Down with MNE-centric theories! Market entry and expansion as the bundling of MNE and local assets

Both Anderson and Gatignon and the Uppsala internationalization model see the initial mode of foreign market entry and subsequent modes of operation as unilaterally determined by multinational enterprises (MNEs) arbitraging control and risk and increasing their commitment as they gain experience in the target market. OLI and internalization models do recognize that foreign market entry requires the bundling of MNE and complementary local assets, which they call location or country-specific advantages, but implicitly assume that those assets are freely accessible to MNEs. In contrast to both of these MNE-centric views, I explicitly consider the transactional characteristics of complementary local assets and model foreign market entry as the optimal assignment of equity between their owners and MNEs. By looking at the relative efficiency of the different markets in which MNE and complementary local assets are traded, and at how these two categories of assets match, I am able to predict whether equity will be held by MNEs or by local firms, or shared between them, and whether MNEs will enter through greenfields, brownfields, or acquisitions. The bundling model I propose has interesting implications for the evolution of the MNE footprint in host countries, and for the reasons behind the emergence of Dragon MNEs.

Why and how FDI stocks are a biased measure of MNE affiliate activity

Many international business (IB) studies have used foreign direct investment (FDI) stocks to measure the aggregate value-adding activity of multinational enterprises (MNE) affiliates in host countries. We argue that FDI stocks are a biased measure of that activity, because the degree to which they overestimate or underestimate affiliate activity varies systematically with host-country characteristics. First, most FDI into countries that serve as tax havens generate no actual productive activity; thus FDI stocks in such countries overestimate affiliate activity. Second, FDI stocks do not include locally raised external funds, funds widely used in countries with well-developed financial markets or volatile exchange rates, resulting in an underestimation of affiliate activity in such countries. Finally, the extent to which FDI translates into affiliate activity increases with affiliate labor productivity, so in countries where labor is more productive, FDI stocks also result in an underestimation of affiliate activity. We test these hypotheses by first regressing affiliate value-added and affiliate sales on FDI stocks to calculate a country-specific mismatch, and then by regressing this mismatch on a host country's tax haven status, level of financial market development, exchange rate volatility, and affiliate labor productivity. All hypotheses are supported, implying that FDI stocks are a biased measure of MNE affiliate activity, and hence that the results of FDI-data-based studies of such activity need to be reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La route qui mène au crime : déterminants de la mobilité des infracteurs de Gatineau en 2006

Cette étude porte sur la distance parcourue pour commettre un crime à Gatineau en 2006. Peu d’études canadiennes récentes ont porté sur le sujet. De plus, il existe un vide de connaissances sur la mobilité des délinquants dans les petites villes et les banlieues. La présente recherche vise à comparer trois mesures de distance différentes, à vérifier si la distance parcourue varie en fonction du type de crime et à voir si les variables de temps (jour de la semaine, moment de la journée et saison) de même que certaines caractéristiques des suspects (âge, sexe et lieu de résidence) ont un impact sur la distance parcourue. Pour chaque crime, l’adresse du suspect et le lieu du crime ont été géocodées pour ensuite calculer la distance entre les deux points. Il ressort de l’analyse de la forme des courbes de distances que seules les agressions sexuelles présentent une zone tampon. Les résultats des analyses statistiques indiquent que les jeunes sont plus mobiles que les suspects plus âgés et que les hommes parcourent une distance plus élevée que les femmes. Étonnement, la distance parcourue ne diffère pas significativement selon la saison et le moment de la journée. Enfin, comparativement aux autres criminels, les délinquants qui ont commis un vol qualifié sont ceux qui ont parcouru les plus grandes distances.

The end of the opportunism vs trust debate: bounded reliability as a new envelope concept in research on MNE governance

Modern transaction cost economics (TCE) thinking has developed into a key intellectual foundation of international business (IB) research, but the Williamsonian version has faced substantial criticism for adopting the behavioral assumption of opportunism. In this paper we assess both the opportunism concept and existing alternatives such as trust within the context of IB research, especially work on multinational enterprise (MNE) governance. Case analyses of nine global MNEs illustrate an alternative to the opportunism assumption that captures more fully the mechanisms underlying failed commitments inside the MNE. As a substitute for the often-criticized assumption of opportunism, we propose the envelope concept of bounded reliability (BRel), an assumption that represents more accurately and more completely the reasons for failed commitments, without invalidating the other critical assumption in conventional TCE (and internalization theory) thinking, namely the widely accepted envelope concept of bounded rationality (BRat). Bounded reliability as an envelope concept includes two main components, within the context of global MNE management: opportunism as intentional deceit, and benevolent preference reversal. The implications for IB research of adopting the bounded reliability concept are far reaching, as this concept may increase the legitimacy of comparative institutional analysis in the social sciences.

Global, local, or regional? The locus of MNE strategies

This paper provides an overview of the main insights arising from the ‘regional strategy’ literature. It also develops the contours of a new, rich research agenda for future international strategy scholarship, whereby the region should be introduced as an explicit, third geographic level of analysis, in addition to the country-level and the global level. Regional strategy analysis requires a fundamental rethink of mainstream theories in the international strategy sphere. This rethink involves, inter alia, internalization theory, with its resource-based view and transaction cost economics components, as well as the integration (I) – national responsiveness (NR) framework.

Livskunskap som ämne i skolan : En jämförelse mellan elevers och lärares syn på viktiga livskunskapsfrågor

Livskunskap som ämne kan vara en mötesplats där tid för diskussion och reflektion över viktiga livsfrågor finns. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka vilka centrala livsfrågor som kan ligga till grund för samtal och reflektion i skolan inom ämnet Livskunskap. Genom enkäter undersökte vi vilka livsfrågor som är viktiga för elever och genom intervjuer vilka livsfrågor som skolpersonal anser/tror vara viktiga för elever. Resultatet av intervjuerna visade att skolpersonal anser att relationer, sex och samlevnad och elevernas personliga framtid är av störst intresse för dem. Enkäterna visade att följande teman rangordnades högst av flest elever: världens framtid, krig, trygghet, ensamhet/övergivenhet, sex och samlevnad, framtid, liv/död, miljö/natur, mänskliga rättigheter samt alla likas värde. Undersökningen visar att det finns intressanta likheter och skillnader i elevers syn på viktiga livsfrågor kontra skolpersonals syn på vad som är viktigt för elever.

Musik i förskolan - ett utrotningshotat ämne? : En undersökning om ämnet musik i lärarutbildningen med inriktning mot förskolan och sju förskolors musikundervisning

Syftet med detta examensarbete var tvåfaldigt. För det första var det att pröva hypotesen, att det finns brister i ämnet musik i lärarutbildningen med inriktning mot förskolan. För det andra var det att se hur Läroplan för förskolan uppfylls i ämnetmusik på sju förskolor. Metoden var en varierad intervjumetod där personer på högskolor och universitet intervjuades via telefon och förskollärarnaintervjuades vid personliga möten. Resultatet av undersökningen visar dels att hypotesen stämmer och dels att Läroplan för förskolan i ämnet musik inte uppfylls till fullo på de undersökta förskolorna. Detta beror dock inte på bristande utbildning. Bristerna i ämnet musik vid lärarutbildningen med inriktningmot förskolan syns ännu inte i musikundervisning i förskolan, men risken finns i framtiden om inte utbildningen görs om.

Svensk sociologi : de många rösternas ämne

Sociologisk Forsknings digitala arkiv

Máne͏̈ lider.

Abraham Reisen