Laser cooling of a solid from ambient temperature

A 250 mum diameter fibre of ytterbium-doped ZBLAN was cooled by 13 K from room temperature. The cooling was performed in vacuum to limit the thermal load on the fibre. 0.85 W of laser light at 1015 nm was coupled into the fibre. The ytterbium ions absorbed this light, and the excited atoms thermalized phononically and on average emitted light at a wavelength of 996 nm. Since the quantum efficiency of the transition was high, this resulted in a net loss of energy from the glass, producing net bulk cooling.

Laser cooling of a metastable argon atomic beam

A production of low velocity and monoenergetic atomic beams would increase the resolution in spectroscopic studies and many other experiments in atomic physics. Laser Cooling uses the radiation pressure to decelerate and cool atoms. The effusing from a glow discharge metastable argon atomic beam is affected by a counterpropagating laser light tuned to the cycling transition in argon. The Zeeman shift caused by a spatially varying magnetic field compensates for the changing Doppler shift that takes the atoms out of resonance as they decelerated. Deceleration and velocity bunching of atoms to a final velocity that depends on the detuning of the laser relative to a frequency of the transition have been observed. Time-of-Flight (TOF) spectroscopy is used to examine the velocity distribution of the cooled atomic beam. These TOF studies of the laser cooled atomic beam demonstrate the utility of laser deceleration for atomic-beam "velocity selection".

Laser cooling and trapping of argon metastable atomic beam

The high velocity of free atoms associated with the thermal motion, together with the velocity distribution of atoms has imposed the ultimate limitation on the precision of ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy. A sample consisting of low velocity atoms would provide a substantial improvement in spectroscopy resolution. To overcome the problem of thermal motion, atomic physicists have pursued two goals; first, the reduction of the thermal motion (cooling); and second, the confinement of the atoms by means of electromagnetic fields (trapping). Cooling carried sufficiently far, eliminates the motional problems, whereas trapping allows for long observation times. In this work the laser cooling and trapping of an argon atomic beam will be discussed. The experiments involve a time-of-flight spectroscopy on metastable argon atoms. Laser deceleration or cooling of atoms is achieved by counter propagating a photon against an atomic beam of metastable atoms. The solution to the Doppler shift problem is achieved using spatially varying magnetic field along the beam path to Zeeman shift the atomic resonance frequency so as to keep the atoms in resonance with a fixed frequency cooling laser. For trapping experiments a Magnetooptical trap (MOT) will be used. The MOT is formed by three pairs of counter-propagating laser beams with mutual opposite circular polarization and a frequency tuned slightly below the center of the atomic resonance and superimposed on a magnetic quadrupole field.

Setup of a Penning trap for precision laser spectroscopy at HITRAP

Ion traps have been established as a powerful tool for ion cooling and laser spectroscopy experiments since a long time ago. SpecTrap, one of the precision experiments associated to the HITRAP facility at GSI, is implementing a Penning trap for studies of large bunches of externally produced highly charged ions. The extremely strong electric and magnetic fields that exist around the nuclei of heavy elements drastically change their electronic properties, such as energy level spacings and radiative lifetimes. The electrons can therefore serve as sensitive probes for nuclear properties such as size, magnetic moment and spatial distribution of charge and magnetization. The energies of forbidden fine and hyperfine structure transitions in such ions strongly depend on the nuclear charge and shift from the microwave domain into the optical domain. Thus, they become accessible for laser spectroscopy and its potentially high accuracy. A number of such measurements has been performed in storage rings and electron beam ion traps and yielded results with relative accuracies in the 10

