Uso do produto MOD13Q1 do sensor Modis para análise temporal e mapeamento das florestas nas Serras do Sudeste e Campanha Meridional do Rio Grande do Sul

Imagens NDVI (Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada) do sensor Modis foram utilizadas para mapear as classes de uso e cobertura da terra nas Serras do Sudeste e Campanha Meridional do Rio Grande do Sul. A metodologia compreendeu a elaboração de um banco de dados espaciais e a aplicação de técnicas de processamento digital (contraste linear, classificação digital e operações aritméticas) sobre imagens dos satélites Landsat e Terra de diversas datas. Os resultados indicaram que a cobertura florestal passou de 8,6% para 11,6% e 14,3% da área total da microrregião Serras do Sudeste, entre os anos 2000, 2004 e 2008. Na Campanha Meridional, a expansão da cobertura florestal passou de 11,1% para 11,2% e 11,5% da área total no mesmo período. Conclui-se que imagens MOD13Q1, de baixa resolução espacial (250 m), podem ser usadas em grandes áreas para mapear florestas e os demais temas adequadamente.

Leaf area index estimation with MODIS reflectance time series and model inversion during full rotations of Eucalyptus plantations

The leaf area index (LAI) of fast-growing Eucalyptus plantations is highly dynamic both seasonally and interannually, and is spatially variable depending on pedo-climatic conditions. LAI is very important in determining the carbon and water balance of a stand, but is difficult to measure during a complete stand rotation and at large scales. Remote-sensing methods allowing the retrieval of LAI time series with accuracy and precision are therefore necessary. Here, we tested two methods for LAI estimation from MODIS 250m resolution red and near-infrared (NIR) reflectance time series. The first method involved the inversion of a coupled model of leaf reflectance and transmittance (PROSPECT4), soil reflectance (SOILSPECT) and canopy radiative transfer (4SAIL2). Model parameters other than the LAI were either fixed to measured constant values, or allowed to vary seasonally and/or with stand age according to trends observed in field measurements. The LAI was assumed to vary throughout the rotation following a series of alternately increasing and decreasing sigmoid curves. The parameters of each sigmoid curve that allowed the best fit of simulated canopy reflectance to MODIS red and NIR reflectance data were obtained by minimization techniques. The second method was based on a linear relationship between the LAI and values of the GEneralized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (GESAVI), which was calibrated using destructive LAI measurements made at two seasons, on Eucalyptus stands of different ages and productivity levels. The ability of each approach to reproduce field-measured LAI values was assessed, and uncertainty on results and parameter sensitivities were examined. Both methods offered a good fit between measured and estimated LAI (R(2) = 0.80 and R(2) = 0.62 for model inversion and GESAVI-based methods, respectively), but the GESAVI-based method overestimated the LAI at young ages. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Desenvolvimento de modelo agrometeorológico espectral para estimativa de rendimento do milho na Província de Manica-Moçambique

Moçambique é um país localizado ao longo da costa Leste da África Austral, com a economia baseada essencialmente na agricultura. A cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) é a mais importante, cultivada em regime de sequeiro, com rendimentos dependentes das condições meteorológicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o ajuste de um modelo agrometeorológico espectral, para estimativa de rendimentos do milho, na província de Manica. A área de estudo envolveu os distritos de Gondola, Manica, Mossurize e Sussundenga, responsáveis por mais de 80% da produção de milho na província de Manica, nos anos de 2000 a 2009. ETr e ETm e ISNA foram as variáveis agrometeorológicas testadas no ajuste, obtidas a partir de estimativas de elementos meteorológicos do modelo do ECMWF. As variáveis espectrais foram os índices EVI e NDVI, provenientes do produto MOD13Q1, e o índice LSWI, calculado utilizando-se as bandas de refletância contidas neste produto. O modelo agrometeorológico espectral, ajustado por meio de regressão linear múltipla, teve como variáveis independentes os índices meteorológicos e espectrais e, como variável dependente, o rendimento médio ou o rendimento relativo. O modelo regional, que incluiu os distritos de Gondola, Manica e Sussundenga, e considerou o rendimento relativo, foi o mais recomendado para estimativa de rendimentos do milho, na região, com r² = 0,762 e RMSE de 9,46%.

Calibration of a Species-Specific Spectral Vegetation Index for Leaf Area Index (LAI) Monitoring: Example with MODIS Reflectance Time-Series on Eucalyptus Plantations

The leaf area index (LAI) is a key characteristic of forest ecosystems. Estimations of LAI from satellite images generally rely on spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) or radiative transfer model (RTM) inversions. We have developed a new and precise method suitable for practical application, consisting of building a species-specific SVI that is best-suited to both sensor and vegetation characteristics. Such an SVI requires calibration on a large number of representative vegetation conditions. We developed a two-step approach: (1) estimation of LAI on a subset of satellite data through RTM inversion; and (2) the calibration of a vegetation index on these estimated LAI. We applied this methodology to Eucalyptus plantations which have highly variable LAI in time and space. Previous results showed that an RTM inversion of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) near-infrared and red reflectance allowed good retrieval performance (R-2 = 0.80, RMSE = 0.41), but was computationally difficult. Here, the RTM results were used to calibrate a dedicated vegetation index (called "EucVI") which gave similar LAI retrieval results but in a simpler way. The R-2 of the regression between measured and EucVI-simulated LAI values on a validation dataset was 0.68, and the RMSE was 0.49. The additional use of stand age and day of year in the SVI equation slightly increased the performance of the index (R-2 = 0.77 and RMSE = 0.41). This simple index opens the way to an easily applicable retrieval of Eucalyptus LAI from MODIS data, which could be used in an operational way.

