Kansanomainen moraali : Tutkimus savolaisista ja pohjalaisista uskomustarinoista

In my research I discuss belief legends as representations of folk morals. Doing wrong is not one s private affair because it can have consequences for the life of a whole community, and therefore, it is in a community s interest to control the conduct of its members. Belief legends have served as a means of instruction for proper behaviour. In this way a community has contributed to the socialization of its members so as to make them comply with common norms and morals. My study is focused on belief legends relating to some type of offence (a crime, an infringement or another kind of misdeed) and its consequences. I try to find out whether there are regional differences and similarities. The material consists of 3120 warning legends that have been recorded in the years 1881‒1981, mainly in Southern Savo and Southern Ostrobothnia, partly in Northern Savo and Northern Ostrobothnia. I have collected the material at the Folklore Archives of the Finnish Literature Society. As a research method I apply discourse analysis to outline the schematic model of the legends, the superstructure, and the substance of the legends, the semantic macrostructure. Also I apply quantitative methods such as cross tabulations in order to establish regional differences and similarities in the concentrated and far abstracted semantic macrostructure of the legends. I look for explanations for the perceptions made in, above all, the cultural context but also with the view of the development of judicial history. Warning legends relating to what is wrong or right are clearly an expression of peasant folklore. The most common types of offences are violations of law and transgressions of Christian traditions and of social conduct. Transgression of Christian traditions is the most frequently committed offence in all geographical areas surveyed. Warning legends have an explicit focus on offence committed by a single person. The most common punishing figure in Southern Savo is the Devil, in Southern Ostrobothnia the Dead, in Northern Savo God, and in Northern Ostrobothnia the Dead or God. The most rigid folk morals are manifested in legends from Northern Savo, where narratives of mortal sin are more frequent than in other areas. The influence of the revivalist movements may be alleged in explanation of this phenomenon. According to these legends people living in Southern Savo are the most tolerant of those included in the study, presumably because of a more liberal revivalist movement in this area, called the Friendship movement. In folk morals women are treated more severely than men. Characteristic of the legends from Ostrobothnia is the emphasis on community, while the legends from Savo lay stress on individuality. The legends from Ostrobothnia manifest a more explicit distinction between the offence committed by a woman and one committed by a man than do legends from Savo. An explanation may be found in the prevailing industries, adherent in the division of labour between the sexes, in this region. The legends are man-centric. Women s occupations are connected with home and family, whereas men s fields of activities are wider. Women moralise each other harsher than do men. Folk morals advise people to be moderate in every sense. Through belief legends people are taught to respect human beings and the rest of creation, to obey the Christian religion and God, and to be moderate in search of wealth.

From Hexagonally Arrayed Nanorods To Ordered Porous Film Through Controlling The Morphology Of Zno Crystals

The macrostructure can be changed by changing the morphology of its units. In this article, we use a colloidal template route, combined with hydrothermal growth method, to get the hexagonally arrayed ZnO nanorods on the polycrystalline ZnO substrate. More significantly, through controlling the morphology of ZnO crystals by adding structure-directing agent in the precursor solution, the highly ordered porous ZnO films were obtained instead of ZnO nanorods. This templated solvent-thermal method has great potential in micro/nano-fabrication. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Creating a German–Basque Electronic Dictionary for German Learners

Revista OJS

O desenvolvimento da competência leitora do público infanto-juvenil: uma proposta de estudo de As aventuras do Capitão Cueca: um romance épico

