A geometria da Esponja de Menger

Neste trabalho estudaremos algumas propriedades geom´etricas do fractal “Esponja de Menger”, que é um objeto matemático construído através de um processo recursivo infinito que o torna auto-semelhante. Além disso, a dimens˜ao de um fractal n˜ao é necessariamente um número inteiro, diferentemente do que ocorre com os objetos da Geometria Euclidiana. Mais ainda, a Esponja possui área infinita e volume nulo, fatos que demonstraremos ao longo deste texto.

An introduction to the theory of value on the lines of Menger, Wieser, and Bohm-Bawerk,

"Writers and books referred to": p. viii.

Karl Marx és Karl Menger néhány gondolata a pénz eredetéről = The thoughts of Karl Marx and Karl Menger about the origin of money

Kisebb bizonytalankodás után a legtöbb közgazdászhallgató a pénz funkcióinak felsorolásába kezd, ha megkérdezik, hogyan határozná meg a pénz fogalmát. A gyakorlatiasabb, vagy a számvitel iránt elkötelezettebb diákok esetleg felidézik a banki mérleget és – részben helyesen – a pénzt kötelezettségként helyezik el benne. Mintha azonban még mindig egy kicsit pironkodnánk, hogy nem találjuk a megfelelő definíciót. És ez már így megy évszázadok óta. Jelen tanulmányban két XIX. századi közgazdász – Karl Marx és Karl Menger – néhány pénzelméleti következtetését igyekszem összehasonlítani, figyelembe véve az általuk képviselt közgazdasági elmélet alapvető eltéréseit. A mára általánosan elfogadottá váló szubjektív értékelmélet és a kissé elfeledett munkaérték-elmélet látszólag teljesen eltérő feltevéseire alapozva a két gondolkodó egészen hasonló eredményre jutott. Számukra a pénz nem egy egyszerű eszköz, sem követelés és kötelezettség, ahogyan most elkönyvelnénk, hanem áru. Eredetét nem állami törvényekből vezetik le, hanem társadalmi konszenzus során létrejött jelenségnek tekintik a pénzt, ami fölötte áll a törvényeknek, eredendően nem jelképet testesít meg, hanem különleges jószágként válik alkalmassá értékjel kifejezésére. / === / If being asked how to define money most students of economics would start listing the functions of money, or those students with more practical insight would place money as liability in the balance sheet of banks. It seems, however, as if we were still embarrassed by not finding the right definition. In the present study I am endeavouring to give a brief overview of various theoretical findings on the essence of money in the economy preceding the 19th century and then compare some money theoretical conclusions of two economists – Karl Marx and Karl Menger – considering the major differences of the economic theories represented by them. On the basis of the premises of the widely accepted subjective value theory and the somewhat forgotten labour theory of value the two 19th century thinkers came to rather similar results. For them money is not a simple means of payment, nor liability or claim, the way we would account for them now, but a special commodity. They do not attach its creation to the appearance of state laws on money as a legal tender but regard it as a social phenomenon which became capable of expressing a value token due to its peculiar characteristics.

Cost evaluation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance versus coronary angiography for the diagnostic work-up of coronary artery disease: Application of the European Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance registry data to the German, United Kingdom, Swiss, and United States health care systems.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has favorable characteristics for diagnostic evaluation and risk stratification of patients with known or suspected CAD. CMR utilization in CAD detection is growing fast. However, data on its cost-effectiveness are scarce. The goal of this study is to compare the costs of two strategies for detection of significant coronary artery stenoses in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD): 1) Performing CMR first to assess myocardial ischemia and/or infarct scar before referring positive patients (defined as presence of ischemia and/or infarct scar to coronary angiography (CXA) versus 2) a hypothetical CXA performed in all patients as a single test to detect CAD. METHODS: A subgroup of the European CMR pilot registry was used including 2,717 consecutive patients who underwent stress-CMR. From these patients, 21% were positive for CAD (ischemia and/or infarct scar), 73% negative, and 6% uncertain and underwent additional testing. The diagnostic costs were evaluated using invoicing costs of each test performed. Costs analysis was performed from a health care payer perspective in German, United Kingdom, Swiss, and United States health care settings. RESULTS: In the public sectors of the German, United Kingdom, and Swiss health care systems, cost savings from the CMR-driven strategy were 50%, 25% and 23%, respectively, versus outpatient CXA. If CXA was carried out as an inpatient procedure, cost savings were 46%, 50% and 48%, respectively. In the United States context, cost savings were 51% when compared with inpatient CXA, but higher for CMR by 8% versus outpatient CXA. CONCLUSION: This analysis suggests that from an economic perspective, the use of CMR should be encouraged as a management option for patients with suspected CAD.

EuroCMR (European Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance) registry: results of the German pilot phase.

