Els nens i els clàssics de la literatura

Les adaptacions d'obres classiques per a nens formen part d'un sector de la literatura els límits del qual han fet córrer molta tinta: la literatura infantil. No entraré en la polemica sobre si aquesta és una mena de literatura amb característiques propies, diferents de la destinada als adults, o si bé hi ha obres literaries tout court, independentment del seu destinatari ideal. Tot i aixo, és evident que si una publicació porta la indicació "per a nens" o figura en una col-lecció d'aquest tipus, haurem de tenir-ho en compte. Per tant, obviant una definició de literatura infantil, possiblement arriscada, em limitaré a mostrar com l'autor d'un text -procedent d'un altre text, al més sovint d'un altre autor i sense destinatari explícitactua perque el seu pugui ser compres -i assaborit- pels nens.

Los cachorros, de Mario Vargas LLosa, ¿una historia pasada que no puede repetirse?

El reciente otorgamiento del Premio Nobel1 de Literatura2 al escritor peruano Mario Vargas Llosa3 nos permite acercarnos tanto al perfil del autor como a una de sus obras breves: el cuento de 'Los cachorros' llevado al cine por el director mexicano Jorge Fons. El conjunto nos induce a la reflexión y al análisis para ver que situaciones concretas, imprevistas, cambian la vida de las personas,también de las más jóvenes; y a considerar el trasunto ético que ello conlleva como responsabilidad social. Este aspecto puede interesar a adolescentes y jóvenes de secundaria y de bachillerato por la cercanía con la que suelen percibir el problema que se trata, al compararlo con otros análogos.

¿Por qué adaptar a los clásicos?

Nadie discute la importancia de las obras clásicas, pero pocos tienen acceso a ellas. Sus nombres, sus autores forman el cuerpo de la historia de la literatura; son, pues, materia de estudio. Honran calles, plazas; visten centenarios, premios; arropan con su excelencia la historia del país, incluso dibujan rutas turísticas, en las que se contemplan esculturas de sus personajes y placas alusivas, y, sin embargo, la mayoría de los ciudadanos de esas ciudades y pueblos, y la gran parte de los transeúntes de esos caminos no han leído las obras literarias cuyos nombres conocen tan bien. Y lo que es peor, sus hijos y sus nietos no sólo no las van a leer, sino que no pueden leerlas. No estoy hablando de un extraño pueblo cuyos habitantes sufren una terrible maldición, no; estoy hablando de nuestro país y de nuestros clásicos, tal vez eso sí exagerando un poco

Tresors amagats per a molts. Els secrets del clàssics.

La paraula «clàssic» sol espantar perquè se sol associar a «difícil», avorrit», «d'altres temps», fins i tot a «lectura obligada». Aquest adjectiu sempre té un regust amarg, però un «clàssic» és precisament tot el contrari: és el segell de garantia d'una creació. Si un llibre és «clàssic» és que ha aconseguit sobreviure al pas del temps i és una autèntica joia. Joanot Martorell va començar a escriure el seu Tirant lo Blanc un 2 de gener de 1460, com diu, i si avui la seva obra segueix entusiasmant uns pocs privilegiats és perquè amaga tresors que ells sols han pogut veure. Per què no en gaudim tots, d'aquesta riquesa? Si els nens, que són el nostre futur, poguessin divertir-se amb el que diu, ells mateixos, de grans, revelarien aquest «secret» als seus fills, i així aquesta novel·la meravellosa deixaria de ser un paradís per a uns pocs, i al mateix temps aquest tros essencial de la cultura seria patrimoni de tots.

Apocalypse now e o coração das trevas: o embate entre indivíduo e sociedade

O filme Apocalypse Now (1979), de Francis Ford Coppola, inspirado no romance O Coração das Trevas (1902), de Joseph Conrad, discute o conflito entre indivíduo e sociedade no contexto da Guerra do Vietnã, nos anos 60 e 70 do século XX. Este trabalho pretende mostrar, embasado pela Semiótica francesa, as estratégias utilizadas pelo diretor para explicitar essa oposição na linguagem cinematográfica e preservar a fidelidade temática em relação às questões abordadas pelo livro, passado durante o Imperialismo britânico na África, no século XIX.

