Marketing orientation of small Firms- a study with reference to Trivandrum district

The small business has attracted very little attention of the historians in the ancient times, or public mind inspite of the fact that its impact on the various civilisations has been phenominal. Even in recent times economists considered the small firms as inappropriate, obselate and anacronistic as it cannot assimilate the full potential of technological change in the production system. But today everybody agrees that the small business has a definite role in shaping the human destiny and enhancing the quality of life in any society. In a developing country like India small firms are necessary to generate employment for millions, high standared of personal choice to consumers, provide competition and act as a check to monopoly power; further the small firms provide an important source of innovation and in turn it paves the way for entrepreneur development in the society. In many countries the small enterprises played a significant role in the growth and development of their economic system. Italy and Japan are quoted as classic examples . In India, too, with the abundance of labour and scarce capital resources small firms have been promoted and protected by the government. But one must say that the small firm owners/managers in India have been shy in developing a market orientation in themeselves. Due to this many firms failed and closed. The alarming rate of sickness among the small firms in India may be attributed to the lack of market driven/customer orientation approach among the owner/managers of small business. So the study on the market oreintation of the small firms has never been in the mind of marketing experts and academicians. Thus, an attempt is made to enquire into them systematically and scientifically. For the study, Trivandrum district in Kerala has been selected. The data for the study has been collected by the help of a schedule which has been prepared after consulting the relevant literature and after consultation with experts in the field, academicians and practising managers.

Índice de governança corporativa : variação das empresas brasileiras em função das expectativas de mercado

Os conceitos de Governança Corporativa não são novos, mas a gravidade de impactos financeiros gerados por escândalos corporativos estimula as empresas a adotarem melhores níveis de governança. Investidores profissionais se dispõem a pagar um ágio para investir em empresas com altos padrões de governança e que garantam um ambiente corporativo favorável ao retorno do seu investimento. A liquidez na qual o mundo viveu nos últimos anos propiciou um volume cada vez maior de recursos; não apenas para o Brasil, mas para grande parte dos mercados emergentes; para os mercados de capitais locais e em investimentos diretos. Esse capital, em grande parte externo, necessita de transparência, regulamentação e outros requerimentos de modo a reduzir os riscos relacionados às empresas alvo. Com base nas expectativas de mercado de indicadores macroeconômicos disponibilizadas pelo Sistema de Expectativas de Mercado do Banco Central do Brasil e nas informações fornecidas pela Bovespa e seus índices de mercado Ibovespa e IGC, este trabalho buscou uma associação entre variações nestas expectativas e valorização ou desvalorização da média de capitalização bursátil e índice de bolsa - Ibovespa e IGC. Observou-se que tanto o Ibovespa quanto o IGC e a média de capitalização bursátil da Bovespa e Ibovespa estão sujeitos as mesmas influências de variáveis macroeconômicas nacionais, mas em magnitudes diferentes. Entretanto, fez-se como exceção a média de capitalização bursátil do IGC, que sofreu influência de expectativas macroeconômicas diferentes dos demais. 6

No se olviden de Bernardo (Kordon)

No casualmente el ttulo coincide con un eslogan muy divulgado y que intenta conservar la memoria acerca de un hecho y de una vctima. No lo son tambin aquellos escritores a los que una mezquina poltica de mercado condena poco menos que al olvido, luego de que durante dcadas animaran el proceso literario nacional y obtuvieran reconocimientos de diverso carcter por su produccin? No me cabe duda de que Bernardo Kordon (1915-2002) fue uno de esos animadores de la narrativa nacional, al que es indispensable volver para que se entiendan mejor algunos cambios sucedidos en ella a partir de los aos 50, aunque su culminacin date de la dcada del 60 y un poco ms.

No se olviden de Bernardo (Kordon)

No casualmente el ttulo coincide con un eslogan muy divulgado y que intenta conservar la memoria acerca de un hecho y de una vctima. No lo son tambin aquellos escritores a los que una mezquina poltica de mercado condena poco menos que al olvido, luego de que durante dcadas animaran el proceso literario nacional y obtuvieran reconocimientos de diverso carcter por su produccin? No me cabe duda de que Bernardo Kordon (1915-2002) fue uno de esos animadores de la narrativa nacional, al que es indispensable volver para que se entiendan mejor algunos cambios sucedidos en ella a partir de los aos 50, aunque su culminacin date de la dcada del 60 y un poco ms.

