxidase complex and its mechanism of inhibition is linked to prior activation through the action of peroxidascs. Here we studied the oxidation of apocynin catalyzed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and activated neutrophils. We found that apocynin is easily oxidized by MPO/H2O2 or activated neutrophils and has as products dimer and trimer derivatives. Since apocynin impedes the migration of the cytosolic component p47phox to the membrane and this effect could be related to its conjugation with essential thiol groups, we studied the reactivity of apocynin and its MPO-catalyzed oxidation products with glutathione (GSH). We found that apocynin and its oxidation products do not react with GSH. However, this thiol compound was efficiently oxidized by the apocynin radical during the MPO-catalyzed oxidation. We suggest that the reactivity of apocynin radical with thiol compounds could be involved in the inhibitory effect of this methoxy-catechol on NADPH oxidase complex. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Expression of NADPH Oxidase by Trophoblast Cells: Potential Implications for the Postimplanting Mouse Embryo

Cytochemical localization of hydrogen peroxide-generating sites suggests NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 3-phosphate [ reduced form]) oxidase expression at the maternal-fetal interface. To explore this possibility, we have characterized the expression and activity of the NADPH oxidase complex in trophoblast cells during the postimplantation period. Implantation sites and ectoplacental cones (EPCs) from 7.5-gestational day embryos from CD1 mice were used as a source for expression analyses of NADPH oxidase catalytic and regulatory subunits. EPCs grown in primary culture were used to investigate the production of superoxide anion through dihydroxyethidium oxidation in confocal microscopy and immunohistochemical assays. NADPH subunits Cybb (gp91phox), Cyba (p22phox), Ncf4 (p40phox), Ncf1 (p47phox), Ncf2 (p67phox), and Rac1 were expressed by trophoblast cells. The fundamental subunits of membrane CYBB and cytosolic NCF2 were markedly upregulated after phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) treatment, as detected by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Fluorescence microscopy imaging showed colocalization of cytosolic and plasma membrane NADPH oxidase subunits mainly after PMA treatment, suggesting assembly of the complex after enzyme activation. Cultured EPCs produced superoxide in a NADPH-dependent manner, associating the NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production with postimplantation trophoblast physiology. NADPH-oxidase cDNA subunit sequencing showed a high degree of homology between the trophoblast and neutrophil isoforms of the oxidase, emphasizing a putative role for reactive oxygen species production in phagocytic activity and innate immune responses.

PR-39, a proline-rich antibacterial peptide that inhibits phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity by binding to Src homology 3 domains of p47 phox.

Reactive oxygen intermediates generated by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase are critically important components of host defense. However, these highly toxic oxidants can cause significant tissue injury during inflammation; thus, it is essential that their generation and inactivation are tightly regulated. We show here that an endogenous proline-arginine (PR)-rich antibacterial peptide, PR-39, inhibits NADPH oxidase activity by blocking assembly of this enzyme through interactions with Src homology 3 domains of a cytosolic component. This neutrophil-derived peptide inhibited oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity of neutrophils in whole cells and in a cell-free assay of NADPH oxidase. Both oxidase inhibitory and direct antimicrobial activities were defined within the amino-terminal 26 residues of PR-39. Oxidase inhibition was attributed to binding of PR-39 to the p47phox cytosolic oxidase component. Its effects involve both a polybasic amino-terminal segment and a proline-rich core region of PR-39 that binds to the p47phox Src homology 3 domains and, thereby, inhibits interaction with the small subunit of cytochrome b558, p22phox. These findings suggest that PR-39, which has been shown to be involved in tissue repair processes, is a multifunctional peptide that can regulate NADPH oxidase production of superoxide anion O2-. thus limiting excessive tissue damage during inflammation.

Modulação redox da homeostase de células musculares lisas através de estimuladores do sistema NADPH oxidase

