Branded lives:the production and consumption of meaning at work

'Branded Lives explodes the myth that a brand must, or even can stand for one unified, easily communicated message. While warning of the dangers of managing to preserve this myth, the book also celebrates the plurality of brand meanings generated by those employed to serve both the brand and the customer. I recommend reading this book in its entirety. If you are like me, your reading will bring a refreshing fullness to the experience of brands and branding and many new insights.' - Mary Jo Hatch, University of Virginia, US. © Matthew J. Brannan, Elizabeth Parsons and Vincenza Priola 2011. All rights reserved.

Symptoms of chronic stress at work in NGO workers

Working in a NGO often involves providing life saving resources (food, medicine, equipment, water, etc) to needy populations around the globe. Such duty requires highly dedicated employees and humanitarian workers are said to face a hign degree of pressure in their daily work. Despite the evidence of taxing work demands, and a high potential for stress related problems, very few studies on occupational chronic stress have specifically looked at NGO workers. Assuming that "field stress" can relay to workers at headquarters, we carried out an exploratory study about occupational health among employees of a NGO's headquarters. We sent a questionnaire to all employees (N=130) of a NGO headquarters located in Switzerland. We used the TST questionnaire (French version of the Langner's questionnaire on psychiatric symptoms) to identify cases with potential mental health problems. We also included in the questionnaire some items about motivation, acknowledgment, work-life balance, job demand, and autonomy. A total of 75 employees answered our questionnaire (57% response rate). 44% of our sample were men (n=33) and 56% were women (n=42). The mean age was of 40 years (SD=7.6). 56% were working at the headquarters of the NGO in questions as of 2 years or less. Not surprisingly, a majority of respondents reported to be highly motivated (74%) and the meaning of work was important for 80% of them. However, 35% indicated having problems in conciliating their private and professional life. Most frequent reported symptoms included feeling "weak all over" (81%), having "trouble getting asleep often" (35%), "clogging in nose" (35%), feeling "nervous often" (33%), and "memory not all right" (33%). The score for psychiatric symptoms was high in 8 (11%) employees whose health might therefore be at risk. In comparison, other sudies showed that this proportion was 9% for French teachers and 16% for sales personnel1. Results show that symptoms of mental health problems do occur among NGO workers. Some of these symptoms are known to be linked to occupational stress. Chronic stress manifests itself first in non-specific symptoms (e.g. fatigue) and later in specific pathologies. This could explain the relatively low proportion of cases with a high score in Langner's scale than was expected. Therefore, we hypothesize a healthy worker effect. The fact that our sample is 40 years old in average, and that the turnover is quite high can also support this hypothesis. Further research is needed in order to better understand occupational stress in this specific population. An upcoming study will investigate the role of organizational factors associated with health complaints. Therefore, a longitudinal survey including quantitative and qualitative methods is appropriate.

Work for your happiness - Theoretical and empirical study defining and measuring happiness at work

There are vast changes in the work environment, and the traditional rules and management methods might not be suitable for today’s employees anymore. The meaning of work is also changing due to the younger and higher educated generations entering the markets. Old customs need to be re-validated and new approaches should be taken into use. This paper strongly emphasizes the importance of happiness research and happiness at work. The values towards the meaning of work are changing; people demand happiness and quality from all aspects of their lives. The aim of this study is to define happiness - especially at work - and to explain how it can be measured and what kind of results achieved. I also want to find out how the contents of work and the working environment might enhance happiness. The correlation between education and happiness is discussed and examined. I am aware that the findings and theories are concentrating mainly on Western Countries and highlighting the values and work-environments of those societies. The main aim of the empirical study is to find out if there are connections between happiness and work in data collected by World Value Survey in 2005, and if the profession has effects on happiness. Other factors such as the correlation of age, sex, education and income are examined too. I also want to find out what kind of values people have towards work and how these affect the happiness levels. The focus is on two nations: Finland (N=1014) and Italy (N=1012). I have also taken the global comparison within, that is all 54 countries (N=66,566) included in the 5th wave (during the years 2005 -2008) of the World Value Survey. The results suggest that people are generally happy around the world; happiness decreasing with the age, the educated being happier than the uneducated and the employed happier than the unemployed. People working in neat “white collar” jobs are more likely happier than those working in factories or outdoors. Money makes us happier, until certain level is reached. Work is important to people and the importance of work adds happiness. Work is also highly appreciated, but there are more happy people among those who do not appreciate work that highly. Safety matters the most when looking for a job, and there are more happy people among those who have selected the importance of work as the first choice when looking for a job, than among those to whom an income is the most important aspect. People are more likely happy when the quality of work is high, that is when their job consists of creative and cognitive tasks and when they have a feeling of independence.