No se olviden de Bernardo (Kordon)

No casualmente el ttulo coincide con un eslogan muy divulgado y que intenta conservar la memoria acerca de un hecho y de una vctima. No lo son tambin aquellos escritores a los que una mezquina poltica de mercado condena poco menos que al olvido, luego de que durante dcadas animaran el proceso literario nacional y obtuvieran reconocimientos de diverso carcter por su produccin? No me cabe duda de que Bernardo Kordon (1915-2002) fue uno de esos animadores de la narrativa nacional, al que es indispensable volver para que se entiendan mejor algunos cambios sucedidos en ella a partir de los aos 50, aunque su culminacin date de la dcada del 60 y un poco ms.

Sampled Control for Mean-Variance Hedging in a Jump Diffusion Financial Market

In this technical note we consider the mean-variance hedging problem of a jump diffusion continuous state space financial model with the re-balancing strategies for the hedging portfolio taken at discrete times, a situation that more closely reflects real market conditions. A direct expression based on some change of measures, not depending on any recursions, is derived for the optimal hedging strategy as well as for the ""fair hedging price"" considering any given payoff. For the case of a European call option these expressions can be evaluated in a closed form.

Labour market flexibility: what does it really mean?

Includes bibliography

A generalized multi-period mean-variance portfolio optimization with Markov switching parameters

In this paper, we deal with a generalized multi-period mean-variance portfolio selection problem with market parameters Subject to Markov random regime switchings. Problems of this kind have been recently considered in the literature for control over bankruptcy, for cases in which there are no jumps in market parameters (see [Zhu, S. S., Li, D., & Wang, S. Y. (2004). Risk control over bankruptcy in dynamic portfolio selection: A generalized mean variance formulation. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 49, 447-457]). We present necessary and Sufficient conditions for obtaining an optimal control policy for this Markovian generalized multi-period meal-variance problem, based on a set of interconnected Riccati difference equations, and oil a set of other recursive equations. Some closed formulas are also derived for two special cases, extending some previous results in the literature. We apply the results to a numerical example with real data for Fisk control over bankruptcy Ill a dynamic portfolio selection problem with Markov jumps selection problem. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Problems in the regulatory policy of the drug market

OBJECTIVE Analyze the implementation of drug price regulation policy by the Drug Market Regulation Chamber.METHODS This is an interview-based study, which was undertaken in 2012, using semi-structured questionnaires with social actors from the pharmaceutical market, the pharmaceuticals industry, consumers and the regulatory agency. In addition, drug prices were compiled based on surveys conducted in the state of Sao Paulo, at the point of sale, between February 2009 and May 2012.RESULTS The mean drug prices charged at the point of sale (pharmacies) were well below the maximum price to the consumer, compared with many drugs sold in Brazil. Between 2009 and 2012, 44 of the 129 prices, corresponding to 99 drugs listed in the database of compiled prices, showed a variation of more than 20.0% in the mean prices at the point of sale and the maximum price to the consumer. In addition, many laboratories have refused to apply the price adequacy coefficient in their sales to government agencies.CONCLUSIONS The regulation implemented by the pharmaceutical market regulator was unable to significantly control prices of marketed drugs, without succeeding to push them to levels lower than those determined by the pharmaceutical industry and failing, therefore, in its objective to promote pharmaceutical support for the public. It is necessary reconstruct the regulatory law to allow market prices to be reduced by the regulator as well as institutional strengthen this government body.

Electric vehicles as a mean to reduce, energy, emissions and electricity costs

Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which obtain their fuel from the grid by charging a battery, are set to be introduced into the mass market and expected to contribute to oil consumption reduction. This research is concerned with studying the potential impacts on the electric utilities of large-scale adoption of plug-in electric vehicles from the perspective of electricity demand, fossil fuels use, CO2 emissions and energy costs. Simulations were applied to the Portuguese case study in order to analyze what would be the optimal recharge profile and EV penetration in an energy-oriented, an emissions-oriented and a cost-oriented objective. The objectives considered were: The leveling of load profiles, minimization of daily emissions and minimization of daily wholesale costs. Almost all solutions point to an off-peak recharge and a 50% reduction in daily wholesale costs can be verified from a peak recharge scenario to an off-peak recharge for a 2 million EVs in 2020. A 15% improvement in the daily total wholesale costs can be verified in the costs minimization objective when compared with the off-peak scenario result.