As doenças cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de morte nos países ocidentais. Dentre essas doenças, a aterosclerose é que mais se destaca, sendo caracterizada pelo acúmulo de células musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV). O efeito patológico das CMLV em resposta a diferentes estímulos pode acarretar em disfunções nestas células. É notável que a aterosclerose ocorra principalmente em vasos sinuosos onde ocorre um forte turbilhonamento do fluxo sanguíneo, que pode acarretar em hemólise e, consequentemente, acúmulo de heme livre. Além disso, no processo de aterogênese as moléculas de adesão, principalmente integrinas, são de crucial importância durante a resposta de CMLV. Nesse trabalho nosso objetivo inicial foi avaliar o efeito do heme livre nas funções de CMLV, bem como os mecanismos moleculares por trás desses efeitos. Em uma segunda parte, investigamos o envolvimento da integrina α1ß1 no efeito da Angiotensina II (Ang II) em CMLV. Nós observamos que o heme livre é capaz de induzir a proliferação e migração de CMLV via espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) provenientes da NADPHoxidase (NADPHox). Adicionalmente vimos que o heme ativa vias de sinalização redox-sensíveis relacionadas à proliferação celular, como MAPKinases e o fator de transcrição NFκB. Também observamos que há uma ligação entre a NADPHox e o sistema heme oxigenase (HO), uma vez que o heme induz a expressão de HO-1 e o pré-tratamento das CMLV com inibidores de HO levam ao aumento tanto o efeito proliferação quanto a indução de ERO promovidas pelo heme. Além disso, vimos que o efeito contra-regulatório promovido pela HO ocorre devido as metabolites do heme: biliverdina, bilirrubina e monóxido de carbono. Por último, quando bloqueamos tanto a NADPHox quanto o sistema HO o heme não teve efeito algum na proliferação de CMLV. Em um segundo estudo, observamos que o efeito da Ang II sobre a migração de CMLV foi inibido quando as células foram pré-tratadas com o ligante da integrina α1ß1, a desintegrina Obtustatina. A seguir observamos que o efeito da Ang II na ativação de FAK e na colocalização actina-ILK é dependente da integrina α1ß1, que possivelmente ativa PKCα, uma vez que vimos que a produção de ERO induzida por Ang II foi inibida pela Obtustatina. Vimos que a indução da expressão de ILK por Ang II em CMLV é dependente da integrina α1ß1 e também observamos que a Obtustatina inibibiu o desacoplamento de ILK da FAK, uma vez que a Obtustatina bloqueou a fosforilação de FAK induzida por Ang II (processo crucial para o desacoplamento da ILK). Nós também observamos que a Ang II induz, via integrina α1ß1, a fosforilação de AKT e a diminuição da expressão de p21, provavelmente via ILK. Corroborando estes dados, nós mostramos que o pré-tratamento com Obtustatina induziu um estacionamento na fase G0 e diminuição da proliferação de CMLV tratadas com Ang II. Portanto, mostramos nesse trabalho que o heme livre induz a ativação de CML via NADPHox, que é elegantemente contra-regulado pelo sistema HO. Além disso, sugerimos que a integrina α1ß1 pode ser um importante alvo molecular para o desenvolvimento de intervenções mais efetivas para a aterosclerose.

NADPH oxidase-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species: A new mechanism for X-ray-induced HeLa cell death

Oxidative damage is an important mechanism in X-ray-induced cell death. Radiolysis of water molecules is a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to X-ray-induced cell death. In this study, we showed by ROS detection and a cell survival assay that NADPH oxidase has a very important role in X-ray-induced cell death. Under X-ray irradiation, the upregulation of the expression of NADPH oxidase membrane Subunit gp91(phox) was dose-dependent. Meanwhile, the cytoplasmic subunit p47(phox) was translocated to the cell membrane and localized with p22(phox) and gp91(phox) to form reactive NADPH oxidase. Our data Suggest, for the first time, that NADPH oxidase-mediated generation of ROS is an important contributor to X-ray-induced cell death. This suggests a new target for combined gene transfer and radiotherapy.

Biphasic regulation of H2O2 on angiogenesis implicated NADPH oxidase

ROS (reactive oxygen species) take an important signalling role in angiogenesis. Although there are several ways to produce ROS in cells, multicomponent non-phagocytic NADPH oxidase is an important source of ROS that contribute to angiogenesis. In the present work, we examined the effects of H2O2 on angiogenesis including proliferation and migration in HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), new vessel formation in chicken embryo CAM (chorioallantoic membrane) and endothelial cell apoptosis, which is closely related to anti-angiogenesis. Our results showed that H2O2 dose-dependently increased the generation of O-2(-) (superoxide anion) in HUVECs, which was suppressed by DPI (diphenylene iodonium) and APO (apocynin), two inhibitors of NADPH oxidase. H2O2 at low concentrations (10 mu M) stimulated cell proliferation and migration, but at higher concentrations, inhibited both. Similarly, H2O2 at 4 nmol/cm(2) strongly induced new vessel formation in CAM, while it suppressed at high concentrations (higher than 4 nmol/cm(2)). Also, H2O2 (200 similar to 500 mu M) could stimulate apoptosis in HUVECs. All the effects of H2O2 on angiogenesis could be suppressed by NADPH oxidase inhibitors, which suggests that NADPH oxidase acts downstream of H2O2 to produce O-2(-) and then to regulate angiogenesis. In summary, our results suggest that H2O2 as well as O-2(-) mediated by NADPH oxidase have biphasic effects on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.