Géométrie nodale et valeurs propres de l’opérateur de Laplace et du p-laplacien

La présente thèse porte sur différentes questions émanant de la géométrie spectrale. Ce domaine des mathématiques fondamentales a pour objet d'établir des liens entre la géométrie et le spectre d'une variété riemannienne. Le spectre d'une variété compacte fermée M munie d'une métrique riemannienne $g$ associée à l'opérateur de Laplace-Beltrami est une suite de nombres non négatifs croissante qui tend vers l’infini. La racine carrée de ces derniers représente une fréquence de vibration de la variété. Cette thèse présente quatre articles touchant divers aspects de la géométrie spectrale. Le premier article, présenté au Chapitre 1 et intitulé « Superlevel sets and nodal extrema of Laplace eigenfunctions », porte sur la géométrie nodale d'opérateurs elliptiques. L’objectif de mes travaux a été de généraliser un résultat de L. Polterovich et de M. Sodin qui établit une borne sur la distribution des extrema nodaux sur une surface riemannienne pour une assez vaste classe de fonctions, incluant, entre autres, les fonctions propres associées à l'opérateur de Laplace-Beltrami. La preuve fournie par ces auteurs n'étant valable que pour les surfaces riemanniennes, je prouve dans ce chapitre une approche indépendante pour les fonctions propres de l’opérateur de Laplace-Beltrami dans le cas des variétés riemanniennes de dimension arbitraire. Les deuxième et troisième articles traitent d'un autre opérateur elliptique, le p-laplacien. Sa particularité réside dans le fait qu'il est non linéaire. Au Chapitre 2, l'article « Principal frequency of the p-laplacian and the inradius of Euclidean domains » se penche sur l'étude de bornes inférieures sur la première valeur propre du problème de Dirichlet du p-laplacien en termes du rayon inscrit d’un domaine euclidien. Plus particulièrement, je prouve que, si p est supérieur à la dimension du domaine, il est possible d'établir une borne inférieure sans aucune hypothèse sur la topologie de ce dernier. L'étude de telles bornes a fait l'objet de nombreux articles par des chercheurs connus, tels que W. K. Haymann, E. Lieb, R. Banuelos et T. Carroll, principalement pour le cas de l'opérateur de Laplace. L'adaptation de ce type de bornes au cas du p-laplacien est abordée dans mon troisième article, « Bounds on the Principal Frequency of the p-Laplacian », présenté au Chapitre 3 de cet ouvrage. Mon quatrième article, « Wolf-Keller theorem for Neumann Eigenvalues », est le fruit d'une collaboration avec Guillaume Roy-Fortin. Le thème central de ce travail gravite autour de l'optimisation de formes dans le contexte du problème aux valeurs limites de Neumann. Le résultat principal de cet article est que les valeurs propres de Neumann ne sont pas toujours maximisées par l'union disjointe de disques arbitraires pour les domaines planaires d'aire fixée. Le tout est présenté au Chapitre 4 de cette thèse.

Nodal length fluctuations for arithmetic random waves

Using the spectral multiplicities of the standard torus, we endow the Laplace eigenspaces with Gaussian probability measures. This induces a notion of random Gaussian Laplace eigenfunctions on the torus (''arithmetic random waves''). We study the distribution of the nodal length of random eigenfunctions for large eigenvalues, and our primary result is that the asymptotics for the variance is nonuniversal. Our result is intimately related to the arithmetic of lattice points lying on a circle with radius corresponding to the energy.

