Recognition of contingent liabilities arising from litigation : an amendment of SFFAS no. 5, Accounting for liabilities of the federal government /

"February 5, 1999."

Accounting for liabilities of the federal government.

Shipping list no.: 96-0151-P.

Osakeyhtiölain maksukykytesti pienissä osakeyhtiöissä - tilitoimiston rooli neuvonantajana

Osakeyhtiölakiin on vuodesta 2006 asti sisältynyt maksukykytesti (OYL 13:2), jonka tulkinnallinen epäselvyys on motivoinut useita tutkimuksia ja melko kriittistäkin kirjoittelua. Säännöksen tarkoituksena on ehkäistä osakeyhtiön velkojia uhkaava varojenjako velvoittamalla yhtiön johto huolellisuusvelvoitteensa nojalla arvioimaan varojenjaon vaikutukset yhtiön maksukyvyn säilymiseen. Oikeuskäytännön puuttuessa maksukykytestin toteuttamistapaan liittyy kuitenkin edelleenkin merkittävää epävarmuutta. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on pyrkiä selvittämään, miten osakeyhtiölain mukainen maksukykytesti pitäisi toteuttaa pienissä osakeyhtiöissä, joiden taloushallinto on kokonaan tai osittain ulkoistettu tilitoimistolle. Olennainen osa tutkimuksen tavoitetta on ottaa kantaa tilitoimiston rooliin maksukykytestin toteuttamisessa. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että yksityiskohtaisten tilinpäätöksen tunnuslukuihin perustuvien maksukykyarvioiden laatiminen maksukykytestin toteuttamiseksi on pienissä osakeyhtiöissä pääsääntöisesti tarpeetonta. Merkitystä tulisi sen sijaan antaa yhtiön johdolla olevalle hiljaiselle tiedolle, sillä yhtiön johto tuntee yrityksen tilanteen parhaiten ja kykenee siten myös arvioimaan tuleva kehitystä. Tilitoimiston rooliksi jää tällöin varmistaa, että asiakasyrityksen johto tuntee oman vastuuasemansa. Tutkimuksen perusteella tilitoimistot voisivat myös hyödyntää omaa asemaansa pienten yhtiöiden neuvonantajina nykyistä paremmin ohjeistamalla asiakasyrityksiään dokumentoimaan maksukykytestin hallituksen kokouspöytäkirjaan esimerkiksi osana hallituksen osingonjakoehdotusta.

Accounting for local government boundary changes in South Australia : valuing assets and liabilities or valuing revenue streams

This paper examines the methodologies adopted in the transfer of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses resulting from boundary changes associated with municipal amalgamations in South Australia during the late 1990s. It investigates the methods employed for apportioning these financial elements, valuations used and financial settlements required. Significant transfers occurred in only three cases. In two cases, councils used simple, pragmatic methods to apportion assets and liabilities, similar to those used previously in Victoria. In the third case a transfer price was calculated based on the net present value of revenues. This method is quite different from previous methods examined and is appropriate where one council will make significant future gains at another council's loss because of net revenue transfers.

Accounting for selected assets and liabilities.

Shipping list no.: 93-0454-P.

Unfunded pension liabilities and sponsoring firm credit risk: an international analysis of corporate bond spreads

This paper tests empirically whether pension information derived by corporate pension accounting disclosures is priced in corporate bond spreads. The model represents a hybrid of more traditional accounting ratio-based models of credit risk and structural models of bond spreads initiated by Merton (1974). The model is fitted to 5 years of data from 2002 to 2006 featuring companies from the US and Europe. The paper finds that while unfunded pension liabilities are priced in the overall sample, they are not priced as aggressively as traditional leverage. Furthermore, an extended model shows that the pension–credit risk relation is most evident in the US and Germany, where unfunded pension liabilities are priced more aggressively than traditional forms of leverage. No pension–credit risk relation is found in the other countries sampled, notably the UK, Netherlands and France.