OBJECTIVES: During its German pilot phase, the EuroCMR (European Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance) registry sought to evaluate indications, image quality, safety, and impact on patient management of routine CMR. BACKGROUND: CMR has a broad range of applications and is increasingly used in clinical practice. METHODS: This was a multicenter registry with consecutive enrollment of patients in 20 German centers. RESULTS: A total of 11,040 consecutive patients were enrolled. Eighty-eight percent of patients received gadolinium-based contrast agents. Twenty-one percent underwent adenosine perfusion, and 11% high-dose dobutamine-stress CMR. The most important indications were workup of myocarditis/cardiomyopathies (32%), risk stratification in suspected coronary artery disease/ischemia (31%), as well as assessment of viability (15%). Image quality was good in 90.1%, moderate in 8.1%, and inadequate in 1.8% of cases. Severe complications occurred in 0.05%, and were all associated with stress testing. No patient died during or due to CMR. In nearly two-thirds of patients, CMR findings impacted patient management. Importantly, in 16% of cases the final diagnosis based on CMR was different from the diagnosis before CMR, leading to a complete change in management. In more than 86% of cases, CMR was capable of satisfying all imaging needs so that no further imaging was required. CONCLUSIONS: CMR is frequently performed in clinical practice in many participating centers. The most important indications are workup of myocarditis/cardiomyopathies, risk stratification in suspected coronary artery disease/ischemia, and assessment of viability. CMR imaging as used in the centers of the pilot registry is a safe procedure, has diagnostic image quality in 98% of cases, and its results have strong impact on patient management.

Training and accreditation in cardiovascular magnetic resonance in Europe: a position statement of the working group on cardiovascular magnetic resonance of the European Society of Cardiology.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become an established imaging modality which provides often unique information on a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) training curriculum reflects the emerging role of CMR by recommending that all trainees obtain a minimum level of training in CMR and by defining criteria for subspecialty training in CMR. 1 The wider use of CMR requires the definition of standards for data acquisition, reporting, and training in CMR across Europe. At the same time, training and accreditation in all cardiac imaging methods should be harmonized and integrated to promote the training of cardiac imaging specialists. The recommendations presented in this document are intended to inform the discussion about standards for accreditation and certification in CMR in Europe and the discussion on integrated imaging training. At present, the recommendations in this position statement are not to be interpreted as guidelines. Until such guidelines are available and nationally ratified, physicians will be able to train and practice CMR according to current national regulations.

On the Schoenberg transformations in data analysis: theory and illustrations

The class of Schoenberg transformations, embedding Euclidean distances into higher dimensional Euclidean spaces, is presented, and derived from theorems on positive definite and conditionally negative definite matrices. Original results on the arc lengths, angles and curvature of the transformations are proposed, and visualized on artificial data sets by classical multidimensional scaling. A distance-based discriminant algorithm and a robust multidimensional centroid estimate illustrate the theory, closely connected to the Gaussian kernels of Machine Learning.

Value and Prices in Russian Economic Thought: A journey inside the Russian Synthesis, 1890-1920

This book explores Russian synthesis that occurred in Russian economic thought between 1890 and 1920. This includes all the attempts at synthesis between classical political economy and marginalism; the labour theory of value and marginal utility; and value and prices. The various ways in which Russian economists have approached these issues have generally been addressed in a piecemeal fashion in history of economic thought literature. This book returns to the primary sources in the Russian language, translating many into English for the first time, and offers the first comprehensive history of the Russian synthesis. The book first examines the origins of the Russian synthesis by determining the condition of reception in Russia of the various theories of value involved: the classical theories of value of Ricardo and Marx on one side; the marginalist theories of prices of Menger, Walras and Jevons on the other. It then reconstructs the three generations of the Russian synthesis: the first (Tugan-Baranovsky), the second, the mathematicians (Dmitriev, Bortkiewicz, Shaposhnikov, Slutsky, etc.) and the last (Yurovsky), with an emphasis on Tugan-Baranovsky's initial impetus. This volume is suitable for those studying economic theory and philosophy as well as those interested in the history of economic thought.

