Dictadura, consenso o laissez faire en la transmisión eléctrica

Resumen: La dificultad con las redes radica en que, al ser de uso colectivo, generan conflictos sobre sus derechos de propiedad y obligaciones de pago. Por eso, existe una controversia sobre el más eficiente modo para su provisión, que se extiende desde el laissez faire hasta la dictadura. En el camino, se puede detener en algún tipo de consenso, basado en el diseño de mecanismos, adecuado para hacer revelar sus preferencias a los participantes. El proceso implica un intercambio de derechos entre los agentes para arribar a la asignación definitiva. Si, mediante una subasta, se obliga a los participantes a realizar ofertas de intercambio de derechos, los costos de transacción se reducen y la fluidez no puede sino ser mayor. Y ante una mayor fluidez en el intercambio, siempre será posible alcanzar una asignación más eficiente de esos derechos de propiedad. Para mostrar la conveniencia de esta alternativa, en este trabajo se presenta un modelo simplificado de diseño de mecanismos en donde se analiza la eficiencia asignativa de la regla propuesta.

Regulating Genetically Modified Organisms in Ireland – Laissez faire approach?

This chapter examines the legal framework applicable to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Ireland, bearing in mind the limited presence of GMOs. As a member of the European Union (EU), a specific, process-based regime applies regarding the authorisation and regulation of GMOs. This is intended to ensure a high level of environmental and human health protection and also enable producer and consumer choice. This regime is highly harmonized, but allows some flexibility regarding its implementation and, soon, the potential to opt-out from cultivation in part or entirely. Although, Ireland has only legislated on the area to the extent and in the manner required by the EU, it may avail of the opt-out in future – understandable in light of the lack of any cultivation currently and the green image of Ireland.
Complementary horizontal legislation and common law principles, relevant to labelling and varying forms of liability, deal with most issues that might arise quite comprehensively. However, they are quite complicated, overlapping and untailored and it is worth considering whether specific legislation should be developed to deal with liability related to GMOs.
Overall, Ireland holds varying stances to different forms of GMOs, with the greatest acceptance and use of GM-feed for pragmatic reasons. It has not developed a specific Irish approach, copy-pasting EU legislation and relying upon existing law to deal with any issues. This is understandable in light of the high level of harmonization and limited presence of GMOs in Ireland, but nonetheless will need to be developed as the availability of GMOs increases.

Bernard Mandeville and the doctrine of laissez-faire

The view of Mandeville as a pioneer of laissez-faire is difficultto reconcile with his repeated insistence that private vices were turnedinto public benefits by the ‘dexterous management of the skilfulpolitician’. Even if references to the skilful politician are regarded asshorthand for a legal and institutional framework, there remains thequestion of whether such a framework is a spontaneous order or theproduct of purposeful experiment as Mandeville thought? Mandevillewarned about the harmful effects of meddling but his complaint wasabout the actions of fashionable do-gooders rather than government. Heunderstood that the voluntariness of a transaction could be regarded asa defence against complaints of unfairness but he was quick to pointout the limitations of voluntariness especially in the market for labour.Mandeville’s objective was to teach people what they are not what theyshould be. He pointed to the strengths of the emerging market systembut was not afraid to expose its faults.

Lideranças transformacional, transacional e laissez-faire : um estudo de caso

O presente trabalho é uma investigação quantitativa que se propõe relacionar vários níveis de liderança e diferentes tipos de liderança nos estabelecimentos do 1.º ciclo de um agrupamento de escolas, através do levantamento e análise das perceções dos professores que aí exercem funções. O instrumento de recolha de dados que utilizámos foi o Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) da autoria de Avolio e Bass (2004). O objetivo primordial foi aferir a incidência de comportamentos de liderança transformacional, transacional e laissez-faire num agrupamento de escolas, de forma a contribuir para a discussão e reflexão acerca das lideranças em contexto escolar. As principais conclusões que extraímos deste estudo foram que existe uma liderança vincada na nossa amostra, predominantemente Transformacional. Para além disso, verificámos que não foram percecionados nos líderes comportamentos característicos da Liderança Laissez-Faire.