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo da narrativa dedicada ao público infanto-juvenil através de seus sumários e das estratégias textuais e discursivas que levaram a coleção ao grande recorde de venda no período de 2007. Trata-se de uma narrativa, de autoria a Dav Pilkey, intitulada As Aventuras do Capitão Cueca. Fazem parte deste corpus os quatro volumes iniciais da coleção e seus respectivos sumários analisados dentro da teoria laboviana sobre as narrativas. O estudo proposto analisa o tipo de texto e que estruturas podem justificar o porquê de os volumes serem considerados um romance épico. Analisa-se, a importância das construções metafóricas e referenciais para a construção dos personagens e para a progressão textual. Postulam-se três tipos de metáforas - a do poder, a da ação e a da aventura, que, participam na superestrutura textual, construindo a história como um conjunto de elementos composto, tanto pelos referentes quanto pelas escolhas lexicais, já que, por meio do léxico, são delineadas as pistas necessárias à progressão textual o que, consequentemente, propicia um texto com articulação e suspense, o que torna a leitura mais próxima do público que a coleção deseja atingir. Mostrou-se necessário, também, um estudo mais acurado do gênero e da tipologia textual, visto que, nesse momento, nos utilizamos da própria denominação do subtítulo da coleção: romance épico. A organização da microestrutura do texto na perspectiva da relação metáfora e referentes permitiu o reconhecimento de uma tríade na organização da macroestrutura da narrativa, justificando a referência à narrativa épica e às peripécias vividas pelos personagens. É essa complexidade textual que torna a coleção tão singular e atrativa aos olhos do público a que se destina, confirmando a essência do processo de interação entre texto/ leitor/ produtor, em um processo dialógico. Embasam esse estudo as teorias sócio-cognitivas de Lakoff e Johnson (2002) e Sardinha (2007), Koch (2002), Cavalcante (2011), Marcuschi (2008). Concluí-se que a arquitetura do texto pode, de fato, interferir no processo de desenvolvimento da competência de leitura dos estudantes, prendendo seu interesse, o que faz com que haja uma construção de interação. Essa possibilidade, por analogia, pode ser, de um lado, um ponto de desvendamento para o sucesso de alguns livros publicados e que se tornam absoluto sucesso em um dado tempo entre os jovens; de outro lado, pode colocar o professor e a escola do século XXI à frente de novos desafios não só no que tange ao desenvolvimento das diferentes habilidades de leitura, mas também frente ao que é importante do ponto de vista discursivo para o incentivo à leitura, em um mundo marcado semioticamente pela imagem

Discursos na/da educação profissional e tecnológica: a criação dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia

A presente pesquisa de doutorado tem como objeto de estudo as recontextualizações e ressignificações que a educação profissional e tecnológica passou nos últimos anos, com a criação dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, tomando por base os discursos circulantes que amparam as mudanças introduzidas a partir das políticas educacionais e curriculares. O problema de pesquisa foi desenvolvido por meio de um olhar dialético entre macro e microcontextos, tendo como preocupação o discurso na sua relação com a estrutura social, apoiando-se nas formulações da Análise Crítica do Discurso, a partir de Norman Fairclough. Ao mesmo tempo, foram utilizadas as teorizações de Stephen Ball, principalmente a abordagem do ciclo de políticas, que trabalha com as formulações discursivas dos diferentes contextos de produção e implementação de políticas educacionais. Toda a discussão conduzida neste trabalho sobre a conjuntura macroestrutural da sociedade, a partir do novo capitalismo, na sua relação com os aspectos do microcontexto, levou ao entendimento de que o gerencialismo e a performatividade penetraram profundamente nas relações, conduzindo a opções ideológicas pautadas em discursos que refletem essas tecnologias. Por meio das reflexões e análises sobre o contexto nacional, tendo como base textos diversos, e sobre o microcontexto do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro, considerando observações, escutas, diálogos, vivências e experiências, essa pesquisa aponta para o potencial do contexto da prática. Compreende-se que as intervenções dos docentes, técnicos e gestores dos Institutos Federais nos discursos que interpretam, promovendo recontextualizações e ressignificações, definirão a formação que o novo e crescente contingente de discentes receberá e, neste ponto, essa pesquisa aposta em formulações discursivas contra-hegemônicas que apontam para uma formação politécnica para o mundo do trabalho.