Français 2307

Contient : 1° « Remonstrances sur les miseres et abuz de ce monde, pour retraire ung chascun de peché » ; 2° « Instruction et doctrine à bien vivre et mourir » ; 3° « Aux jeunes mariez » ; 4° « Plusieurs beaulx Dictz et enseignemens de la saige CHRISTINE DE PISAN à son filz » ; 5° « Plusieurs Enseignemens utiles et prouffitables » ; 6° « Contre aulcuns exces qui se commettent chascun jour à boire et menger » ; 7° « De la Beaulté tres excellente-de Nostre Seigneur Jesus Christ » ; 8° « La Voye de paradis » ; 9° « Plusieurs devotes Contemplations sur les injures, derisions et opprobres faictz à Nostre Seigneur Jesus Christ, touchant les parolles dictes par Pylate : Eccehomo » ; 10° De la Patience ; 11° « De la Brefveté de la vie humaine » ; 12° « Rondeau contre les mal parlans ». Refrain : « Entre vivans » ; 13° « Les douze Vertuz et qualitez » ; 14° De la Nécessité de mourir ; 15° « Calcul de plusieurs pieces de monnoye » ; 16° « Ballade contre les aveuglez mondains » (fol. 54). Refrain : « C'est parce que sommes pervers » ; 17° « Aultre Ballade moralle contre les aveuglez mondains » (fol. 55). Refrain : « Quant de voz maulx vous fauldra rendre compte » ; 18° « Rondeau double de la misere du monde » (fol. 56). Refrain : « Où pensez vous ? » ; 19° « Bons Enseignemens et authoritez » ; 20° « Bon Regime fort utile pour le corps et l'ame d'ung chascun » ; 21° « Destruction du corps humain » ; 22° « Dicton utile pour chascune personne » ; 23° « Ballade faicte en l'honneur de la croix, la couronne d'espines et la lance de Nostre Seigneur Jesus Christ ». Refrain : « Tant que les larmes en yssent de noz yeux » ; 24° « Aultre Ballade en l'honneur de la glorieuse Vierge Marie » (fol. 62). Refrain : « Mere de Dieu, que veult on plus ? » ; 25° « Aultre Ballade en l'honneur de monsieur sainct Jehan l'evangeliste » (fol. 63). Refrain : « Mignon de Dieu, que veult on plus ? » ; 26° Enseignements

A study on fuzzy semi inner product spaces

Mathematical models are often used to describe physical realities. However, the physical realities are imprecise while the mathematical concepts are required to be precise and perfect. Even mathematicians like H. Poincare worried about this. He observed that mathematical models are over idealizations, for instance, he said that only in Mathematics, equality is a transitive relation. A first attempt to save this situation was perhaps given by K. Menger in 1951 by introducing the concept of statistical metric space in which the distance between points is a probability distribution on the set of nonnegative real numbers rather than a mere nonnegative real number. Other attempts were made by M.J. Frank, U. Hbhle, B. Schweizer, A. Sklar and others. An aspect in common to all these approaches is that they model impreciseness in a probabilistic manner. They are not able to deal with situations in which impreciseness is not apparently of a probabilistic nature. This thesis is confined to introducing and developing a theory of fuzzy semi inner product spaces.

Resumen de las principales ponencias de la Conferencia sobre música contemporánea organizada por el Consejo de Europa.

Se resume el contenido de las ponencias presentadas a la Conferencia que sobre la música contemporánea se ha celebrado en Estrasburgo, en septiembre de 1985. Los informes presentados tratan de: 'El compositor de hoy-una época nueva. Medios nuevos' a cargo de Jacques Guyonnet; 'Centro Europeo de Documentación y de Difusión para la Música Contemporánea' de Carla Henius; 'Aspectos psicológicos de los tiempos en la música contemporánea' por Michel Imberty; 'Los niños y las músicas de nuestro tiempo' a cargo de John Paynter; 'La música como espacio metacultural de educación' de Boris Porena; 'Música moderna, música pedagógica, pedagogía musical' de Henri Pousseur; 'La evolución de los gustos musicales. Aspectos psicológicos y neuropsicológicos' por Arlette Zenati; 'Inventar-escuchar-juzgar: la oferta y la demanda de música nueva' de Pierre-Michel Menger y, 'Los festivales y la difusión contemporánea' a cargo de Laurent Bayle.

O processo de desenvolvimento de produtos : estudo de casos de empresas fornecedoras da cadeia automotiva do Rio Grande do Sul

Este trabalho versa sobre o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, que pode ser definido como a transformação de uma idéia (uma oportunidade de negócios) em um produto acabado, pronto para ser vendido. Este processo é desdobrado em uma série de atividades e visa combinar as necessidades do mercado, ou seja, do cliente, com as capacidades e possibilidades tecnológicas da empresa. O desafio na gestão do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos consiste na integração das atividades, requisitos e competência s necessárias para melhorar a eficiência do processo como um todo. Para explicar a operacionalização da gestão integrada, realizou-se um estudo de múltiplos casos onde foram analisadas três empresas fornecedoras first tier da Cadeia Automotiva do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, foram descritos o mix de projetos e as etapas do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos. Foi analisada, em cada empresa, a composição, a operação e a coordenação das equipes de desenvolvimento, os meios de comunicação utilizados e a participação de clientes e fornecedores durante o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos. A principal conclusão é que a gestão integrada é viabilizada pela cultura organizacional e pelos meios de comunicação. Foram exploradas, também, as contribuições externas que podem ser dadas por clientes, fornecedores e outras organizações, sendo constatado o efetivo envolvimento desses parceiros externos. No entanto, a integração entre os agentes internos e externos requer organização para o sucesso do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos.

Lindelof spaces which are indestructible, productive, or D

We discuss relationships in Lindelof spaces among the properties "indestructible". "productive", "D", and related properties. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.