Estudo de caso para ensino: deixa a vida me levar: o ônus da liderança laissez-faire no serviço público em detrimento da liderança contingencial

O presente trabalho faz uma análise do uso de Estudo de Caso para Ensino e suas regras gerais, como uma ferramenta pedagógica utilizada em disciplinas ou cursos que tenham como foco a Administração Pública,assim como para utilização em debates de casos em grupos de trabalho organizacionais para a tomada de decisões. Apresenta a criação de um caso e suas notas pedagógicas. Tal Caso, criado pela autora do presente trabalho, aborda sobre como um gestor da área de Recursos Humanos de uma Instituição Federal de Ensino Superior tratada gestão de seus processos de trabalho e como se relaciona com os funcionários, de acordo com o seu estilo de liderança.

Inter-sector senior leader transitions : experience and outcomes

Purpose The purpose of this article is to explore the experience of senior leaders who move into the public sector from other sectors of the economy, a process we refer to as inter-sector senior leader transitions. This is a little researched area of public sector leadership yet has significant implications for fundamental public sector reform. Design/methodology/approach We employed an interview design to elicit senior leaders' stories of their transition into the public sector. Findings The data suggest that successful senior leader transitions are more likely when a set of conditions is met; (1) the leader transitions into CEO role, rather than levels below CEO, (2) Ministers provide inter-sector transition support, (3) senior leaders develop responses to stress, (4) senior leaders reject high formalization, (5) their change processes focus on building capacity, and (6) senior leaders confront dysfunctional organizational relationships directly. Research limitations/implications The research relies on a relatively small sample. However, access to senior managers at this level can be difficult. Nevertheless, those senior managers who participated were very willing to share their stories. Practical implications If public sector organizations are to realize the value of successful leaders from other sectors, they need to invest in structured processes that facilitate the transition. A laissez-faire approach is not viable given the cost of such transitions. Originality/value The paper focuses on a little researched area of leadership experience which has significant implications for the development and change of the public sector.

De-risking development of medium density housing to improve housing affordability and boost supply

Housing price inflation is a national concern given the serious decline in the number of low and middle income households able to purchase housing. In addition housing supply lags well behind demand. In Melbourne, urban consolidation policies explicitly seek intensification to promote housing supply but planning regulation is often criticised for being a significant cost driver for medium density housing. It is assumed that easing supply constraints will improve affordability. We suggest that laissez-faire planning exacerbates affordability issues because this approach fails to address the basic economic problem: the current inability of the market to efficiently match supply and demand in order to progress an orderly and de-risked development process. The role of “exchange” one of the four housing market sub-systems identified by Burke (2012) has until recently generally been ignored but our examination reveals significant economic transaction costs that manifest as development risks that impact on affordability. Fortunately these can be mitigated, but only if there is a more consumer driven supply response.

Informe de Economía e Instituciones

Resumen: El Informe de Economía e Instituciones cuenta con tres columnas que abordan cuestiones teóricas y de política económica relacionadas con la temática de la economía y las instituciones. En la primera columna, Necesidad de Consensos para una Estrategia País, se plantea, partiendo desde el nuevo documento publicado por los obispos, “Hacia un bicentenario en justicia y solidaridad”, y desde los desarrollos recientes en el ámbito de la economía, la política y las ciencias sociales en general la necesidad de un consenso a nivel nacional que siente las bases para un desarrollo sustentable. En la segunda columna, Avances en materia de reforma institucional en América Latina durante 2008: Colombia (5) – Argentina (0), se analiza la información relevada por el Banco Mundial a través del proyecto Doing Business. En el mismo, se muestran los avances en diferentes economías del mundo por medio de un ranking que califica los países en función de las reformas que tengan como objetivo simplificar las regulaciones en materia de negocios. La comparación que se realiza es entre Argentina y Colombia evaluando distintos ítems. Los avances logrados por Colombia en el ambiente de negocios en el último año contrastan con lo hecho por Argentina durante el mismo período. En la tercera columna, Bienes colectivos, economía de votación e instituciones, se hace énfasis en la discusión acerca de cómo decidir sobre bienes de uso colectivo. Si se piensa que una manera prudente de tomar esas decisiones debería encontrarse a cierta distancia tanto de un laissez faire, como también de la dictadura, entonces la atención debería centrarse en algún tipo de consenso, encontrando la regla de votación más adecuada para lograr que las decisiones puedan obtenerse de manera eficiente. En la búsqueda de la regla de votación más eficiente, es posible postular la supremacía de la mayoría simple para la toma de decisiones en bienes de uso colectivo. De este modo el ordenamiento prudente para la sociedad es aquél en el que los individuos mantienen su libertad para decidir sobre los bienes que desean, queriendo superar la lógica de la inacción colectiva, designando a la mayoría simple como regla de eficiencia.

