Propuesta didáctica el uso de experimentos demostrativos y la contextualización de conceptos como una ayuda a la construcción del conocimiento en los temas de mecánica de fluídos y calor [por] José Antonio Matta Garza

Tesis (Maestría en la Enseñanza de las Ciencias con Especialidad en Física) U.A.N.L.

Física I : mecánica y fluídos.

Este manual está dividido en 13 temas: 1.La magnitud física y su medida, 2.Cálculo vectorial, 3.Cinemática del punto, 4.Cinemática del sólido rígido y del movimiento relativo, 5.Estática: fuerzas y equilibrios, 6.Dinámica del punto y de los sistemas de puntos, 7.Trabajo y energía, 8.Dinámica de rotación del sólido rígido, 9.Gravitación, 10.El estado sólido y la elasticidad, 11.Estática de fluídos, 12.Fenómenos capilares en los líquidos y 13.Dinámica de fluídos.

Mecánica de sólidos y de fluídos. Física I.

El libro está dividido en ocho unidades didácticas, en las cuales se aborda el estudio de los siguientes temas: 1. Conceptos fundamentales, cálculo vectorial y teoría de campos, 2. Cinemática, 3. Dinámica del punto material, 4. Geometría de masas, 5. Estática, 6. Dinámica del sólido rígido, 7. Mecánica del sólido reformable y 8. Mecánica de fluídos.

Laboratorio de mecánica de fluidos

UANL

Development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric flows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM

The main purpose of this work was the development of procedures for the simulation of atmospheric ows over complex terrain, using OpenFOAM. For this aim, tools and procedures were developed apart from this code for the preprocessing and data extraction, which were thereafter applied in the simulation of a real case. For the generation of the computational domain, a systematic method able to translate the terrain elevation model to a native OpenFOAM format (blockMeshDict) was developed. The outcome was a structured mesh, in which the user has the ability to de ne the number of control volumes and its dimensions. With this procedure, the di culties of case set up and the high computation computational e ort reported in literature associated to the use of snappyHexMesh, the OpenFOAM resource explored until then for the accomplishment of this task, were considered to be overwhelmed. Developed procedures for the generation of boundary conditions allowed for the automatic creation of idealized inlet vertical pro les, de nition of wall functions boundary conditions and the calculation of internal eld rst guesses for the iterative solution process, having as input experimental data supplied by the user. The applicability of the generated boundary conditions was limited to the simulation of turbulent, steady-state, incompressible and neutrally strati ed atmospheric ows, always recurring to RaNS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) models. For the modelling of terrain roughness, the developed procedure allowed to the user the de nition of idealized conditions, like an uniform aerodynamic roughness length or making its value variable as a function of topography characteristic values, or the using of real site data, and it was complemented by the development of techniques for the visual inspection of generated roughness maps. The absence and the non inclusion of a forest canopy model limited the applicability of this procedure to low aerodynamic roughness lengths. The developed tools and procedures were then applied in the simulation of a neutrally strati ed atmospheric ow over the Askervein hill. In the performed simulations was evaluated the solution sensibility to di erent convection schemes, mesh dimensions, ground roughness and formulations of the k - ε and k - ω models. When compared to experimental data, calculated values showed a good agreement of speed-up in hill top and lee side, with a relative error of less than 10% at a height of 10 m above ground level. Turbulent kinetic energy was considered to be well simulated in the hill windward and hill top, and grossly predicted in the lee side, where a zone of ow separation was also identi ed. Despite the need of more work to evaluate the importance of the downstream recirculation zone in the quality of gathered results, the agreement between the calculated and experimental values and the OpenFOAM sensibility to the tested parameters were considered to be generally in line with the simulations presented in the reviewed bibliographic sources.

