La densité et la marche : perceptions et pratiques de parents de jeunes enfants dans deux quartiers montréalais

La densification de la ville est l’un des principaux objectifs de l’action publique pour bâtir des milieux de vie de qualité. Mais la densité est un concept polysémique et relatif : on constate un écart entre la densité telle qu’elle est préconisée en aménagement et celle vécue par les populations. Parallèlement, on observe l’exode des jeunes familles montréalaises vers les territoires périurbains de faible densité. Enfin, la littérature souligne une relation positive entre densité, mixité et pratique de la marche. Cette recherche explore les perceptions des parents de jeunes enfants à l’égard de leur environnement bâti, en particulier de sa densité, et en identifie les facteurs qui influencent positivement leur pratique de la marche. Après avoir caractérisé les formes urbaines de deux quartiers montréalais aux densités différentes, nous avons interrogé des parents de jeunes enfants sur leur expérience lors de 16 entrevues semi-dirigées et d’un groupe de discussion. Puis nous avons étudié la relation entre les variables personnelles des participants, leurs perceptions de la densité et leurs pratiques de la marche. Nos résultats mettent en évidence la quête d’un équilibre entre les avantages et inconvénients de la densité, dont les principales variables sont les formes urbaines, les services de proximité et la présence d’animation, la végétation étant un paramètre incontournable pour tous les parents. Caractéristiques clés d’une ville intense, ces paramètres corroborent la littérature existante à ce sujet, en mettant en évidence leur importance dans la création de milieux de vie plus denses pour les jeunes familles et leur influence positive sur la marche.

Interfacial fracture of dentin adhesively bonded to quartz-fiber reinforced composite

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of interfacial failure in a multilayered structure consisting of a dentin/resin cement/quartz-fiber reinforced composite (FRC). Slices of dentin close to the pulp chamber were sandwiched by two half-circle discs made of a quartz-fiber reinforced composite, bonded with bonding agent (All-bond 2, BISCO, Schaumburg) and resin cement (Duo-link. BISCO, Schaumburg) to make Brazil-nut sandwich specimens for interfacial toughness testing. Interfacial fracture toughness (strain energy release rate, G) was measured as a function of mode mixity by changing loading angles from 0 degrees to 15 degrees. The interfacial fracture surfaces were then examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) to determine the failure modes when loading angles changed. A computational model was also developed to calculate the driving forces, stress intensity factors and mode mixities. Interfacial toughness increased from approximate to 1.5 to 3.2 J/m(2) when the loading angle increases from approximate to 0, 0 to 15 degrees. The hybridized dentin/cement interface appeared to be tougher than the resin cement/quartz-fiber reinforced epoxy. The Brazil-nut sandwich specimen was a suitable method to investigate the mechanical integrity of dentin/cement/FRC interfaces. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Computational modeling of laser-induced delamination testing of thin films

Thin film adhesion often determines microelectronic device reliability and it is therefore essential to have experimental techniques that accurately and efficiently characterize it. Laser-induced delamination is a novel technique that uses laser-generated stress waves to load thin films at high strain rates and extract the fracture toughness of the film/substrate interface. The effectiveness of the technique in measuring the interface properties of metallic films has been documented in previous studies. The objective of the current effort is to model the effect of residual stresses on the dynamic delamination of thin films. Residual stresses can be high enough to affect the crack advance and the mode mixity of the delimitation event, and must therefore be adequately modeled to make accurate and repeatable predictions of fracture toughness. The equivalent axial force and bending moment generated by the residual stresses are included in a dynamic, nonlinear finite element model of the delaminating film, and the impact of residual stresses on the final extent of the interfacial crack, the relative contribution of shear failure, and the deformed shape of the delaminated film is studied in detail. Another objective of the study is to develop techniques to address issues related to the testing of polymeric films. These type of films adhere well to silicon and the resulting crack advance is often much smaller than for metallic films, making the extraction of the interface fracture toughness more difficult. The use of an inertial layer which enhances the amount of kinetic energy trapped in the film and thus the crack advance is examined. It is determined that the inertial layer does improve the crack advance, although in a relatively limited fashion. The high interface toughness of polymer films often causes the film to fail cohesively when the crack front leaves the weakly bonded region and enters the strong interface. The use of a tapered pre-crack region that provides a more gradual transition to the strong interface is examined. The tapered triangular pre-crack geometry is found to be effective in reducing the stresses induced thereby making it an attractive option. We conclude by studying the impact of modifying the pre-crack geometry to enable the testing of multiple polymer films.