Issue review : narrowband mandate and statewide interoperability.

This issue review highlights the federal mandate requiring all non-federal public safety license holders on frequencies rating from 72 to 512 megahertz to reduce their operating bandwidth from 25 kilohertz to 12.5 kilohertz narrowband channels by January 1, 2013.

Issue review : narrowband mandate and state agency communications systems.

The federal government mandated that all non-federal public safety license holders on the frequencies ranging from 150 to 512 megahertz reduce their operating bandwidth from 25 kilohertz to 12.5 kilohertz. Narrowband channels must update their operating licenses by January 1, 2013. Failure to do so will result in the loss of communication capabilities and fines. This issue review analyzes the impact to state agencies of the federal mandate requiring all two-way radio systems and some paging networks, including those used by public-safety agencies, to meet the new narrowband requirements by January 1, 2013. This issue review does not address the impact to local communications systems.

The Law and Economics of the Civil Law of Mandate

Présentation à la Annual Law & Economics Conference 2007, Université de Bologne.

Background and mandate of Ad Hoc Working Group for Transportation Planning

Contiene los antecedentes del Grupo Especial de Trabajo sobre Planificacion del Transporte y el mandato, acordado por los Ministros en la Quinta Sesion del CDCC, sobre el desarrollo de un programa en el sector transporte, en especial transporte maritimo, en base a recomendaciones hechas en estudios anteriores.

Background and mandate of Ad Hoc Working Group of Planners in Agriculture

Contiene una vision general del proposito de este grupo de trabajo del CDCC en lo que se refiere a las tareas de formular estrategias para el desarrollo del sector agricola en la region.

Amazonian malaria: Asymptomatic human reservoirs, diagnostic challenges, environmentally driven changes in mosquito vector populations, and the mandate for sustainable control strategies

Across the Americas and the Caribbean, nearly 561,000 slide-confirmed malaria infections were reported officially in 2008. The nine Amazonian countries accounted for 89% of these infections; Brazil and Peru alone contributed 56% and 7% of them, respectively. Local populations of the relatively neglected parasite Plasmodium vivax, which currently accounts for 77% of the regional malaria burden, are extremely diverse genetically and geographically structured. At a time when malaria elimination is placed on the public health agenda of several endemic countries, it remains unclear why malaria proved so difficult to control in areas of relatively low levels of transmission such as the Amazon Basin. We hypothesize that asymptomatic parasite carriage and massive environmental changes that affect vector abundance and behavior are major contributors to malaria transmission in epidemiologically diverse areas across the Amazon Basin. Here we review available data supporting this hypothesis and discuss their implications for current and future malaria intervention policies in the region. Given that locally generated scientific evidence is urgently required to support malaria control interventions in Amazonia, we briefly describe the aims of our current field-oriented malaria research in rural villages and gold-mining enclaves in Peru and a recently opened agricultural settlement in Brazil. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.