Hyperbaena domingensis (DC.) Benth. (Menispermaceae), new records for the Atlantic Forest from northeastern Brazil

Hyperbaena domingensis (DC.) Benth. has new records for the Atlantic Forest from northeastern Brazil. It is found in lowland coastal, sub-montane and montane remnants of Atlantic Forest as part of the forest canopy or drape dover edge shrubs and treelets. It can be recognized by the ovate to oblong leaves, spiciform or paniculiform inflorescence, dichlamydeous and 3-merous flowers, drupaceous and purple (at maturity) fruits, and horseshoe-shaped seeds. Comments, distribution map, and pictures are presented here. © 2012 Check List and Authors.

Anti-malarial herbal remedies of northeast India, Assam: An ethnobotanical survey

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Malaria is a serious public health problem in the north-eastern region of India including Assam, in view of development of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. There is need for alternative and affordable therapy. Aim of the study: This study was conducted to document indigenous knowledge, usage customs and practices of medicinal plant species traditionally used by the residents of Sonitpur district of Tezpur, Assam to treat malaria and its associated symptoms. Materials and methods:A total of 50 randomly selected sampling represented by male (38.76%) and female respondents (12.24%) were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The present ethno-botanical survey revealed 22 species of plants belonging to 17 botanical families were reported to be used exclusively in this region for the treatment of malaria. Verbenaceae (three species), Menispermaceae (two species), and Acanthaceae (two species) botanical families represented the species that are most commonly cited in this survey work and the detailed use of plants has been collected and described. Conclusions: The most serious threat to the existing knowledge and practice on traditional medicinal plants included cultural change, particularly the influence of modernization and lack of interests shown by the next younger generations were the main problems reported by the informants during the field survey. Hence, the proper documentation of traditional medicinal plants being used as anti-malarial agents and related indigenous knowledge held by the tribal community is an important approach to control the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria reported in this survey work. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

毛茛目的系统发育分析：分子和形态证据

本研究选取毛茛目99属，利用四个叶绿体和核基因或DNA片段，并结合形态性状，在属的水平上构建毛茛目的系统发育关系。分子数据用简约法和似然法分析，分子和形态性状联合数据用简约法分析。具体结果如下： 1) 毛茛目的单系性 毛茛目的单系性在所有的分析中都得到强支持。这也被形态性状所支持，包括大的S-型筛管分子、表皮层具蜡质的管、离生并折合状发生的心皮、两层珠被形成的珠孔、无托叶、轮状花被(花被在领春木科可能是次生性丢失)和2-3层细胞组成的内珠被等。 2) 科间系统发育关系 毛茛目由三个主要分支构成：领春木科、罂粟科和核心毛茛目。罂粟科是核心毛茛目的姊妹群，二者通常具复叶、单叶分裂或单叶掌状脉，雄蕊轮状排列以及胚珠无丹宁酸组织。核心毛茛目的单系性得到强支持，花3基数、雄蕊和花被片对生以及外部花被片具三或更多的微管束迹等是其共有衍征。木通科和星叶草科形成一支，细胞型胚乳是它们的共有衍征。防己科、小檗科和毛茛科形成一支，核型胚乳和具小檗碱支持该支的单系性。小檗科和毛茛科的姊妹群关系得到草本习性、具根状茎、V-型木质部和外珠被至少四层细胞等性状的支持。 3) 科下系统发育关系 a. 罂粟科 罂粟科分为两个单系支：狭义罂粟科形成一支，Pteridophyllm、角茴香属和狭义荷包牡丹科形成另一支。是否具乳汁、小苞片状的萼片是否包着其他花部器官、雄蕊数目和花粉外壁纹饰等性状支持这种划分。这两支分别被给予亚科的分类等级。Pteridophyllm是角茴香属的姊妹群也得到分辨，叶和雄蕊的性状支持这两属近缘。 b. 星叶草科 独叶草属和星叶草属形成一支得到强支持，二者组成星叶草科。二叉状分支的叶脉、条纹状的花粉纹饰、单珠被、薄珠心和无外种皮等性状是该科的共有衍征。 c. 木通科 木通科的单系性得到强支持。大血藤属是其他木通科的姊妹群，因其在心皮数目、心皮排列、胚珠数目、胚珠方向、染色体数目和植物化学等方面不同于其他类群，建议给予亚科的分类等级。此外，猫儿屎属和串果藤属均具有一些独特的性状，分别给予族的等级。 d. 防己科 古山龙属和Anamirta形成一支，意味着族Anamirteae sensu Diels应该被承认;广义的青牛胆族应包括天仙藤族;无胚乳的粉绿藤族嵌合在蝙蝠葛族之内。子叶和花柱残基对科内的划分是非常重要的。虽然传统上认为胚乳是科下划分最重要的性状，但它在防己科内应该是次生性丢失。 e. 小檗科 六个间断分布的属或属对被证实。单心皮瓶状发生是小檗科的共有衍征。小檗科分为三个主要分支：南天竹属(x = 10)和染色体基数为8的类群形成强支持的一支，这也得到胚珠数目(2-4)和圆锥花序等性状的支持;x = 7的类群形成一支，花瓣基部内侧具2枚腺体，花粉具平滑的外壁和未分化的外表层等是其共有衍征;x = 6的类群形成一支，被条纹状的花粉外壁和不连续的花粉外壁内层所支持。这三支分别被给予亚科的分类等级。 f. 毛茛科的单系性得到强支持。雄蕊多数和胚珠多数是毛茛科的共有衍征。毛茛科由五个分支组成：Glaucidium、Hydrastis、染色体基数为9的类群形成一支、染色体基数为7的类群形成一支、染色体基数为8的类群形成一支，分别给予亚科的分类等级。Glaucidium是所有其他毛茛科的姊妹群。染色体基数为8的类群的单系性得到极弱的支持，不含有或者含微量的苄基异喹啉生物碱及具R-型染色体似乎也支持该支为单系。星果草属应隶属于毛茛亚科而与黄连属和(/或)人字果属关系遥远。在唐松草亚科，具瘦果的唐松草属嵌合在具蓇葖果的类群之内，意味着依据果实类型划分该亚科是不合适的。美花草属和毛茛族及银莲花族形成一支，而与侧金盏花属关系遥远。美花草属在胚珠着生位置、珠被数目和植物化学等方面不同与毛茛族和银莲花族，因此我们建议给予美花草属族的分类等级。 根据分析结果，我们提出了毛茛目一个新的分类系统

