866 resultados para Linguistic varieties
Sayagués y lengua gauchesca : paralelismos y divergencias en la construcción de un lenguaje especial
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Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula.
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Murciano is a non-standard variety that is spoken in Murcia, a region in the southeast of Spain.This study aims to investigate which are the attitudes toward the variety from the dimensions ofsolidarity and status.We will use two groups of informants. One integrated by 20 natives from Murcia who use thevariety, and the other by 16 non-spanish-natives that have never been in contact with murciano.The intention with the study is to investigate which attitudes both groups show towardmurciano and analyse the differences and similarities between them. We expect the natives toshow positive attitudes in the dimension of solidarity, and negatives in the dimension of status.We expect the non-natives to show the same kind of attidudes toward both varieties (thestandard-spanish and murciano) while they have never been in contact with the non-standardand therefore should not have the sociocultural background that help people to create negativeattitudes toward non-standard varieties.The chosen method is an indirect one, and the used technique is the matched-guise. Theinformants listen to two different voices talking two times each: one in standard-spanish andone in murciano. After they have listened to one voice in one variety they answer 10 differentquestions to measure their attitudes in the both dimensions we aim to investigate. The resultsare analysed from the gender and the education variables.The results show that the natives attitudes toward murciano are positives from the solidaritydimension but negatives from the status one, results that confirm the first hypothesis. However,the study shows that the non-natives also have negative attitudes toward the variety in the statusdimension but positive toward the standard-spanish, which means that the second hypothesiswas wrong, something that could have been caused by the fact that all non-natives had a higheducational-level. Other studies show that education is a factor that can have a bearing onhaving negative attitudes toward non-standard varieties.
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The aim of this study is to measure and analyse the attitudes towards a linguisticvariety called murciano. This variety is a regional standard of Spanish, namely, theSpanish talked in Murcia, a city located in the South of Spain.There are two groups of informants in this study. The first group is composed of12 people from Murcia and the second group consists of 12 people who know thevariety of murciano but are not natives from the city of Murcia. The methodapplied is the indirect method matched guise. The informants listened to fourdifferent recordings of voices acting as either a Spanish speaking person or amurciano speaking person. Ten short questions related with the voices were askedto the informants, who gave their answers on a Likert attitude scale.The results show that the attitudes towards murciano and the standard Spanishdiffer in both groups of informants. The group of natives from Murcia show morepositive attitudes toward the variety murciano than the group of non-natives fromMurcia. However, when the results towards the variety murciano and the standardSpanish are compared with each other, it is the standard Spanish the one thatreceives more positive valuations. In addition, the observations show that thegroup of non-natives from Murcia are more critical and negative in their attitudestoward the different linguistic varieties than the group of natives from Murcia.
Estudo diacrônico do uso das preposições: documentos latino-portugueses e português paulista moderno
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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This paper examines the adaptations of the writing system in Internet language in mainland China from a sociolinguistic perspective. A comparison is also made of the adaptations in mainland China with those that Su (2003) found in Taiwan. In Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), writing systems are often adapted to compensate for their inherent inadequacies (such as difficulty in input). Su (2003) investigates the creative uses of the writing system on the electronic bulletin boards (BBS) of two college student organizations in Taipei, Taiwan, and identifies four popular and creative uses of the Chinese writing system: stylized English, stylized Taiwanese-accented Mandarin, stylized Taiwanese, and the recycling of a transliteration alphabet used in elementary education. According to Coupland (2001; cited in Su 2003), stylization is “the knowing deployment of culturally familiar styles and identities that are marked as deviating from those predictably associated with the current speaking context”. Within this framework and drawing on the data in previous publications on Internet language and online sources, this study identifies five types of adaptations in mainland China’s Internet language: stylized Mandarin (e.g., 漂漂 piāopiāo for 漂亮 ‘beautiful’), stylized dialect-accented Mandarin (e.g., 灰常 huīcháng for 非常 ‘very much’), stylized English (e.g., 伊妹儿 yīmèier for ‘email’), stylized initials (e.g., bt 变态 biàntài for ‘abnormal’; pk, short form for ‘player kill’), and stylized numbers (e.g., 9494 jiùshi jiùshi 就是就是 ‘that is it’). The Internet community is composed of highly mobile individuals and thus forms a weak-tie social network. According to Milroy and Milroy (1992), a social network with weak ties is often where language innovation takes place. Adaptations of the Chinese writing system in Internet language provide interesting evidence for the innovations within a weak-tie social network. Our comparison of adaptations in mainland China and Taiwan shows that, in maximizing the effectiveness and functionality of their communication, participants of Internet communication are confronted with different language resources and situations, including differences in Romanization systems, English proficiency level, and attitudes towards English usage. As argued by Milroy and Milroy (1992), a weak-tie social network model can bridge the social class and social network. In the Internet community, the degree of diversity of the stylized linguistic varieties indexes the virtual and/or social status of its participants: the more diversified one’s Internet language is, the higher is his/her virtual and/or social status.