Croissance et ensemble nodal de fonctions propres du laplacien sur des surfaces

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les fonctions propres de l'opérateur de Laplace-Beltrami - ou simplement laplacien - sur une surface fermée, c'est-à-dire une variété riemannienne lisse, compacte et sans bord de dimension 2. Ces fonctions propres satisfont l'équation $\Delta_g \phi_\lambda + \lambda \phi_\lambda = 0$ et les valeurs propres forment une suite infinie. L'ensemble nodal d'une fonction propre du laplacien est celui de ses zéros et est d'intérêt depuis les expériences de plaques vibrantes de Chladni qui remontent au début du 19ème siècle et, plus récemment, dans le contexte de la mécanique quantique. La taille de cet ensemble nodal a été largement étudiée ces dernières années, notamment par Donnelly et Fefferman, Colding et Minicozzi, Hezari et Sogge, Mangoubi ainsi que Sogge et Zelditch. L'étude de la croissance de fonctions propres n'est pas en reste, avec entre autres les récents travaux de Donnelly et Fefferman, Sogge, Toth et Zelditch, pour ne nommer que ceux-là. Notre thèse s'inscrit dans la foulée du travail de Nazarov, Polterovich et Sodin et relie les propriétés de croissance des fonctions propres avec la taille de leur ensemble nodal dans l'asymptotique $\lambda \nearrow \infty$. Pour ce faire, nous considérons d'abord les exposants de croissance, qui mesurent la croissance locale de fonctions propres et qui sont obtenus à partir de la norme uniforme de celles-ci. Nous construisons ensuite la croissance locale moyenne d'une fonction propre en calculant la moyenne sur toute la surface de ces exposants de croissance, définis sur de petits disques de rayon comparable à la longueur d'onde. Nous montrons alors que la taille de l'ensemble nodal est contrôlée par le produit de cette croissance locale moyenne et de la fréquence $\sqrt{\lambda}$. Ce résultat permet une reformulation centrée sur les fonctions propres de la célèbre conjecture de Yau, qui prévoit que la mesure de l'ensemble nodal croît au rythme de la fréquence. Notre travail renforce également l'intuition répandue selon laquelle une fonction propre se comporte comme un polynôme de degré $\sqrt{\lambda}$. Nous généralisons ensuite nos résultats pour des exposants de croissance construits à partir de normes $L^q$. Nous sommes également amenés à étudier les fonctions appartenant au noyau d'opérateurs de Schrödinger avec petit potentiel dans le plan. Pour de telles fonctions, nous obtenons deux résultats qui relient croissance et taille de l'ensemble nodal.

Condition number estimates for combined potential integral operators in acoustics and their boundary element discretisation

We consider the classical coupled, combined-field integral equation formulations for time-harmonic acoustic scattering by a sound soft bounded obstacle. In recent work, we have proved lower and upper bounds on the $L^2$ condition numbers for these formulations, and also on the norms of the classical acoustic single- and double-layer potential operators. These bounds to some extent make explicit the dependence of condition numbers on the wave number $k$, the geometry of the scatterer, and the coupling parameter. For example, with the usual choice of coupling parameter they show that, while the condition number grows like $k^{1/3}$ as $k\to\infty$, when the scatterer is a circle or sphere, it can grow as fast as $k^{7/5}$ for a class of `trapping' obstacles. In this paper we prove further bounds, sharpening and extending our previous results. In particular we show that there exist trapping obstacles for which the condition numbers grow as fast as $\exp(\gamma k)$, for some $\gamma>0$, as $k\to\infty$ through some sequence. This result depends on exponential localisation bounds on Laplace eigenfunctions in an ellipse that we prove in the appendix. We also clarify the correct choice of coupling parameter in 2D for low $k$. In the second part of the paper we focus on the boundary element discretisation of these operators. We discuss the extent to which the bounds on the continuous operators are also satisfied by their discrete counterparts and, via numerical experiments, we provide supporting evidence for some of the theoretical results, both quantitative and asymptotic, indicating further which of the upper and lower bounds may be sharper.

Heat kernel smoothing via Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions and its application to subcortical structure modeling

We present a new subcortical structure shape modeling framework using heat kernel smoothing constructed with the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions. The cotan discretization is used to numerically obtain the eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator along the surface of subcortical structures of the brain. The eigenfunctions are then used to construct the heat kernel and used in smoothing out measurements noise along the surface. The proposed framework is applied in investigating the influence of age (38-79 years) and gender on amygdala and hippocampus shape. We detected a significant age effect on hippocampus in accordance with the previous studies. In addition, we also detected a significant gender effect on amygdala. Since we did not find any such differences in the traditional volumetric methods, our results demonstrate the benefit of the current framework over traditional volumetric methods.

Sparse shape representation using the Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions and its application to modeling subcortical structures

We present a new sparse shape modeling framework on the Laplace-Beltrami (LB) eigenfunctions. Traditionally, the LB-eigenfunctions are used as a basis for intrinsically representing surface shapes by forming a Fourier series expansion. To reduce high frequency noise, only the first few terms are used in the expansion and higher frequency terms are simply thrown away. However, some lower frequency terms may not necessarily contribute significantly in reconstructing the surfaces. Motivated by this idea, we propose to filter out only the significant eigenfunctions by imposing l1-penalty. The new sparse framework can further avoid additional surface-based smoothing often used in the field. The proposed approach is applied in investigating the influence of age (38-79 years) and gender on amygdala and hippocampus shapes in the normal population. In addition, we show how the emotional response is related to the anatomy of the subcortical structures.