Catholic social economy : past evolution and present challenges

Introducción: This article provides a historical interpretation of Catholic social economy (also called Social Catholicism) in an attempt to give a Christian form to capitalism. The aim of this writing is to reflect on the evolution of Catholic economic thought and to offer some foreseeable development in light of the experience that characterized the early stages of this movement. By Catholic social economy, the author does not mean the social doctrine of the church, but the whole set of scientific work of Catholic scholars, with their different orientations and acceptance by the official documents of the holy soil. Roman Catholicism is the only religion that has produced wide and continuous scientific research about political economy. This should not be considered an anomaly, because the positivistic attitude of modern economics tends to crowd out the classic unitary view of man and of a good life that characterizes Catholic anthropology. As a consequence, it can be considered an attempt to address scientific research in a way compatible to the Catholic view of the “social nature of man”, and not an attempt to resist or to contrast the role of science. The fundamental concepts of this stream of research have been the idea of natural law intended as a moral order (vs. the equilibrium of conflicting strategies), the social nature of man (vs. individualism and individual autonomy) and the role that charity and justice assume for individual behaviour inspired by the common good (vs. freedom and laissez faire)...

The Rawls-Tawney theorem and the digital divide in postindustrial society.

The digital divide continues to challenge political and academic circles worldwide. A range of policy solutions is briefly evaluated, from laissez-faire on the right to “arithmetic” egalitarianism on the left. The article recasts the digital divide as a problem for the social distribution of presumptively important information (e.g., electoral data, news, science) within postindustrial society. Endorsing in general terms the left-liberal approach of differential or “geometric” egalitarianism, it seeks to invest this with greater precision, and therefore utility, by means of a possibly original synthesis of the ideas of John Rawls and R. H. Tawney. It is argued that, once certain categories of information are accorded the status of “primary goods,” their distribution must then comply with principles of justice as articulated by those major 20th century exponents of ethical social democracy. The resultant Rawls-Tawney theorem, if valid, might augment the portfolio of options for interventionist information policy in the 21st century

Synthetic biology: a utilitarian perspective

I examine the positive and negative features of synthetic biology (‘SynBio’) from a utilitarian ethical perspective. The potential beneficial outcomes from SynBio in the context of medicine are substantial; however it is not presently possible to predict precise outcomes due to the nascent state of the field. Potential negative outcomes from SynBio also exist, including iatrogenesis and bioterrorism; however it is not yet possible to quantify these risks. I argue that the application of a ‘precautionary’ approach to SynBio is ethically fraught, as is the notion that SynBio-associated knowledge ought to be restricted. I conclude that utilitarians ought to support a broadly laissez-faire stance in respect of SynBio.

Famine and land in Ireland and India 1845-1880: James Caird and the political economy of hunger

The perception of Ireland and India as ‘zones of famine’ led many nineteenth-century observers to draw analogies between these two troublesome parts of the British empire. This article investigates this parallel through the career of James Caird (1816–92), and specifically his interventions in the latter stages of both the Great Irish Famine of 1845–50, and the Indian famines of 1876–9. Caird is best remembered as the joint author of the controversial dissenting minute in the Indian famine commission report of 1880; this article locates the roots of his stance in his previous engagements with Irish policy. Caird's interventions are used to track the trajectory of an evolving ‘Peelite’ position on famine relief, agricultural reconstruction, and land reform between the 1840s and 1880s. Despite some divergences, strong continuities exist between the two interventions – not least concern for the promotion of agricultural entrepreneurship, for actively assisting economic development in ‘backward’ economies, and an acknowledgement of state responsibility for preserving life as an end in itself. Above all in both cases it involved a critique of a laissez-faire dogmatism – whether manifest in the ‘Trevelyanism’ of 1846–50 or the Lytton–Temple system of 1876–9.