The Meanings of Work for Older Workers

Several elements influence the meanings of work: the basic psychological processes of aging; the cohort or generation of the worker; the ecology of the work itself; and the larger social context of managing the risks of aging. This article discusses the meaning of work across the lifespan, and then reviews each of these elements to describe the meanings of work for older workers. The authors summarize data from multiple sources to answer several related questions: Why do older workers continue to work—beyond the solely monetary motivation? How do older workers' meanings of work vary by financial, health, job satisfaction, familial, or workplace concerns? What are the implications of these findings for employers and employees?

Individual spirit at work and its relationship with employee work attitudes and organisational outcomes:An empirical examination in corporate Thailand

The purpose of this thesis is to conduct empirical research in corporate Thailand in order to (1) validate the Spirit at Work Scale (2) investigate the relationships between individual spirit at work and three employee work attitudinal variables (job satisfaction, organisational identification and psychological well-being) and three organisational outcomes (in-role performance, organisational citizenship behaviours (OCB), and turnover intentions) (3) further examine causal relations among these organisational behaviour variables with a longitudinal design (4) examine three employee work attitudes as mediator variables between individual spirit at work and three organisational outcomes and (5) explore the potential antecedents of organisational conditions that foster employee experienced individual spirit at work. The two pilot studies with 155 UK and 175, 715 Thai samples were conducted for validation testing of the main measure used in this study: Spirit at Work Scale (Kinjerski & Skrypnek, 2006a). The results of the two studies including discriminant validity analyses strongly provided supportive evidence that Spirit at Work Scale (SAWS) is a sound psychometric measure and also a distinct construct from the three work attitude constructs. The final model of SAWS contains a total of twelve items; a three factor structure (meaning in work, sense of community, and spiritual connection) in which the sub-factors loaded on higher order factors and also had very acceptable reliability. In line with these results it was decided to use the second-order of SAWS model for Thai samples in the main study and subsequent analysis. The 715 completed questionnaires were received from the first wave of data collection during July - August 2008 and the second wave was conducted again within the same organisations and 501 completed questionnaires were received during March - April 2009. Data were obtained through 49 organisations which were from three types of organisations within Thailand: public organisations, for-profit organisations, and notfor-profit organisations. Confirmatory factor analysis of all measures used in the study and hypothesised model were tested with structural equation modelling techniques. The results were greatly supportive for the direct structural model and partially supportive for the fully mediated model. Moreover, there were different findings across self report and supervisor rating on performance and OCB models. Additionally, the antecedent conditions that fostered employees experienced individual spirit at work and the implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.

Exploring calling work orientation: Construct clarity and organizational implications

Employees maintain a personal view toward their work, which can be referred to as their work orientation. Some employees view their work as their life's purpose (i.e., calling work orientation) and they tend to be 1) prosocially motivated, 2) derive meaning from work, and 3) feel that their purpose is from beyond the self. The purpose of the current dissertation was to differentiate calling work orientation from other similar workplace constructs, to investigate the most common covariates of calling work orientation, and to empirically test two possible moderators of the relationship between calling work orientation and work-related outcomes of job satisfaction, job performance, and work engagement. Two independent samples were collected for the purpose of testing hypotheses: data were collected from 520 working students and from 520 non-student employees. Participants from the student sample were recruited at Florida International University, and participants from the employee sample were recruited via the Amazon Mechanical Turk website. Participants from the student sample answered demographic questions and responded to self-report measures of job satisfaction, job performance, work engagement, spirituality, meaningful work, prosocial motivation, and work orientation. The procedure was similar for the employee sample, but their survey also included measures of counterproductive work behaviors, organizational citizenship behaviors, conscientiousness, and numerical ability. Additionally, employees were asked whether they would be willing to have a direct supervisor, peer, co-worker, client, or subordinate rate their job performance. Hierarchical regression findings suggest calling work orientation was predictive of overall job performance above and beyond two common predictors of performance, conscientiousness and numerical ability. The results for the covariate analyses provided evidence that prosocial motivation, meaningful work, and spirituality do play a significant role in the development of an employees' work orientation. Perceived career opportunities moderated the relationship between calling work orientation and job performance for the employee sample. Core self-evaluations moderated the relationship between calling work orientation and job performance, and core self-evaluations moderated the relationship between calling work orientation and work engagement. Collectively, findings from the current study highlight the benefits of examining work orientation in the prediction of workplace outcomes.