Long-term dependence in financial prices: evidence from the Belgian stock market returns

This article aims to contribute to the discussion of long-term dependence, focusing on the behavior of the main Belgian stock index. Non-parametric analyzes of the general characteristics of temporal frequency show that daily returns are non-ergodic and non-stationary. Therefore, we use the rescaled-range analysis (R/S) and the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), under the fractional Brownian motion approach, and we found slight evidence of long-term dependence. These results refute the random walk hypothesis with i.i.d. increments, which is the basis of the EMH in its weak form, and call into question some theoretical modeling of asset pricing. Other more localized complementary study, to identify the evolution of the degree of dependence over time windows, showed that the index has become less persistent from 2010. This may mean a maturing market by the extension of the effects of current financial crisis.

Predictability of stock market returns: Evidence from Eurozone's banking sectors

This paper analyzes the in-, and out-of sample, predictability of the stock market returns from Eurozone’s banking sectors, arising from bank-specific ratios and macroeconomic variables, using panel estimation techniques. In order to do that, I set an unbalanced panel of 116 banks returns, from April, 1991, to March, 2013, to constitute equal-weighted country-sorted portfolios representative of the Austrian, Belgian, Finish, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish banking sectors. I find that both earnings per share (EPS) and the ratio of total loans to total assets have in-sample predictive power over the portfolios’ monthly returns whereas, regarding the cross-section of annual returns, only EPS retain significant explanatory power. Nevertheless, the sign associated with the impact of EPS is contrarian to the results of past literature. When looking at inter-yearly horizon returns, I document in-sample predictive power arising from the ratios of provisions to net interest income, and non-interest income to net income. Regarding the out-of-sample performance of the proposed models, I find that these would only beat the portfolios’ historical mean on the month following the disclosure of year-end financial statements. Still, the evidence found is not statistically significant. Finally, in a last attempt to find significant evidence of predictability of monthly and annual returns, I use Fama and French 3-Factor and Carhart models to describe the cross-section of returns. Although in-sample the factors can significantly track Eurozone’s banking sectors’ stock market returns, they do not beat the portfolios’ historical mean when forecasting returns.

Predicting market movement with Artificial Neural Networks

This paper presents an application of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to the prediction of stock market direction in the US. Using a multilayer perceptron neural network and a backpropagation algorithm for the training process, the model aims at learning the hidden patterns in the daily movement of the S&P500 to correctly identify if the market will be in a Trend Following or Mean Reversion behavior. The ANN is able to produce a successful investment strategy which outperforms the buy and hold strategy, but presents instability in its overall results which compromises its practical application in real life investment decisions.

Stock market volatility and learning

Introducing bounded rationality in a standard consumption-based asset pricing model with time separable preferences strongly improves empirical performance. Learning causes momentum and mean reversion of returns and thereby excess volatility, persistence of price-dividend ratios, long-horizon return predictability and a risk premium, as in the habit model of Campbell and Cochrane (1999), but for lower risk aversion. This is obtained, even though our learning scheme introduces just one free parameter and we only consider learning schemes that imply small deviations from full rationality. The findings are robust to the learning rule used and other model features. What is key is that agents forecast future stock prices using past information on prices.

I have faith in my thing, you know what I mean? Mixed method elements on individual investments on religious markets.

In contemporary society, religious signification and secular systems mix and influence each other. Holistic conceptions of a world in which man is integrated harmoniously with nature meet representations of a world run by an immanent God. On the market of the various systems, the individual goes from one system to another, following his immediate needs and expectations without necessarily leaving any marks in a meaningful long term system. This article presents the first results of an ongoing research in Switzerland on contemporary religion focusing on (new) paths of socialization of modern that individuals and the various (non-) belief systems that they simultaneously develop