Victorian Dominant Land Cover, 2009-2013

There is a demand for regularly updated, broad-scale, accurate land cover information in Victoria from multiple stakeholders. This paper documents the methods used to generate an annual dominant land cover (DLC) map for Victoria, Australia from 2009 to 2013. Vegetation phenology parameters derived from an annual time series of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Vegetation Indices 16-day 250 m (MOD13Q1) product were used to generate annual DLC maps, using a three-tiered hierarchical classification scheme. Classification accuracy at the broadest (primary) class level was over 91% for all years, while it ranged from 72 to 81% at the secondary class level. The most detailed class level (tertiary) had accuracy levels ranging from 61 to 68%. The approach used was able to accommodate variable climatic conditions, which had substantial impacts on vegetation growth patterns and agricultural production across the state between both regions and years. The production of an annual dataset with complete spatial coverage for Victoria provides a reliable base data set with an accuracy that is fit-for-purpose for many applications.

Landsat derived percent vegetation cover of Israel (as of 2003)

Wildfires are part of the Mediterranean ecosystem, however, in Israel all wildfires are human caused, either intentionally or un-intentionally. In this study we aimed to develop and test a new method for mapping fire scars from MODIS imagery, to examine the temporal and spatial patterns of wildfires in Israel in the 2000s and to examine the factors controlling Israel's wildfire regime. To map the fires we used two 'off-the-shelf' MODIS fire products as our basis-the 1 km MODIS Collection 5 fire hotspots, the 500 m MCD45A1 burnt areas-and we created a new set of fire scar maps from the 250 m MOD13Q1 product. We carried out a cross comparison of the three MODIS based wildfire scar maps and evaluated them independently against the wild fire scars mapped from 30 m Landsat TM imagery. To examine the factors controlling wildfires we used GIS layers of rainfall, land use, and a Landsat-based national vegetation map. Wildfires occurred in areas where annual rainfall was above 250 mm, mostly in areas with herbaceous vegetation. Wildfire frequency was especially high in the Golan Heights and in the foothills of the Judean mountains, and a high correspondence was found between military training zones and the spatial distribution of fire scars. The use of MODIS satellite images enabled us to map wildfires at a national scale due to the high temporal resolution of the sensor. Our MOD13Q1 based mapping of fire scars adequately mapped large (>1 km**2) fires with accuracies above 80%. Such large fires account for a large proportion of all fires, and pose the greatest threats. This database can aid managers in determining wildfire risks in space and in time.

Indicadores agrometeorológicos obtidos com imagens MODIS na bacia hidrográfica do rio Paracatu.

Para análises dos parâmetros hídricos e de vegetação com ênfases em pivôs de irrigação, usou-se o produto MODIS MOD13Q1, em conjunto com dados agrometeorológicos nas áreas envolvidas pelos municípios do Noroeste de Minas Gerais, dentro da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Paracatu. A Evapotranspiração atual (ET) e a produção de biomassa (BIO) foram obtidas em toda a região de estudo sob diferentes condições termo hídricas, com aplicações do algoritmo SAFER e de Monteith. A produtividade da água (PA) nas áreas com pivôs, na maioria com a cultura do milho, foi estimada como a razão da BIO pela ET e e o resultado multiplicado pelo índice de colheita (IH) para dar a produtividade da água da cultura (PAC). A razão da ET para a evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) foi utilizada na elaboração de um modelo relacionando o coeficiente de cultura (Kc) e os graus-dias acumulados (GDac). Os resultados indicaram que a dinâmica dos parâmetros biofísicos em diferentes agros-ecossistemas pode ser monitorada nas resoluções espacial de 250 m e temporal de 16 dias e que o Kc determinado com imagens MODIS usados operacionalmente no manejo de irrigação.

Energy balances in sugar cane, coffee and natural vegetation in the northeastern side of the São Paulo state, Brazil

Under land and climate change scenarios, agriculture has experienced water competitions among other sectors in the São Paulo state, Brazil. On the one hand, in several occasions, in the northeastern side of this state, nowadays sugar-cane is expanding, while coffee plantations are losing space. On the other hand, both crops have replaced the natural vegetation composed by Savannah and Atlantic Coastal Forest species. Under this dynamic situation, geosciences are valuable tools for evaluating the large-scale energy and mass exchanges between these diffe rent agro-ecosystems and the lower atmosphere. For quantification of the energy balance components in these mixed agro-ecosystems, the bands 1 and 2 from the MODIS product MOD13Q1 we re used throughout SA FER (Surface Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) algorithm, which was applied together with a net of 12 automatic weather stations, during the year 2015 in the main sugar cane and coffee growing regions, located at the no rtheastern side of the state. The fraction of the global solar radiation (R G ) transformed into net radiation (Rn) was 52% for sugar cane and 53% for both, coffee and natural vegetation. The respective annual fractions of Rn used as λ E were 0.68, 0.87 and 0.77, while for the sensible heat (H) fluxes they were 0.27, 0.07 and 0.16. From April to July, heat advection raised λ E values above Rn promoting negative H, however these effects were much and less strong in coffee and sugar cane crop s, respectively. The smallest daily Rn fraction for all agro-ecosystems was for the soil heat flux (G), with averages of 5%, 6% and 7% in sugar cane, coffee and natural vegetation. From the energy balance analyses, we could conclude that, sugar-cane crop presented lower annual water consumption than that for coffee crop , what can be seen as an advantage in situations of water scarcity. However, the replacement of natural vegetation by su gar cane can contribute for warming th e environment, while when this occur with coffee crop there was noticed co oling conditions. The large scale modeling satisfactory results confirm the suitability of using MODIS products togeth er with weather stations to study the energy balance components in mixed agro-ecosystems under land-use and climate change conditions.