Exploring Calling Work Orientation: Construct Clarity and Organizational Implications

Employees maintain a personal view toward their work, which can be referred to as their work orientation. Some employees view their work as their life’s purpose (i.e., calling work orientation) and they tend to be 1) prosocially motivated, 2) derive meaning from work, and 3) feel that their purpose is from beyond the self. The purpose of the current dissertation was to differentiate calling work orientation from other similar workplace constructs, to investigate the most common covariates of calling work orientation, and to empirically test two possible moderators of the relationship between calling work orientation and work-related outcomes of job satisfaction, job performance, and work engagement. Two independent samples were collected for the purpose of testing hypotheses: data were collected from 520 working students and from 520 non-student employees. Participants from the student sample were recruited at Florida International University, and participants from the employee sample were recruited via the Amazon Mechanical Turk website. Participants from the student sample answered demographic questions and responded to self-report measures of job satisfaction, job performance, work engagement, spirituality, meaningful work, prosocial motivation, and work orientation. The procedure was similar for the employee sample, but their survey also included measures of counterproductive work behaviors, organizational citizenship behaviors, conscientiousness, and numerical ability. Additionally, employees were asked whether they would be willing to have a direct supervisor, peer, co-worker, client, or subordinate rate their job performance. Hierarchical regression findings suggest calling work orientation was predictive of overall job performance above and beyond two common predictors of performance, conscientiousness and numerical ability. The results for the covariate analyses provided evidence that prosocial motivation, meaningful work, and spirituality do play a significant role in the development of an employees’ work orientation. Perceived career opportunities moderated the relationship between calling work orientation and job performance for the employee sample. Core self-evaluations moderated the relationship between calling work orientation and job performance, and core self-evaluations moderated the relationship between calling work orientation and work engagement. Collectively, findings from the current study highlight the benefits of examining work orientation in the prediction of workplace outcomes.

Abono Perman??ncia em uma institui????o federal de ensino superior: aplica????o e desdobramentos

A preocupa????o principal deste artigo ?? descrever a implementa????o do Abono Perman??ncia em uma Institui????o Federal de Ensino Superior e as implica????es que o mesmo acarretou a seus servidores e ?? pr??pria institui????o. O objetivo pretendido aqui n??o est?? em exaurir o assunto ent??o tratado, mas mostrar o quanto este pode ser importante, partindo do pressuposto de seu significado intr??nseco na motiva????o para o trabalho. O principal interessado no assunto ?? o servidor p??blico e este pode usufruir desse benef??cio dado sua idade para aposentar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, cuja coleta foi atrav??s de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e individuais com funcion??rios que trabalham diretamente com os processos de Abono Perman??ncia, e tamb??m atrav??s de an??lise de documentos e observa????o direta dos sistemas gerenciais de processos administrativos da institui????o. Este estudo contribui nas discuss??es sobre benef??cios sociais na Gest??o de Pessoas e a utiliza????o desses recursos na Administra????o P??blica. Pode-se concluir que o Abono Perman??ncia traz diversas contribui????es como, por exemplo, a motiva????o pessoal em continuar trabalhando, por??m, apresenta algumas limita????es no pr??prio incentivo ao benef??cio, que pode n??o ser interessante em determinados tetos salariais.

Ammatillisen osaamisen tukeminen muuttuvissa toimintaympäristöissä : tutkimus ikääntyvien työntekijöiden näkökulmasta