Variação de temperatura e umidade e suas influências nas características físicas e mecânicas dos fios de algodão

Cotton is a hydrofilic textile fiber and, for this reason, it changes its properties according to the environment changes. Moisture and Temperature are the two most important factors that lead a cotton Spinning sector and influence its quality. Those two properties can change the entire Spinning process. Understanding this, moisture and temperature must be kept under control when used during the Spinning process, once the environment is hot and dry, the cotton yarns absorb moisture and lose the minimal consistency. According to this information, this paper was developed testing four types of cotton yarns, one kind of cotton from Brazil and the others from Egypt. The yarns were exposed to different temperatures and moisture in five different tests and in each test, six samples that were examined through physical and mechanical tests: resistance, strength, tenacity, yarn´s hairness, yarn´s evenness and yarn´s twisting. All the analysis were accomplished at Laboratório de Mecânica dos Fluídos and at COATS Corrente S.A., where, it was possible to use the equipments whose were fundamental to develop this paper, such as the STATIMAT ME that measures strength, tenacity, Zweigler G566, that measure hairiness in the yarn, a skein machine and a twisting machine. The analysis revealed alterations in the yarn´s characteristics in a direct way, for example, as moisture and temperature were increased, the yarn´s strength, tenacity and hairness were increased as well. Having the results of all analysis, it is possible to say that a relatively low temperature and a high humidity, cotton yarns have the best performance

The carreau-yasuda fluids: a skin friction equation for turbulent flow in pipes and kolmogorov dissipative scales

In this work the turbulent flow of the Non-Newtonian Carreau-Yasuda fluid will be studied. A skin friction equation for the turbulent flow of Carreau-Yasuda fluids will be derived assuming a logarithmic behavior of the turbulent mean velocity for the near wall flow out of the viscous sub layer. An alternative near wall characteristic length scale which takes into account the effects of the relaxation time will be introduced. The characteristic length will be obtained through the analysis of viscous region near the wall. The results compared with experimental data obtained with Tylose (methyl hydroxil cellulose) solutions showing good agreement. The relations between scales integral and dissipative obtained for length, time, velocity, kinetic energy, and vorticity will be derived for this type of fluid. When the power law index approach to unity the relations reduces to Newtonian case.

Estudo da influência da granulometria no comportamento reológico de polpa de bauxita e no fator de atrito

O presente trabalho apresenta estudos de caracterização reológica e determinações de fatores de atrito em três polpas de bauxita, originárias da Mina de Miltônia, Paragominas – Pará, resultantes de condições operacionais com graus diferentes de moagem. Deste modo, a diferenciação básica entre as mesmas reside na distribuição granulométrica. O objetivo é fazer uma proposta de revisão da especificação granulométrica do produto (polpa de bauxita para o mineroduto), permitindo uma comparação com as polpas do projeto (planta piloto) e da operação atual (usina de beneficiamento) quanto a resposta a alterações, principalmente, da viscosidade e fatores de atrito. A polpa proposta incorpora um percentual maior de finos (< 10 microns) em relação as demais polpas. Os benefícios possibilitarão ganhos de recuperação com a incorporação desta parcela de finos, a qual atualmente é descartada para a bacia de rejeitos. O material foi caracterizado por análises granulométricas da série Tyler, físicas e físico-químicas, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectrometria de raios-x dispersiva em energia (EDS). Utilizando-se de um viscosímetro de cilindros coaxiais, tipo Searle, abordo use os aspectos reológicos destas polpas, em função da sua distribuição granulométrica e da variação da concentração de sólidos. As propriedades reológicas avaliadas foram a viscosidade, a tensão de escoamento e também os comportamentos que mostram a dependência da viscosidade com o tempo de aplicação de uma taxa de cisalhamento constante, verificando-se por meio de curva de histerese, a existência ou não da tixotropia e da reopexia. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que para as polpas ensaiadas, a granulometria e a concentração de sólidos são parâmetros relevantes na determinação da viscosidade. Os testes com estas três polpas de bauxita, de granulometrias diferentes, foram realizados a concentrações pré-determinadas, de modo a determinar o modelo reológico cujos parâmetros apresentaram os melhores coeficientes de correlação (R²), sendo que os melhores ajustes encontrados foram segundo o modelo de Herschel-Bulkley. Os fatores de atrito foram obtidos por formulações que envolvem uma relação logarítmica, utilizando-se da Lei da Parede como método de obtenção das expressões aplicáveis a estes fluidos não- Newtonianos viscoplásticos, sendo comparados com os calculados pelas correlações de Dodge e Metzner e verificou-se que de uma maneira geral há a concordância entre o modelo estudado nas três polpas. A análise dos fatores de atrito na concentração de 50% de sólidos, concentração de bombeio por mineroduto, mostra que o comportamento das polpas estudadas é semelhante, com os melhores ajustes para a faixa de 10.000 a 100.000 Reynolds (faixa média de trabalho para o escoamento turbulento de polpas de minério, homogêneas e heterogêneas).