中国东部上第三系硬粘土的工程地质特性及边坡开挖工程环境效应研究

The engineering geological properties of Neogene hard clays and related engineering problems are frontiers in the fields of Engineering Geology, Soil Mechanics and Rock Mechanics. Recently, it has been recognized that Neogene hard clay is the intermediate type of material between the soil and the rock. Many aspects of them, such as sampling, testing, calculating and engineering process, are special, which could not be researched by means of theories and methods of traditional Soil Mechanics of Rock Mechanics. In order to get real knowledge and instruct the engineering practice, intersect studying of multiple disciplines, including Engineering Geology, Soil Mechanics and Rock Mechanics, etc., is necessary. Neogene hard clay is one of the important study objects of regional problem rocks & soils in our country, which extensively distributed in China, especially in Eastern China. Taking the related areas along the middle line of the Project of Transferring Water from the South to the North (e.g. Nanyang basin, Fangcheng-Baofeng area and Handan-Yongnian area), South-west of Shandong, Xu-Huai area and Beijing area, etc. as main study areas, the paper divided Neogene hard clays into reduction environment dominated origin and oxidation environment dominated origin, which distributed on areas western and eastern to Mount Taihangshan respectively. Intermediate types are also existed in some areas, which mainly distribute near the edges of depositional basins; they are usually of transitions between diluvial and lacustrine deposits. As to Neogene hard clays from Eastern China, the clay particle content is high, and montmorillonite or illite/montmorillonite turbostratic mineral is the dominating clay mineral. The content of effective montmorillonite is very high in each area, which is the basis for the undesirable engineering properties of Neogene hard clays. For hard clays from the same area, the content of effective montmorillonite in gray-greenish hard clay is much higher than that in purple-brownish or brown-yellowish hard clay, which is the reason why the gray-greenish hard clay usually has outstanding expansive property. On the other hand, purple-brownish or brown-yellowish hard clay has relatively less montmorillonite, so its property is better. All of these prove that the composition (clay mineral) of Neogene hard clay is the control factor for the engineering properties. Neogene hard clays have obvious properties such as fissured, overconsolidated and expansive, which are the main reasons that many engineering problems and geological harzards usually occur in Neogene hard clays. The paper systematically elaborates the engineering properties of Neogene hard clays from Eastern China, analyses the relationships between engineering properties and basic indexes. The author introduces the ANN method into the prediction of engineering property indexes of hard clays, which provides a new way for quantitatively assessment and prediction of engineering property indexes. During investigation in the field, the author found that there exists obvious seam-sheared zone between different hard clays in Miocene Xiacaowan formation in Xu-Huai area. Similar phenomenon also exists near the borderline between Neogene hard clays and underlying coal measures in the Southwest of Shandong province, which could be observed in the cores. The discovery of seam-sheard zone has important theoretical and practical significance for engineering stability analysis and revealing the origin of fissures in Neogene hard clays. The macrostructure, medium structure and microstructure together control the engineering properties of hard clays. The author analyses and summarizes the structural effects on hard clays in detail. The complex of the strength property of hard clays is mostly related to the characteristics of fissures, which is one of the main factors that affect the choice of shear strength parameters. So structure-control theory must be inseparably combined with composition-control theory during the engineering geological and rock/soil mechanics research of hard clays. The engineering properties, such as fissured, overconsolidated and expansive, control the instability of engineering behaviors of Neogene hard clays under the condition of excavation, i.e. very sensitive to the change of existence environment. Based on test data analysis, the author elaborates the effects of engineering environment change on the engineering properties. Taking Nanyang basin as example, the author utilizes FEM to study the effects of various factors on stability of cutting canal slopes, than sets forth the characteristics, development laws and formation mechanism of the deformation and failure of hard clay canal slopes, summarizes the protection and reinforcement principles, as well as the protection and remedy steps. On the basis of comparison of engineering properties of domestic and foreign Neogene muddy deposits, in the view of whole globe and associated with the geological characteristics of China, the paper demonstrates that the intermediate type of the material between the soil and the rock, named "hard clay/soft rock", which can not be separated abruptly, really exists in China. The author has given a preliminary classification based on its geological origin and distribution law, which is very significant for promoting the mixture of Engineering Geology, Soil Mechanics and Rock Mechanics. In the course of large scales engineering construction in China, many engineering experiences and testing data are gained, summarizing these testing results and automatically managing them with computer technology are very necessary. The author develops a software named "Hard Clay-Soft Rock Engineering Geological Information Management and Analysis System (HRGIMS)", realizes the automatic and visual management of geo-engineering information, on the basis of information management, the functions of test data analysis and engineering property prediction are strengthened. This system has well merits for practice and popularization.

Tracing Inspiration in Proverbial Material: From 'The Royal Dictionary' (1699 & 1729) of Abel Boyer to 'The English-Irish Dictionary' (1732) of Begley-McCurtin.

This metalexicographic study examines the relationship between the proverbial material in The English-Irish Dictionary (1732) of Begley and McCurtin, Abel Boyer’s The Royal Dictionary (First edition 1699, second edition 1729), and Nathaniel Bailey’s An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721). It will show, for the first time, that both the English macrostructure and microstructure of the proverbial entries in Begley and McCurtin (1732) were reproduced directly from Boyer’s dictionary and, in spite of claims to the contrary, the impact of Bailey’s (1721) dictionary was negligible. Furthermore, empirical data gleaned from a comparative linguistic analysis of the various editions of The Royal Dictionary prior to 1732, will prove that it was the second official edition (1729) that was used as the framework for The English-Irish Dictionary. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the nature of the proverbial entries will also outline the various translation strategies that were used to compose the Irish material— particularly literal translation—and show that there are extremely high-levels of borrowings from Boyer (1729), both in terms of the English entries under the lemma, and the French entries in the comment.