The purpose of the study was to describe the experiences of received support of aging employees and their work related self-image in changing working environments. Firstly, theaim was to discover how the support from organisations and leaders was verified. Secondly, the aim was to get answers how employees experienced themselves as workers and as learners in the current work context. Thirdly, the aim was to compare different knowledge information stages and company cultures and how they have influenced the experiences of professional competence development among aging employees. In addition the education- and career backgrounds were investigated to gain more understanding of their role in experiencing support and relation to the occupational self-image. The theoretical frame of reference of this researchis multidisciplinary. The theoretical part focuses on the meaning of work for human being from a sociological, late-modern perspective. On the other hand it examines the ageing process from a physiological and also from a perspective of age discrimination and life control. The occupational selfimage and the strength of motivation has an effect on learning in working life which is crucial and firmpart individual trajectories. According to the theoretical review company culture, leadership and especially the managers' role as a creator of a learning atmosphere are increasingly critical for aging adults' learning when the role of informal work-based learning is increasing. The empirical data was collected with aquestionnaire and interviews, which were carried out in May to October 2001. The data consists of 263 respondents of which further eight persons were interviewed. All respondents were over the age of 45 and represented all levels of their organisations in an IT-technology firm and a chemical industry plant. The central findings in this research show that the aging adults have experienced that theemployers do care about the development of their occupational skills. On the other hand there are fewer concrete activities to reveal this support. There is anobvious disproportion between the expressed aims and the realisation of the activities. Signs of age discrimination are few. The style of management has becomemore supporting for self directed activities which are seen to support adults learning. Higher education and individual activity to seek possibilities to learnwere encouraging the development of occupational skills. Age itself was not a crucial aspect when comparing the experiences among younger (45-54 years) and older (55-64 years) groups. Job satisfaction and professional self esteem seemed tobe considerably strong. The individual characteristics were more important elements in developing occupational skills than the age. The degree of anxiety at work was low. In addition among the older group the strong feeling of coherence and the occupational self image were significant for supporting the professional competence. The motivation to learn was also stable. Among the seniors there was some slight evidence of declining motivation. In the IT-firm the support was experienced stronger for aging employees than in the chemical industry plant. Thosewho had experienced support in the chemical industry plant had higher educational background than the others. In IT-firm they also experienced more support from the manager than in the chemical industry plant. The results show that it is more likely that the differences are caused mostly by the stage of information intensity and the character of company culture which is determined by the activities. IT-business demands constantly accommodation to changes and the chemical industry plant which is representing more traditional business field, where the atmosphere of learning is determined by the traditions of company culture, the changes are carried out slowly.

Vuokratyöntekijöiden organisaatioon sitoutuminen

Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia organisaatioon sitoutumisen edellytyksiä ja merkitystä vuokratyössä. Aihetta lähestytään tarkastelemalla vuokratyöntekijöiden sitoutumista henkilöstöä vuokraavaan yritykseen ja tunnistamalla siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkielma on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen. Tutkimuksen empiirisen aineiston keruu toteutettiin haastattelemalla kuutta vuokratyöntekijää. Kerätty aineisto analysoitiin teemoittelumenetelmää käyttäen. Tutkielman tulosten perusteella edellytykset organisaatioon sitoutumiselle ovat olemassa vuokratyössä. Vuokratyöntekijöiden sitoutumisen osoittautui luonteeltaan pääasiassa jatkuvaksi. Vuokratyöntekijöiden sitoutumiseen vaikuttaa erityisesti työntekijän asennoituminen vuokratyön tekemiseen. Muita vuokratyöntekijöiden sitoutumiseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä ovat henkilön elämäntilanne, työn merkitys tämän elämässä, palkitseminen, työtehtävien sisältö kokemukset käyttäjäyrityksen työyhteisöstä ja esimiestoiminnasta, vuokrausyrityksen luotettavuus, työtehtävien jatkuvuus ja riittävyys sekä vuokrausyrityksen yhteydenpito ja ammatillisen kehityksen tukeminen.

Y-sukupolven johtaminen – odotukset esimiestyöltä

Y-sukupolven oikeantyylinen johtaminen sekä osaamisen hyödyntäminen ja kehittäminen ovat johtamisen haasteena organisaatioissa, jotka toimivat digitaalista osaamista vaativien tuotteiden ja palvelujen parissa. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia, minkälaisia odotuksia Y-sukupolvella on esimiestyötä ja johtamista kohtaan. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa tutkimuksen kohdeyrityksen johtamisen kehittämistä varten nuorten työntekijöiden odotukset heihin kohdistuvasta esimiestyöstä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli myös tuottaa tutkittua tietoa Y-sukupolven johtamista koskevaan keskusteluun. Tutkimus oli laadullinen tutkimus, joka toteutettiin haastattelemalla kohdeyrityksen nimeämästä joukosta 12 Y-sukupolven edustajaa. Tutkimusmenetelmänä oli puolistrukturoitu teemahaastattelu. Haastatteluissa kohderyhmään kuuluvat kertoivat omiin mielipiteisiinsä perustuen ajatuksiaan ja odotuksiaan tutkijan määrittämiin teemoihin. Haastatteluteemat olivat: työ ja työn merkitys, kokemukset ja odotukset esimieheen liittyen sekä heidän oman osaamisen hyödyntäminen ja kehittäminen. Tutkimuksen tuloksena havaittiin, että Y-sukupolvi odottaa esimiestyöltä ensisijaisesti johtamista. Esimiehen täytyy pitää organisaatiossa langat käsissään; toimia suunnannäyttäjänä, organisoida ja olla jämäkkä. Esimiehen tulee olla ominaisuuksiltaan kyvyiltään sellainen, jonka johtaminen on selkeää, oikeudenmukaista ja vuorovaikutteista. Y-sukupolvi odottaa selkeitä tavoitteita, oikeudenmukaista ja tasapuolista kohtelua ja palkkaa sekä jatkuvaa palautteeseen ja sparraamiseen liittyvää vuorovaikutusta esimiehen kanssa. Y-sukupolvi odottaa myös, että esimies hyödyntää ja kehittää heidän osaamistaan.