Asymptotic Property of Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of the Laplace Operator in Domain with a Perturbed Boundary

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 35J05, 35C15, 44P05

Eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions of the fractional Laplace and Dirac operators: the Riemann-Liouville case

In this paper we study eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions for the three parameter fractional Laplace operator $\Delta_+^{(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)}:= D_{x_0^+}^{1+\alpha} +D_{y_0^+}^{1+\beta} +D_{z_0^+}^{1+\gamma},$ where $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma) \in \,]0,1]^3$, and the fractional derivatives $D_{x_0^+}^{1+\alpha}$, $D_{y_0^+}^{1+\beta}$, $D_{z_0^+}^{1+\gamma}$ are in the Riemann-Liouville sense. Applying operational techniques via two-dimensional Laplace transform we describe a complete family of eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions of the operator $\Delta_+^{(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)}$ in classes of functions admitting a summable fractional derivative. Making use of the Mittag-Leffler function, a symbolic operational form of the solutions is presented. From the obtained family of fundamental solutions we deduce a family of fundamental solutions of the fractional Dirac operator, which factorizes the fractional Laplace operator. We apply also the method of separation of variables to obtain eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions.

Eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions of the Caputo fractional Laplace and Dirac operators

In this paper, by using the method of separation of variables, we obtain eigenfunctions and fundamental solutions for the three parameter fractional Laplace operator defined via fractional Caputo derivatives. The solutions are expressed using the Mittag-Leffler function and we show some graphical representations for some parameters. A family of fundamental solutions of the corresponding fractional Dirac operator is also obtained. Particular cases are considered in both cases.

Potenciais singulares na equação de Schrodinger unidimensional via transformada de Laplace

The present work has as its goal to treat well known and interesting unidimensional cases from quantum mechanics through an unusual approach within this eld of physics. The operational method of Laplace transform, in spite of its use by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926 when treating the radial equation for the hydrogen atom, turned out to be forgotten for decades. However, the method has gained attention again for its use as a powerful tool from mathematical physics applied to the quantum mechanics, appearing in recent works. The method is specially suitable to the approach of cases where we have potential functions with even parity, because this implies in eigenfunctions with de ned parity, and since the domain of this transform ranges from 0 to ∞, it su ces that we nd the eigenfunction in the positive semi axis and, with the boundary conditions imposed over the eigenfunction at the origin plus the continuity (discontinuity) of the eigenfunction and its derivative, we make the odd, even or both parity extensions so we can get the eigenfunction along all the axis. Factoring the eigenfunction behavior at in nity and origin, we take the due care with the points that might bring us problems in the later steps of the solving process, thus we can manipulate the Schrödinger's Equation regardless of time, so that way we make it convenient to the application of Laplace transform. The Chapter 3 shows the methodology that must be followed in order to search for the solutions to each problem

Hyperbolic Double-Complex Laplace Operator

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 35G35, 32A30, 30G35.

On the critical point structure of eigenfunctions belonging to the first nonzero eigenvalue of a genus two closed hyperbolic surface

We develop a method based on spectral graph theory to approximate the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator of a compact riemannian manifold -- The method is applied to a closed hyperbolic surface of genus two -- The results obtained agree with the ones obtained by other authors by different methods, and they serve as experimental evidence supporting the conjectured fact that the generic eigenfunctions belonging to the first nonzero eigenvalue of a closed hyperbolic surface of arbitrary genus are Morse functions having the least possible total number of critical points among all Morse functions admitted by such manifolds

On the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of some integral operators

Some properties of the eigenvalues of the integral operator Kgt defined as Kτf(x) = ∫0τK(x − y) f (y) dy were studied by [1.], 554–566), with some assumptions on the kernel K(x). In this paper the eigenfunctions of the operator Kτ are shown to be continuous functions of τ under certain circumstances. Also, the results of Vittal Rao and the continuity of eigenfunctions are shown to hold for a larger class of kernels.

Application of Laplace transform technique to the solution of certain third-order non-linear systems

A number of papers have appeared on the application of operational methods and in particular the Laplace transform to problems concerning non-linear systems of one kind or other. This, however, has met with only partial success in solving a class of non-linear problems as each approach has some limitations and drawbacks. In this study the approach of Baycura has been extended to certain third-order non-linear systems subjected to non-periodic excitations, as this approximate method combines the advantages of engineering accuracy with ease of application to such problems. Under non-periodic excitations the method provides a procedure for estimating quickly the maximum response amplitude, which is important from the point of view of a designer. Limitations of such a procedure are brought out and the method is illustrated by an example taken from a physical situation.