Ottimizzazione di un controllo di temperatura per diodi laser

In questo lavoro di tesi si studia un processo sperimentale necessario alla realizza- zione di un esperimento di Fisica Atomica. L’attivit`a svolta consiste nell’ottimizzazione dei paramentri di un algoritmo di con- trollo PI (proporzionale-integrale) atto a stabilizzare la temperatura di un Diodo Laser entro 1mK. Nella branca dell’Ottica Non Lineare (dove la polarizzazione del mezzo ha una rispo- sta non lineare al campo elettrico) si possono presentare casi in cui la birifrangenza del mezzo ha una forte dipendenza dalla temperatura. Questa pu o ` essere control- lata per il raggiungimento delle condizioni di phase matching. Le fluttuazioni di temperatura possono minare tramite la dilatazione termica la precisione di una ca- vit`a Fabry-Perot, utilizzata per controllare e misurare la lunghezza d’onda della luce, dato che nominalmente ∆ν/ν = − ∆L/L. Negli esperimenti di Laser Cooling infi- ne si lavora spesso con transizioni la cui larghezza naturale Γ ∼ 1MHz , mentre la frequenza di un laser pu o ́ dipendere dalla temperatura con coefficienti tipicamente dell’ordine del GHz/K. Questa stabilizzazione risulta dunque fondamentale per una vasta classe di esperi- menti nei quali le derive termiche possono influenzare drammaticamente il processo di misura. La tesi, in particolare, si apre con un capitolo nel quale si tratta brevemente il con- testo matematico di riferimento per i sistemi di controllo a retroazione. Tra questi e ` di particolare interesse la regolazione proporzionale-integrale. Il secondo capitolo si concentra sulla caratterizzazione del sistema in oggetto al fine di trovare la sua funzione di trasferimento ad anello aperto. Nel terzo capitolo infine, si utilizzano gli strumenti matematici descritti precedente- mente per ottimizzare i parametri del regolatore e si discutono i risultati ottenuti e le misure finali.

Photochemical dynamics of laser-irradiated semiconductor nanostructures

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Bose-Einstein condensation in 87Rb: characterization of the Brazilian experiment

We describe the experimental apparatus and the methods to achieve Bose-Einstein condensation in 87Rb atoms. Atoms are first laser cooled in a standard double magneto-optical trap setup and then transferred into a QUIC trap. The system is brought to quantum degeneracy selectively removing the hottest atoms from the trap by radio-frequency radiation. We also present the main theoretical aspects of the Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena in atomic gases.

Short-term spatial diffusion in sigma o+ o- optical molasses

We have measured the spatial diffusion of atoms in a three-dimensional sigma(+)-sigma(-) optical molasses over twenty milliseconds timescale, starting from the initial interaction of the atoms with the molasses. We find that the diffusion constants agree well with a linear model for these short time scales and also compare favourably to other studies of diffusion made over longer time scales. These measurements enable us to quantify the detection method known as freezing molasses. We discuss this method, for detecting and measuring the momentum distribution of cold atoms, which relies on the slow diffusion of atoms in optical molasses to produce a freeze-frame of the spatial distribution of the atoms. This method enables a longer interrogation interval, providing a greatly increased signal-to-noise ratio. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Spin-Dynamics in Cold Gases of 87Rb and Atomic Hydrogen. The spins they are a-changin’

In this thesis the dynamics of cold gaseous atoms is studied. Two different atomic species and two different experimental techniques have been used. In the first part of the thesis experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates of Rb-87 are presented. In these experiments the methods of laser cooling and magnetic trapping of atoms were utilized. An atom chip was used as the experimental technique for implementation of magnetic trapping. The atom chip is a small integrated instrument allowing accurate and detailed manipulation of the atoms. The experiments with Rb-87 probed the behaviour of a falling beam of atoms outcoupled from the Bose-Einstein condensate by electromagnetic field induced spin flips. In the experiments a correspondence between the phases of the outcoupling radio frequency field and the falling beam of atoms was found. In the second part of the thesis experiments of spin dynamics in cold atomic hydrogen gas are discussed. The experiments with atomic hydrogen are conducted in a cryostat using a dilution refrigerator as the cooling method. These experiments concentrated on explaining and quantifying modulations in the electron spin resonance spectra of doubly polarized atomic hydrogen. The modifications to the previous experimental setup are described and the observation of electron spin waves is presented. The observed spin wave modes were caused by the identical spin rotation effect. These modes have a strong dependence on the spatial profile of the polarizing magnetic field. We also demonstrated confinement of these modes in regions of strong magnetic field and manipulated their spatial distribution by changing the position of the field maximum.