L’infirmière libanaise et le sens au travail en milieu hospitalier

Cette étude vise à étoffer la base conceptuelle du phénomène de sens au travail permettant ainsi de mieux le comprendre et le saisir et cherche à proposer un modèle théorique pouvant expliquer le processus de construction d’un sens au travail par des infirmières libanaises. Le sens au travail se présente à la fois en tant qu’un processus qui émerge suite aux interactions dynamiques qui s’établissent entre un individu et son contexte de travail et en tant que produit qui s’exprime chez un individu au niveau de la satisfaction, la motivation, l’engagement organisationnel, la performance et la santé au travail. L’étude de ce phénomène constitue une nouvelle voie permettant d’apporter un nouvel éclairage à un contexte de travail, tel que le contexte libanais, qui souffre depuis des années d’un problème de pénurie du personnel infirmier. L’interactionnisme symbolique a constitué le cadre épistémologique et méthodologique de cette étude qui a adopté une approche qualitative par théorisation ancrée. L’étude s’est déroulée dans une région libanaise auprès de neuf infirmières hospitalières exerçant la profession dans des contextes de travail variés. La collecte des données a été faite par le recours à des entrevues individuelles enregistrées sur un support numérique ; les données ont été par la suite transcrites et analysées suivant la méthode constructiviste de Charmaz (2006). Les résultats ont permis de proposer un modèle théorique qui explique le processus de construction d’un sens au travail qui découle des interactions des infirmières libanaises avec les divers éléments du contexte de travail. Ces infirmières ont développé une représentation du contexte de travail marquée par une surcharge de travail, un salaire inadéquat, des opportunités de développement et d’avancement professionnel réduites, un comportement inéquitable des supérieurs et un image publique dévalorisée de l’infirmière. Ce contexte porte atteinte à la satisfaction de trois objectifs recherchés par ces infirmières à travers leur travail et qui sont : 1) prendre soin des patients ; 2) subvenir à ses propres besoins ; et 3) être reconnue en tant que professionnelle. Afin de construire un sens au travail et composer avec ce contexte contraignant, les infirmières se basent sur leurs ressources intrinsèques. La valorisation de l’infirmière et du travail infirmier, la satisfaction de l’effort fourni, l’actualisation de soi et l’avancement professionnel permettent à ces infirmières de protéger et de maintenir un sens au travail. Finalement, il était possible de conceptualiser le sens au travail en tant qu’un phénomène subjectif et multidimensionnel, nourri par l’amour de la profession et se traduisant par un travail qui répond aux attentes des infirmières. Les connaissances qui ont émergé de cette étude pourront aider à mettre en place des stratégies personnelles et contextuelles permettant de favoriser le processus de construction de sens au travail chez les infirmières libanaises afin de réduire le problème de pénurie du personnel infirmier. Des pistes de recherches sont encore avancées et des recommandations pour la formation sont proposées.

Suck the living labour

The project, commissioned by Ort, Birmingham, explores geriatric vampirism. Austerity measures have indebted the young and the old through the privatisation of education and health. These age groups have been thrown into a relationship of mutual dependency and conflicting interests. As well as a new film, the exhibition featured six videos that have been outsourced using the services of sellers on the website Fiverr, ‘a place for people to share things they're willing to do for $5’. Interrogating the means of production and the meaning of work under post-Fordism, the Suck the Living Labour extends Marx’s metaphor, comparing Capital to a vampiric force that thirsts for infinite surplus.