Solução das equações de Navier-Stokes e da equação de transporte por um método de elementos finitos estabilizado pela técnica de separação baseada na característica

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

Simulação numérica do escoamento em difusores radiais com discos frontais fixos e móveis

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

On the zeros of polynomials: an extension of the Enestrom-Kakeya theorem

This paper presents an extension of the Enestrom-Kakeya theorem concerning the roots of a polynomial that arises from the analysis of the stability of Brown (K, L) methods. The generalization relates to relaxing one of the inequalities on the coefficients of the polynomial. Two results concerning the zeros of polynomials will be proved, one of them providing a partial answer to a conjecture by Meneguette (1994)[6]. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Application of the log-conformation tensor to three-dimensional time-dependent free surface flows

The numerical simulation of flows of highly elastic fluids has been the subject of intense research over the past decades with important industrial applications. Therefore, many efforts have been made to improve the convergence capabilities of the numerical methods employed to simulate viscoelastic fluid flows. An important contribution for the solution of the High-Weissenberg Number Problem has been presented by Fattal and Kupferman [J. Non-Newton. Fluid. Mech. 123 (2004) 281-285] who developed the matrix-logarithm of the conformation tensor technique, henceforth called log-conformation tensor. Its advantage is a better approximation of the large growth of the stress tensor that occur in some regions of the flow and it is doubly beneficial in that it ensures physically correct stress fields, allowing converged computations at high Weissenberg number flows. In this work we investigate the application of the log-conformation tensor to three-dimensional unsteady free surface flows. The log-conformation tensor formulation was applied to solve the Upper-Convected Maxwell (UCM) constitutive equation while the momentum equation was solved using a finite difference Marker-and-Cell type method. The resulting developed code is validated by comparing the log-conformation results with the analytic solution for fully developed pipe flows. To illustrate the stability of the log-conformation tensor approach in solving three-dimensional free surface flows, results from the simulation of the extrudate swell and jet buckling phenomena of UCM fluids at high Weissenberg numbers are presented. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A marker-and-cell approach to free surface 2-D multiphase flows

This work describes a methodology to simulate free surface incompressible multiphase flows. This novel methodology allows the simulation of multiphase flows with an arbitrary number of phases, each of them having different densities and viscosities. Surface and interfacial tension effects are also included. The numerical technique is based on the GENSMAC front-tracking method. The velocity field is computed using a finite-difference discretization of a modification of the NavierStokes equations. These equations together with the continuity equation are solved for the two-dimensional multiphase flows, with different densities and viscosities in the different phases. The governing equations are solved on a regular Eulerian grid, and a Lagrangian mesh is employed to track free surfaces and interfaces. The method is validated by comparing numerical with analytic results for a number of simple problems; it was also employed to simulate complex problems for which no analytic solutions are available. The method presented in this paper has been shown to be robust and computationally efficient. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simulation results and applications of an advection bounded scheme to practical flows

This paper reports experiments on the use of a recently introduced advection bounded upwinding scheme, namely TOPUS (Computers & Fluids 57 (2012) 208-224), for flows of practical interest. The numerical results are compared against analytical, numerical and experimental data and show good agreement with them. It is concluded that the TOPUS scheme is a competent, powerful and generic scheme for complex flow phenomena.

A continuously differentiable upwinding scheme for the simulation of fluid flow problems

This paper deals with the numerical solution of complex fluid dynamics problems using a new bounded high resolution upwind scheme (called SDPUS-C1 henceforth), for convection term discretization. The scheme is based on TVD and CBC stability criteria and is implemented in the context of the finite volume/difference methodologies, either into the CLAWPACK software package for compressible flows or in the Freeflow simulation system for incompressible viscous flows. The performance of the proposed upwind non-oscillatory scheme is demonstrated by solving two-dimensional compressible flow problems, such as shock wave propagation and two-dimensional/axisymmetric incompressible moving free surface flows. The numerical results demonstrate that this new cell-interface reconstruction technique works very well in several practical applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.