Gender und Genre in melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen der Gegenwart - Far From Heaven, The Hours, A Single Man

Die Dissertation Gender und Genre in melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen der Gegenwart untersucht das Medium Film anhand von Todd Haynes’ Far from Heaven (2002), Stephen Daldrys The Hours (2002) und Tom Fords A Single Man (2009) als Quelle des Wissens über gesellschaftlich-normierte Geschlechterrollen und sozialkonstruierte Genderkonzepte. Die Arbeit versteht sich als eine nachhaltige Schnittstellenforschung zwischen Gender-, Literatur-, Film- und Medienwissenschaften und zeigt die Öffnung der Germanistik für den medial geprägten Kulturwandel, welcher den deutschen bzw. den deutschsprachigen Kulturraum betrifft. Gender und Geschlecht destabilisieren die Gesellschaft und die „heterosexuelle Matrix“ durch das individuelle Suchen, Finden, Konstruieren und Anerkennen einer eigenen, individuellen Genderidentität. Dieser Prozess kann unter Zuhilfenahme des Erzählens von Geschlecht im Film verdeutlicht werden, denn die audiovisuelle Fiktion modelliert Wirklichkeitsvorstellungen und das Wirklichkeitsverständnis der Rezipienten. Wobei offen bleibt, ob die Fiktion die Realität oder die Realität die Fiktion imitiert. Denn es gibt nicht nur eine Wahrheit, sondern mehrere, vielleicht unzählige Bedeutungszuschreibungen. Die drei paradigmatischen Literaturverfilmungen wurden jeweils in Bezug zu ihren Literaturvorlagen von Virginia Woolf, Michael Cunningham und Christopher Isherwood gesetzt. Sie können als Beispiele für ein wissendes, postmodernes Pastiche des Themen-Clusters Diskriminierung/Homophobie/Homosexualität/„Rasse“ gelten. Alle drei Filme verhandeln durch gemeinsame, melodramatische Motive (Spiegel, Telefon, Krieg, Familie) die Darstellbarkeit von Emotionen, Begehren, Sehnsüchten, Einsamkeit und dem Verlust der Liebe. Durch Verbindungslinien zu den Melodramen von Douglas Sirk und mittels den Theorien von u.a. Judith Butler, Stanley Cavell, Carolin Emcke, Thomas Elsaesser, Sigmund Freud, Hermann Kappelhoff und Laura Mulvey wurde das Begriffspaar Genre und Gender her-ausgestellt und im zeitgenössischen Geschlechter-Diskurs verortet. Das im Verlauf der Arbeit erarbeitete Wissen zu Gender, Sexualität, Körper und Geschlecht wurde als ein Gender-Genre-Hybrid verstanden und im Genre des queeren bzw. homosexuellen Melodrams (gay melodrama) neu verortet. Die drei Filme sind als ein Wiederbelebungsversuch bzw. ein Erweiterungsversuch des melodramatischen Genres unter dem Genderaspekt anzusehen. Die Analyse und Dekonstruktion feststehender Begriffe im Kontext der Gender- und Gay Studies und dem Queer Cinema lösen produktive Krisen und damit emanzipierte Verfahren aus. Diese müssen immer wieder neu beschrieben werden, damit sie wahrgenommen und verstanden werden. Daher sind die drei melodramatischen Literaturverfilmungen ein fiktionales Dokumentationsmodell gesellschaftlicher Konflikte, welches anhand individueller Schicksale verdeutlicht wird.

Enhanced Glucose-induced Intracellular Signaling Promotes Insulin Hypersecretion: Pancreatic Beta-cell Functional Adaptations In A Model Of Genetic Obesity And Prediabetes.

Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and is known to be a risk factor for type-2 diabetes. In obese individuals, pancreatic beta-cells try to compensate for the increased insulin demand in order to maintain euglycemia. Most studies have reported that this adaptation is due to morphological changes. However, the involvement of beta-cell functional adaptations in this process needs to be clarified. For this purpose, we evaluated different key steps in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in intact islets from female ob/ob obese mice and lean controls. Obese mice showed increased body weight, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and fed hyperglycemia. Islets from ob/ob mice exhibited increased glucose-induced mitochondrial activity, reflected by enhanced NAD(P)H production and mitochondrial membrane potential hyperpolarization. Perforated patch-clamp examination of beta-cells within intact islets revealed several alterations in the electrical activity such as increased firing frequency and higher sensitivity to low glucose concentrations. A higher intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in response to glucose was also found in ob/ob islets. Additionally, they displayed a change in the oscillatory pattern and Ca(2+) signals at low glucose levels. Capacitance experiments in intact islets revealed increased exocytosis in individual ob/ob beta-cells. All these up-regulated processes led to increased GSIS. In contrast, we found a lack of beta-cell Ca(2+) signal coupling, which could be a manifestation of early defects that lead to beta-cell malfunction in the progression to diabetes. These findings indicate that beta-cell functional adaptations are an important process in the compensatory response to obesity.

Pollination Ecology Of Two Species Of Elleanthus (orchidaceae): Novel Mechanisms And Underlying Adaptations To Hummingbird Pollination.