Positronium interaction and its Bose-Einstein condensation

We present the actual state of affairs and future perspectives in the study of a quantum system of a collection of positronium (Ps) atoms. The interaction of a Ps atom with other atoms and molecules and specially with another Ps atom is described in some detail as Ps-Ps interaction should play a crucial role in the dynamics of an assembly of Ps atoms. Using a simple model-exchange potential, we could describe the available experimental results of Ps scattering reasonably well. The present scenario of the observation of Ps2 molecule, Ps Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) and the annihilation laser from a Ps BEC is presented. Possibilities of a Ps BEC formation via laser cooling of Ps atoms and via Ps formation in cavities are considered and difficulties with each procedure discussed (C) 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Loading a K-39 crossed optical dipole trap from a magneto-optical trap

In this work, we have applied sub-Doppler laser cooling to a K-39 magneto-optical trap in order to load a 1071 nm crossed optical dipole trap. The number of atoms loaded into the dipole trap was characterized as a function of the frequency and intensity of the cooling and repump laser beams. For the optimum conditions, the dipole trap has about 2 x 10(6) atoms at an atomic density of 2 x 10(12) cm(-3), with a temperature of about 10 mu K. This technique is a very simple procedure to load a K-39 optical dipole trap without a previous magnetic evaporative cooling step and may find application in other atomic physic systems.

Experimental Investigation of Three-Dimensional Single and Double optical Lattices

A complete laser cooling setup was built, with focus on threedimensional near-resonant optical lattices for cesium. These consist of regularly ordered micropotentials, created by the interference of four laser beams. One key feature of optical lattices is an inherent ”Sisyphus cooling” process. It efficiently extracts kinetic energy from the atoms, leading to equilibrium temperatures of a few µK. The corresponding kinetic energy is lower than the depth of the potential wells, so that atoms can be trapped. We performed detailed studies of the cooling processes in optical lattices by using the time-of-flight and absorption-imaging techniques. We investigated the dependence of the equilibrium temperature on the optical lattice parameters, such as detuning, optical potential and lattice geometry. The presence of neighbouring transitions in the cesium hyperfine level structure was used to break symmetries in order to identify, which role “red” and “blue” transitions play in the cooling. We also examined the limits for the cooling process in optical lattices, and the possible difference in steady-state velocity distributions for different directions. Moreover, in collaboration with ´Ecole Normale Sup´erieure in Paris, numerical simulations were performed in order to get more insight in the cooling dynamics of optical lattices. Optical lattices can keep atoms almost perfectly isolated from the environment and have therefore been suggested as a platform for a host of possible experiments aimed at coherent quantum manipulations, such as spin-squeezing and the implementation of quantum logic-gates. We developed a novel way to trap two different cesium ground states in two distinct, interpenetrating optical lattices, and to change the distance between sites of one lattice relative to sites of the other lattice. This is a first step towards the implementation of quantum simulation schemes in optical lattices.

Präparation eines reinen metastabilen 7 Li +-Ionenstrahls für die Präzisionsspektroskopie im Speicherring

An dem Schwerionenspeicherring TSR (MPI für Kernphysik, Heidelberg) wurde ein 7 Li +-Ionenstrahl geringer Dichte durch RF-Bunchen und Laserkühlung präpariert.Die Phasenraumverteilung in dem Strahl wurde durch Laser- spektroskopie an Ionen im metastabilen Zustand untersucht. Ein umlaufsynchrones, zeitaufgelöstes Meßverfahren für das Fluoreszenzlicht ermöglichte die Bestimmung der räumlichen Struktur mit dieser rein optischen Methode.Durch einen speziellen Präparationsschritt wurden die Ionen im Grundzustand aus dem Speicherring entfernt. Der sonst dominierende Heizeffekt der strahlinternen Streuung war dadurch vernachlässigbar und es konnte eine Temperatur von 160 mK erreicht werden.Der präparierte Ionenstrahl bietet besondere Eigenschaften im Hinblick auf Präzisionsexperimente, bei denen mit möglichst ungestörten Ionen gearbeitet werden soll. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Phasenraumverteilung der Ionen nicht mehr durch Ion-Ion-Wechselwirkungen bestimmt ist und daß der verbleibende Heizmechanismus durch die Streuung am Restgas erklärt werden kann.1993 wurde durch Laserspektroskopie an 7 Li + im TSR die spezielle Relativitätstheorie im Hinblick auf die relativistische Zeitdilatation experimentell getestet. In diesem Zusammenhang wird das zu erwartende Ergebnis eines Experimentes diskutiert, das, basierend auf den in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Verfahren, einen erneuten Test der relativistischen Zeitdilatation mit verbesserter Genauigkeit durchführen könnte.