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Desde un enfoque constructivista del espacio urbano como producto social, en el presente artículo presentamos algunos aspectos teóricos y metodológicos para el análisis de las representaciones geosociales y la identidad urbana para luego investigar a partir de una selección de mapas mentales la imagen espacial que los hablantes expresan a través de las variedades lingüísticas que distinguen, estilizan y ubican en su cartografía mental de la ciudad. Se trata de un primer acercamiento a un corpus recopilado en 2013, que permite observar, por un lado, que la percepción del espacio urbano está basada en la fuerte identificación de los porteños con los barrios de la ciudad y, por otro lado, que existe en el imaginario colectivo una dicotomía norte-sur estilizada que se refleja tanto en lo social, lo espacial y lo lingüístico.
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Este artículo tiene por objetivo principal contribuir a la discusión acerca de la necesidad de construir un marco teórico apropiado para el análisis de las situaciones de contacto lingüístico. Proponemos abordar el problema desde la teoría general del lenguaje para lo cual presentamos herramientas metodológicas acordes con el enfoque teórico que sustenta nuestro trabajo. Desde una concepción no apriorística del estudio del lenguaje, intentamos mostrar la importancia de los análisis basados en el uso real de las lenguas. Esta concepción metodológica del análisis lingüístico otorga un lugar central al estudio de la variación sintáctica, relevante para el conocimiento de los fenómenos de contacto de lenguas, de conformación de variedades y de cambio lingüístico. Por último, presentamos el aporte sustancial que reviste la validación cualitativa y cuantitativa de los datos desde un enfoque como el aquí planteado
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Este artículo tiene por objetivo principal contribuir a la discusión acerca de la necesidad de construir un marco teórico apropiado para el análisis de las situaciones de contacto lingüístico. Proponemos abordar el problema desde la teoría general del lenguaje para lo cual presentamos herramientas metodológicas acordes con el enfoque teórico que sustenta nuestro trabajo. Desde una concepción no apriorística del estudio del lenguaje, intentamos mostrar la importancia de los análisis basados en el uso real de las lenguas. Esta concepción metodológica del análisis lingüístico otorga un lugar central al estudio de la variación sintáctica, relevante para el conocimiento de los fenómenos de contacto de lenguas, de conformación de variedades y de cambio lingüístico. Por último, presentamos el aporte sustancial que reviste la validación cualitativa y cuantitativa de los datos desde un enfoque como el aquí planteado
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Este artículo tiene por objetivo principal contribuir a la discusión acerca de la necesidad de construir un marco teórico apropiado para el análisis de las situaciones de contacto lingüístico. Proponemos abordar el problema desde la teoría general del lenguaje para lo cual presentamos herramientas metodológicas acordes con el enfoque teórico que sustenta nuestro trabajo. Desde una concepción no apriorística del estudio del lenguaje, intentamos mostrar la importancia de los análisis basados en el uso real de las lenguas. Esta concepción metodológica del análisis lingüístico otorga un lugar central al estudio de la variación sintáctica, relevante para el conocimiento de los fenómenos de contacto de lenguas, de conformación de variedades y de cambio lingüístico. Por último, presentamos el aporte sustancial que reviste la validación cualitativa y cuantitativa de los datos desde un enfoque como el aquí planteado
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This volume focuses on the closely allied yet differing linguistic varieties of Birmingham and its immediate neighbour to the west, the industrial heartland of the Black Country. Both of these areas rose to economic prominence and success during the Industrial Revolution, and both have suffered economically and socially as a result of post-war industrial decline. The industrial heritage of both areas has meant that tight knit and socially homogeneous individual areas in each region have demonstrated in many respects little linguistic change over time, and have continued to exhibit linguistic features, especially morphological constructions, peculiar to these areas or now restricted to these areas. At the same time, immigration from other areas of the British Isles over time, from Commonwealth countries and later from EU member states, together with increased social mobility, have meant that newly developing structures and more widespread UK linguistic phenomena have spread into these varieties. This volume provides a clear description of the structure of the linguistic varieties spoken in the two areas. Following the structure of the Dialects of English volumes, it provides: •A comprehensive overview of the phonological, grammatical and lexical structure of both varieties, as well as similarities between the two varieties and distinguishing features •Thorough discussion of the historical and social factors behind the development of the varieties and the stigma attached to these varieties •Discussion of the unusual situation of the Black Country as an area undefined in geographical and administrative terms, existing only in the imagination •Examples of the variety from native speakers of differing ethnicities, ages and genders •An annotated bibliography for further consultation