Empirical evidence from the corporate collapse literature suggesting re-examination of accounting standards in relation to valuation of assets

This paper examines the recent spectacular corporate collapses of Parmalat in Europe, Enron and WorldCom in the USA and HIH in Australia and argues for a re-examination of corporate governance regulations, particularly in relation to accounting standards regarding the valuation of assets. The recommendation that is put forward in this regard is based upon empirical evidence arising from further examination of the empirical results in (Hossari and Rahman, 2004). Specifically, the recommendation is based upon the realization that, among the 48 financial ratios across the 50-plus refereed studies, five financial ratios, all of which contained assets as one of the variables, were a relatively robust indicator of corporate collapse. The five ratios are: Net Income/Total Assets, Current Assets/Current Liabilities, Total Liabilities/Total Assets, Working Capital/Total Assets, and Earnings Before Interest and Taxes/Total Assets. This paper suggests that it's not the failure of the corporate collapse prediction models, rather it's the erosion of the reliability of some key input data, namely assets and the valuation thereof, that is largely responsible for the apparent failure of these models in capturing impending collapses, such as those that we witnessed in the recent past. Such empirical findings support the argument that assets are soft targets for misrepresentation, because of the leeway granted in accounting standards with regards to their valuation.

Council amalgamations and restructuring in Victoria: how did we value the assets and liabilities?

This study aimed to identify and critically analyse the methodologies and accounting treatments adopted in the transfer of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses resultingfrom municipal boundary changes associated with municipal restructuring (amalgamations) in Victoria during the early 1990s. In involved the collection and use of oral evidence obtained from officers of a sample of entities engaged in the process and focused on identifying and examining the methodologies used by municipalities. It has also been shown that local government is different from the commercial domain and the accounting profession has not adequately addressed some of these differences.

Accounting problems and issues in cases of municipal boundary changes

Analyses the methodologies and accounting treatments used for the transfer of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses resulting from municipal restructuring in Victoria during the early 1990s. It was found that most municipalities adopted simple or pragmatic methods, whereby fixed assets and associated liabilities were allocated physically avoiding the need for financial valuations.

Discretion in accounting for pensions under IAS 19:using the ‘magic telescope’?

We use a panel data set of UK-listed companies over the period 2005–2009 to analyse the actuarial assumptions used to value pension plan liabilities under IAS 19. The valuation process requires companies to make assumptions about financial and demographic variables, notably discount rate, price inflation, salary inflation and mortality/life expectancy of plan members/beneficiaries. We use regression analysis to analyse the relationships between these key assumptions (except mortality, where disclosures are limited) and company-specific factors such as the pension plan funding position and duration of pension liabilities. We find evidence of selective ‘management’ of the three assumptions investigated, although the nature of this appears to differ from the findings of US authors. We conclude that IAS 19 does not prevent the use of managerial discretion, particularly by companies whose pension plan funding positions are weak, thereby reducing the representational faithfulness of the reported pension figures. We also highlight that the degree of discretion used reflects the extent to which IAS 19 defines how the assumptions are to be determined. We therefore suggest that companies should be encouraged to justify more explicitly their choice of assumptions.

A comprehensive study of bankruptcy prediction: Accounting ratios, market variables, and microstructure

Bankruptcy prediction has been a fruitful area of research. Univariate analysis and discriminant analysis were the first methodologies used. While they perform relatively well at correctly classifying bankrupt and nonbankrupt firms, their predictive ability has come into question over time. Univariate analysis lacks the big picture that financial distress entails. Multivariate discriminant analysis requires stringent assumptions that are violated when dealing with accounting ratios and market variables. This has led to the use of more complex models such as neural networks. While the accuracy of the predictions has improved with the use of more technical models, there is still an important point missing. Accounting ratios are the usual discriminating variables used in bankruptcy prediction. However, accounting ratios are backward-looking variables. At best, they are a current snapshot of the firm. Market variables are forward-looking variables. They are determined by discounting future outcomes. Microstructure variables, such as the bid-ask spread, also contain important information. Insiders are privy to more information that the retail investor, so if any financial distress is looming, the insiders should know before the general public. Therefore, any model in bankruptcy prediction should include market and microstructure variables. That is the focus of this dissertation. The traditional models and the newer, more technical models were tested and compared to the previous literature by employing accounting ratios, market variables, and microstructure variables. Our findings suggest that the more technical models are preferable, and that a mix of accounting and market variables are best at correctly classifying and predicting bankrupt firms. Multi-layer perceptron appears to be the most accurate model following the results. The set of best discriminating variables includes price, standard deviation of price, the bid-ask spread, net income to sale, working capital to total assets, and current liabilities to total assets.