Pedro José da Fonseca e a sua obra lexicográfica

Este trabalho tem por objecto de estudo a obra de Pedro José da Fonseca, precipuamente a obra lexicográfica - Pawum Lexicon (1762), Diccionario Portuguez, e Latino (1771), Diccionario abbreviado da fabula (1779) e o Diccionario da Lingoa Portugueza (1 793). Necessidade premente num contexto de remodelação de todo o panorama do ensino em Portugal e de modificação das estruturas e hábitos da sociedade portuguesa, a composição destas obras iria corresponder ao consumo escolar e às solicitações da prática pedagógica almejada pela reforma pombalina. No plano geral da descrição crítica destes dicionários, atribui-se especial relevância, no cotejamento com as fontes, ao aperfeiçoamento da técnica lexicográfica. Propõe-se: o esboço da biografia do autor e um breve enquadramento históricocultural da 2" metade do século XVIII; o estudo da obra literária de Pedro da Fonseca, examinando o seu pensamento linguístico; análise da técnica de composição dicionan'stica a nível macro e microestrutural e, por fim, uma reflexão em torno do "corpus" lexical português nos dicionários de Fonseca.

Effect of light on ex situ production of symbiotic corals

The increasing interest in coral culture for biotechnological applications, to supply the marine aquarium trade, or for reef restoration programs, has prompted researchers to optimize coral culture protocols, with emphasis to ex situ production. When cultured ex situ, the growth performance of corals can be influenced by several physical, chemical and biological parameters. For corals harbouring zooxanthellae, light is one of such key factors, as it can influence the photosynthetic performance of these endosymbionts, as well as coral physiology, survival and growth. The economic feasibility of ex situ coral aquaculture is strongly dependent on production costs, namely those associated with the energetic needs directly resulting from the use of artificial lighting systems. In the present study we developed a versatile modular culture system for experimental coral production ex situ, assembled solely using materials and equipment readily available from suppliers all over the world; this approach allows researchers from different institutions to perform truly replicated experimental set-ups, with the possibility to directly compare experimental results. Afterwards, we aimed to evaluate the effect of contrasting Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) levels, and light spectra emission on zooxanthellae photochemical performance, through the evaluation of the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) (monitored non-invasively and non-destructively through Pulse Amplitude Modulation fluorometry, PAM), chlorophyll a content (also determined non-destructively by using the spectral reflectance index Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI), photosynthetic and accessory pigments, number of zooxanthellae, coral survival and growth. We studied two soft coral species, Sarcophyton cf. glaucum and Sinularia flexibilis, as they are good representatives of two of the most specious genera in family Alcyoniidae, which include several species with interest for biotechnological applications, as well as for the marine aquarium trade; we also studied two commercially important scleractinian corals: Acropora formosa and Stylophora pistillata. We used different light sources: hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) lamps with different light color temperatures, T5 fluorescent lamps, Light Emitting Plasma (LEP) and Light Emitting Diode (LED). The results achieved revealed that keeping S. flexibilis fragments under the same light conditions as their mother colonies seems to be photobiologically acceptable for a short-term husbandry, notwithstanding the fact that they can be successfully stocked at lower PAR intensities. We also proved that low PAR intensities are suitable to support the ex situ culture S. cf. glaucum in captivity at lower production costs, since the survival recorded during the experiment was 100%, the physiological wellness of coral fragments was evidenced, and we did not detect significant differences in coral growth. Finally, we concluded that blue light sources, such as LED lighting, allow a higher growth for A. formosa and S. pistillata, and promote significant differences on microstructure organization and macrostructure morphometry in coral skeletons; these findings may have potential applications as bone graft substitutes for veterinary and/or other medical uses. Thus, LED technology seems to be a promising option for scleractinian corals aquaculture ex situ.

Lexicultura na Língua Chinesa e na Lexicografia Bilingue de Chinês-Português

No contexto de internacionalização de hoje, acompanhando os contactos cada vez mais intensos entre o mundo chinês e o mundo lusófono, é exigida a maior atenção à questão da lexicultura na comunicação interlingual e intercultural, pois o que preocupa as partes envolvidas não é apenas descodificar os signos meramente linguísticos, mas também perceber a cultura que a língua, nomeadamente as unidades lexicais transportam, visando um comportamento culturalmente correto e adequado nessa comunicação. Partindo desta preocupação, este trabalho tenta, através da abordagem e análise da língua, da escrita e do léxico chineses, comprovar que o chinês, devido às suas peculiaridades inexistentes em outras línguas do mundo, constitui o vivo exemplo que exemplifica e alarga o conceito de lexicultura, pois a própria língua, sobretudo a sua escrita e as suas unidades lexicais, além de refletirem a cultura popular e partilhada, também contam verdadeiras histórias da Humanidade e da China. Baseando-se nesta abordagem e análise, a tese apresenta um novo modelo de dicionário cultural chinês-português, com propostas concretas de seleção de vedetas para a sua macroestrutura e de definição de vedetas na sua microestrutura, ao serviço da comunicação entre os dois mundos em questão.