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The aim of this project is to carry out a linguistic analysis of a group of modern and contemporary narratives written by authors from the same Italian region: Piedmont. The novels and short stories examined stand out for the intriguing ways in which they move between a variety of idioms – Italian, Piedmontese dialects, English and pastiches, with some rare excursions into French. A sociolinguistic study and an overview of political changes that Piedmont underwent from the sixteenth to the twenty-first centuries are provided, with the purpose of outlining the region’s sociogeographical and historical background which can be seen to have fostered multilingualism in a group of writers. With the support of linguistic studies and philosophical theories on the relation between identity, alterity and language (such as Edwards’s Language and Identity and Bakhtin’s reflections on language), I then elucidate the presence of diverse linguistic varieties in selected narratives by Cesare Pavese, Beppe Fenoglio, Primo Levi, Nanni Balestrini, Fruttero & Lucentini, Benito Mazzi and Younis Tawfik. In other words, my purpose is to explain the reasons for multilingualism in each writer, as well as to underscore the ideological positions which lie behind the linguistic strategies of the authors. With this study I attempt to fill a gap and cast new light on Piedmontese literature. Although some critical studies on the use of dialect or English exist on individual authors and works (e.g. Meddemmem on Fenoglio’s use of English and Beccaria on Pavese’s inclusion of Piedmontese dialect), and some important contributions to the history of Piedmontese literature have appeared in print, to date no current, systematic study that compares different Piedmontese writers under the language/identity theme has been published. The study concludes with a summary of the evolution of plurilingualism in Piedmont and highlights the common trends in the use of multiple linguistic varieties as tools for both social demarcation and an opening up to alternative, marginalised andforeign cultures.
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O Espanhol é, cada vez mais, uma língua de destaque no panorama mundial. Daí que surja a necessidade de garantir a qualidade e constante aprimoramento do ensino/aprendizagem desta língua. Um dos nossos propósitos, com o presente estudo, foi aprofundar e refletir sobre os conhecimentos dos alunos acerca da diversidade (intra)linguística do Espanhol, promovendo, deste modo, a sua valorização. Elaborámos, como ponto de partida, um enquadramento teórico que sustenta a investigação onde abordamos a dimensão atual do Espanhol e das suas variedades, bem como a questão dos estereótipos relacionada com o ensino das variedades (intra)linguísticas espanholas. De seguida, procedemos à implementação de um estudo de caso, tendo em conta o Espanhol como língua internacional e pluricêntrica, com variedades distintas. O referido estudo apresenta contornos de investigação-ação e foi desenvolvido num agrupamento de escolas da região de Aveiro, no ano letivo 2014/2015. No decurso do nosso projeto, socorremo-nos de diversas técnicas e instrumentos de recolha de dados, nomeadamente um inquérito por questionário e fichas de atividades para identificar e descrever os estereótipos dos alunos. Neste projeto, analisamos os resultados de uma investigação onde destacamos, por um lado, os estereótipos que alunos portugueses, do 8.º ano de escolaridade, têm sobre a realidade da língua espanhola e das suas variedades, no mundo; por outro lado, a presença/ausência dessa diversidade (intra)linguística nos manuais escolares que acompanharam a turma-alvo do estudo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi realizada ainda uma sessão de sensibilização às variedades do Espanhol. Os resultados demonstram que os manuais escolares analisados contêm visões estereotipadas e redutoras sobre a diversidade linguística espanhola, sobrevalorizando, em certa medida, a norma peninsular. Os dados recolhidos através do inquérito por questionário, permitiram-nos concluir que os alunos possuíam visões estereotipadas sobre o Espanhol e as suas variedades. No entanto, mediante a sessão de sensibilização para a valorização da diversidade linguística espanhola, concluímos que foi criado um espaço de reflexão que permitisse quer a reconstrução de estereótipos quer ainda um espaço de diálogo e debate coletivo sobre como as diferenças da língua a podem enriquecer.