Relationships among floral biology, floral micromorphology and pollinator behaviour in bird-pollinated orchids are important issues to understand the evolution of the huge flower diversity within Orchidaceae. We aimed to investigate floral mechanisms underlying the interaction with pollinators in two hummingbird-pollinated orchids occurring in the Atlantic forest. We assessed floral biology, nectar traits, nectary and column micromorphologies, breeding systems and pollinators. In both species, nectar is secreted by lip calli through spaces between the medial lamellar surfaces of epidermal cells. Such form of floral nectar secretion has not been previously described. Both species present functional protandry and are self-compatible yet pollinator-dependent. Fruit sets in hand-pollination experiments were more than twice those under natural conditions, evidencing pollen limitation. The absence of fruit set in interspecific crosses suggests the existence of post-pollination barriers between these synchronopatric species. In Elleanthus brasiliensis, fruits resulting from cross-pollination and natural conditions were heavier than those resulting from self-pollination, suggesting advantages to cross-pollination. Hummingbirds pollinated both species, which share at least one pollinator species. Species differences in floral morphologies led to distinct pollination mechanisms. In E. brasiliensis, attachment of pollinaria to the hummingbird bill occurs through a lever apparatus formed by an appendage in the column, another novelty to the knowledge of orchids. In E. crinipes, pollinaria attachment occurs by simple contact with the bill during insertion into the flower tube, which fits tightly around the bill. The novelties described here illustrate the overlooked richness in ecology and morphophysiology in Orchidaceae. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Adaptations in autonomic function during exercise training in heart failure

Although neurohumoral excitation is the hallmark of heart failure (HF), the mechanisms underlying this alteration are not entirely known. Abnormalities in several systems contribute to neurohumoral excitation in HF, including arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors, central and peripheral chemoreceptors, cardiac chemoreceptors, and central nervous system abnormalities. Exercise intolerance is characteristic of chronic HF, and growing evidence strongly suggests that exercise limitation in patients with chronic HF is not due to elevated filling pressures or inadequate cardiac output during exercise, but instead due to skeletal myopathy. Several lines of evidence suggest that sympathetic excitation contributes to the skeletal myopathy of HF, since sympathetic activity mediates vasoconstriction at rest and during exercise likely restrains muscle blood flow, arteriolar dilatation, and capillary recruitment, leading to underperfused areas of working muscle, and areas of muscle ischemia, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammation. Although controversial, either unmyelinated, metabolite-sensitive afferent fibers, and/or myelinated, mechanosensitive afferent fibers in skeletal muscle underlie the exaggerated sympathetic activity in HF. Exercise training has emerged as a unique non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment of HF. Regular exercise improves functional capacity and quality of life, and perhaps prognosis in chronic HF patients. Recent studies have provided convincing evidence that these benefits in chronic HF patients are mediated by significant reduction in central sympathetic outflow as a consequence of improvement in arterial and chemoreflex controls, and correction of central nervous system abnormalities, and increase in peripheral blood flow with reduction in cytokines and increase in mass muscle.

Sociology and literary criticism

The crisis of literary criticism, an essay published by Theodor Adorno in 1953, is dedicated to important problems of Literary Studies, such as the role of the critic himself. Adorno gave a class on Social Sciences in Frankfurt, in 1968, discussing ways of studying and thinking social matters. As an ensemble, these two works are an important contribution to the debate on quality of academic production.

Baroreflex deficit blunts exercise training-induced cardiovascular and autonomic adaptations in hypertensive rats

P>1. Baroreceptors regulate moment-to-moment blood pressure (BP) variations, but their long-term effect on the cardiovascular system remains unclear. Baroreceptor deficit accompanying hypertension contributes to increased BP variability (BPV) and sympathetic activity, whereas exercise training has been associated with an improvement in these baroreflex-mediated changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the autonomic, haemodynamic and cardiac morphofunctional effects of long-term sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation (SAD) in trained and sedentary spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). 2. Rats were subjected to SAD or sham surgery and were then further divided into sedentary and trained groups. Exercise training was performed on a treadmill (five times per week, 50-70% maximal running speed). All groups were studied after 10 weeks. 3. Sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation in SHR had no effect on basal heart rate (HR) or BP, but did augment BPV, impairing the cardiac function associated with increased cardiac hypertrophy and collagen deposition. Exercise training reduced BP and HR, re-established baroreflex sensitivity and improved both HR variability and BPV. However, SAD in trained SHR blunted all these improvements. Moreover, the systolic and diastolic hypertensive dysfunction, reduced left ventricular chamber diameter and increased cardiac collagen deposition seen in SHR were improved after the training protocol. These benefits were attenuated in trained SAD SHR. 4. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that the arterial baroreflex mediates cardiac disturbances associated with hypertension and is crucial for the beneficial cardiovascular morphofunctional and autonomic adaptations induced by chronic exercise in hypertension.