Pollen analysis of modern mangrove systems

Three sediment cores from the Bragança Peninsula located in the coastal region in the north-eastern portion of Pará State have been studied by pollen analysis to reconstruct Holocene environmental changes and dynamics of the mangrove ecosystem. The cores were taken from an Avicennia forest (Bosque de Avicennia (BDA)), a salt marsh area (Campo Salgado (CS)) and a Rhizophora dominated area (Furo do Chato). Pollen traps were installed in five different areas of the peninsula to study modern pollen deposition. Nine accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates provide time control and show that sediment deposits accumulated relatively undisturbed. Mangrove vegetation started to develop at different times at the three sites: at 5120 14C yr BP at the CS site, at 2170 14C yr BP at the BDA site and at 1440 14C yr BP at the FDC site. Since mid Holocene times, the mangroves covered even the most elevated area on the peninsula, which is today a salt marsh, suggesting somewhat higher relative sea-levels. The pollen concentration in relatively undisturbed deposits seems to be an indicator for the frequency of inundation. The tidal inundation frequency decreased, probably related to lower sea-levels, during the late Holocene around 1770 14C yr BP at BDA, around 910 14C yr BP at FDC and around 750 14C yr BP at CS. The change from a mangrove ecosystem to a salt marsh on the higher elevation, around 420 14C yr BP is probably natural and not due to an anthropogenic impact. Modern pollen rain from different mangrove types show different ratios between Rhizophora and Avicennia pollen, which can be used to reconstruct past composition of the mangrove. In spite of bioturbation and especially tidal inundation, which change the local pollen deposition within the mangrove zone, past mangrove dynamics can be reconstructed. The pollen record for BDA indicates a mixed Rhizophora/Avicennia mangrove vegetation between 2170 and 1770 14C yr BP. Later Rhizophora trees became more frequent and since ca. 200 14C yr BP Avicennia dominated in the forest.

Contributions to botany, iconographic and descriptive, detailing the characters of plants that are either new or imperfectly described; to which are added remarks on their affinities.

Vol. III contains a complete monograph ofthe Menispermaceæ.

An alphabetized list of citations.

Mode of access: Internet.