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Several definitions exist that offer to identify the boundaries between languages and dialects, yet these distinctions are inconsistent and are often as political as they are linguistic (Chambers & Trudgill, 1998). A different perspective is offered in this thesis, by investigating how closely related linguistic varieties are represented in the brain and whether they engender similar cognitive effects as is often reported for bilingual speakers of recognised independent languages, based on the principles of Green’s (1998) model of bilingual language control. Study 1 investigated whether bidialectal speakers exhibit similar benefits in non-linguistic inhibitory control as a result of the maintenance and use of two dialects, as has been proposed for bilinguals who regularly employ inhibitory control mechanisms, in order to suppress one language while speaking the other. The results revealed virtually identical performance across all monolingual, bidialectal and bilingual participant groups, thereby not just failing to find a cognitive control advantage in bidialectal speakers over monodialectals/monolinguals, but also in bilinguals; adding to a growing body of evidence which challenges this bilingual advantage in non-linguistic inhibitory control. Study 2 investigated the cognitive representation of dialects using an adaptation of a Language Switching Paradigm to determine if the effort required to switch between dialects is similar to the effort required to switch between languages. The results closely replicated what is typically shown for bilinguals: Bidialectal speakers exhibited a symmetrical switch cost like balanced bilinguals while monodialectal speakers, who were taught to use the dialect words before the experiment, showed the asymmetrical switch cost typically displayed by second language learners. These findings augment Green’s (1998) model by suggesting that words from different dialects are also tagged in the mental lexicon, just like words from different languages, and as a consequence, it takes cognitive effort to switch between these mental settings. Study 3 explored an additional explanation for language switching costs by investigating whether changes in articulatory settings when switching between different linguistic varieties could - at least in part – be responsible for these previously reported switching costs. Using a paradigm which required participants to switch between using different articulatory settings, e.g. glottal stops/aspirated /t/ and whispers/normal phonation, the results also demonstrated the presence of switch costs, suggesting that switching between linguistic varieties has a motor task-switching component which is independent of representations in the mental lexicon. Finally, Study 4 investigated how much exposure is needed to be able to distinguish between different varieties using two novel language categorisation tasks which compared German vs Russian cognates, and Standard Scottish English vs Dundonian Scots cognates. The results showed that even a small amount of exposure (i.e. a couple of days’ worth) is required to enable listeners to distinguish between different languages, dialects or accents based on general phonetic and phonological characteristics, suggesting that the general sound template of a language variety can be represented before exact lexical representations have been formed. Overall, these results show that bidialectal use of typologically closely related linguistic varieties employs similar cognitive mechanisms as bilingual language use. This thesis is the first to explore the cognitive representations and mechanisms that underpin the use of typologically closely related varieties. It offers a few novel insights and serves as the starting point for a research agenda that can yield a more fine-grained understanding of the cognitive mechanisms that may operate when speakers use closely related varieties. In doing so, it urges caution when making assumptions about differences in the mechanisms used by individuals commonly categorised as monolinguals, to avoid potentially confounding any comparisons made with bilinguals.
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Beliefs and behavior towards language are usually uniform in a spoken community which means that they are shared by the members of certain community. Those behaviors, being either positive or negative, are not revealed when the speaker is directly questionned about different dialects. In with the purpose of applying them to the respondents so that they are unaware of the investigation goal. Among the several indirect assessments, the most known is the matched guise method, proposed by Lambert (2003 [1967]). It consists of presenting the collected data to a group of “referees” (listeners who measure or assess the recorded speakers’ interviews). The recorded interviews consists of speakers reading aloud the same passage of a text. The referees’s duty is to listen to the recordings and measure each speaker’s personal traces, using only the vocal clues and the reading. This work, based on Linguistic Beliefs and Behaviors Studies, brings the results obtained by means of a questionnaire adapted from the matched guise method, aiming to assess cariocas (from Rio de Janeiro), gauchos (from Rio Grande do Sul) and Northern Parana respondents, regarding their three different linguistic varieties. For the assessment, referees were not informed whether they would listen to different kinds of linguistic varieties or if they were produced by speakers of different dialects as well. One of the varieties represented, in fact, the own referee’s dialect. Forty-eight Maringa dwellers responded to the interview. Thirty-two of them were born in other states (16 cariocas and 16 gauchos). Results showed positive assessment related to gauchos, signaling to a preference for that dialect. As to carioca’s dialect, the assessment was also positive and close to the gauchos’, only 2% percentage difference. As to Northern Parana speakers, however, results showed negative assessment, signaling to rejection or prejudice towards the speaking group.