La structure du sommeil et l’activité cardiaque nocturne chez les adolescents ayant un trouble anxieux

L’objectif de la présente thèse était de caractériser le sommeil d’un groupe clinique d’enfants et d’adolescents ayant un trouble d’anxiété comme diagnostic primaire et le comparer à un groupe témoin. Dans un premier temps, nous avons vérifié si le profil de la fréquence cardiaque nocturne des enfants et des adolescents pouvait être regroupé selon le diagnostic. Pour ce faire, la fréquence cardiaque nocturne de 67 adolescents anxieux et 19 sujets non anxieux a été enregistrée à l’aide d’un équipement ambulatoire. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que le profil de la fréquence cardiaque nocturne chez les enfants anxieux varie selon le diagnostic. Alors que les adolescents non anxieux montrent un profil de la fréquence cardiaque nocturne plat, on retrouve les associations suivantes chez les adolescents ayant un trouble anxieux : a) un profil croissant de la fréquence cardiaque chez les adolescents ayant un trouble d’anxiété de séparation; b) un profil décroissant de la fréquence cardiaque chez les adolescents ayant un trouble d’anxiété généralisé; c) un profil en forme de U chez les adolescents ayant un trouble d’anxiété sociale. De plus, une association significative a été observée entre le diagnostic et la présence de fatigue matinale. L’association d’un profil de la fréquence cardiaque nocturne avec un diagnostic d’anxiété suggère la présence d’une dysrégulation de la modulation chronobiologique du système nerveux autonome. Étant donné que le profil de la fréquence cardiaque nocturne s’exprime différemment selon le diagnostic, qu’en est-il de l’architecture du sommeil? Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons enregistré le sommeil en laboratoire d’un groupe clinique de 19 jeunes ayant un trouble d’anxiété comme diagnostic primaire, avec comorbidités et médication et comparé à 19 jeunes non anxieux. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré que les participants du groupe anxieux ont une latence au sommeil plus longue, une latence au sommeil paradoxal plus longue et une durée d’éveil plus longue lorsque comparé au groupe témoin. L’évaluation subjective de la qualité du sommeil chez le groupe d’adolescents anxieux montre que leur auto-évaluation reflète les valeurs enregistrées en laboratoire. Nous avons également observé chez le groupe anxieux une fréquence cardiaque moyenne plus élevée et un index plus élevé d’apnée-hypopnée, bien que non pathologique. Nous avons également observé une association positive entre l’anxiété de trait et l’indice d’apnée-hypopnée et la latence au sommeil, ainsi qu’une association positive entre l’anxiété manifeste et la latence au sommeil paradoxal. Ces résultats suggèrent que le sommeil chez cette population est altéré, que des signes d’hypervigilance physiologique sont présents et qu'une association existe entre ces deux paramètres. Finalement, dans la troisième étude de cette thèse, nous avons analysé l’activité cardiaque pendant le sommeil en utilisant les paramètres temporels et fréquentiels de la variabilité cardiaque chez un groupe clinique de dix-sept enfants et adolescents ayant un trouble d’anxiété comme diagnostic primaire avec comorbidité et médication, et comparé à un groupe non anxieux. Les résultats ont montré que les participants du groupe anxieux, lorsque comparés au groupe non anxieux, présentent des intervalles interbattements plus courts, un indice temporel de la variabilité cardiaque représentant la branche parasympathique moindre, une activité des hautes fréquences normalisées moindre et un ratio basse fréquence sur haute fréquence augmenté. Plusieurs corrélations ont été observées entre les mesures cliniques de l’anxiété et les mesures de la variabilité cardiaque. Ces résultats viennent ajouter à la littérature actuelle un volet descriptif clinique à ce jour non documenté, soit l’impact de l’anxiété pathologique chez un groupe clinique d’enfants et d’adolescents sur le processus normal du sommeil et sur la régulation de la fréquence cardiaque. En résumé, les résultats de ces trois études ont permis de documenter chez un groupe clinique d’enfants et d’adolescents ayant de l’anxiété pathologique, la présence d’une altération circadienne du profil de la fréquence cardiaque, d’une architecture altérée du sommeil ainsi qu’une dysrégulation du système nerveux contrôlant l’activité cardiaque.