First Example of Organocatalysis by Polystyrene-Supported PAMAM Dendrimers: Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensations

This paper describes the first use of polystyrene-supported poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as heterogeneous basic organocatalysts for carbon–carbon bond formation. Polystyrene-supported PAMAM dendrimers of first, second and third generations have been used as reusable base catalysts in Knoevenagel condensations of carbonyl compounds with active methylene compounds. The reactions proceed in short periods of time and with 100% selectivity. This novel catalyst eliminates the use of aromatic and halogenated solvents, as well as complex purification processes. The catalysts can be recycled ten times.

N-Aryl stilbazolium dyes as sensitizers for solar cells

Eight new N-arylstilbazolium chromophores with electron donating –NR2 (R = Me or Ph) substituents have been synthesized via Knoevenagel condensations and isolated as their PF6− salts. These compounds have been characterized by using various techniques including 1H NMR and IR spectroscopies and electrospray mass spectrometry. UV–vis absorption spectra recorded in acetonitrile are dominated by intense, low energy π → π* intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) bands, and replacing Me with Ph increases the ICT energies. Cyclic voltammetric studies show irreversible reduction processes, together with oxidation waves that are irreversible for R = Me, but reversible for R = Ph. Single crystal X-ray structures have been determined for three of the methyl ester-substituted stilbazolium salts and for the Cl− salts of their picolinium precursors. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations afford reasonable predictions of ICT energies, but greater rigour is necessary for –NPh2 derivatives. The four new acid-functionalized dyes give moderate sensitization efficiencies (ca. 0.2%) when using TiO2-based photoanodes, with relatively higher values for R = Ph vs Me, while larger efficiencies (up to 0.8%) are achieved with ZnO substrates.

Heterogeneous catalytic activity on Mn, Fe and Co-based metalloporphyrinic Solid Coordination Frameworks (SCFs)

Comunicación al congreso 1st European Conference on Metal Organic Frameworks and Porous Polymers, celebrado en Postdam del 11 al 14 de octubre de 2015

Expanded porphyrins and their evaluation as anion chemosensors

Expanded porphyrins are synthetic analogues of porphyrins, differing from the last ones and other naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles by containing a larger central core, with a minimum of 17 atoms, while retaining the extended conjugation features that are a tremendous feature of these biological pigments. The core expansion results in various systems with novel spectral and electronic features, often uniques. Most of these systems can also coordinate cations and/or anions, and in some cases they can bind more than one of these species. In many cases, these molecules display structural features, such as non-planar structures, that have no antecedents in the chemistry of porphyrins or related macrocyclic compounds. This work will discuss several synthetic approaches for the synthesis of expanded porphyrins, namely the construction of new building blocks by Michael addition, as well as potential synthetic routes towards expanded porphyrins. The synthesis of smaller oligopyrrolic compounds namely, bipyrroles and dipyrromethanes, not only were developed for the synthesis of expanded porphyrins as they were also used in Knoevenagel condensations furnishing chromogenic compounds able to recognize different anions in solution. Also, an approach to the synthesis of novel expanded porphyrins namely sapphyrins has been done by aza-Michael additions. Several synthetic routes towards the synthesis of pyridyl and pyridinium N-Fused pentaphyrins and hexaphyrins have been explored in order to achieve compounds with potential applications in catalysis and PDI, respectively. Studies on the synthesis of compounds with potential anion binding properties, led to the structural characterization and NMR anion binding studies of [28]hexaphyrins functionalized with several diamines in the para position of their pentafluorophenyl groups. These compounds allow NH hydrogen bond interactions with various anions. All synthesized compounds were fully characterized by modern spectroscopic techniques.

Total synthesis of 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid and its derivatives

We report the first total synthesis of 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid and its derivatives, 3,5-O-diferuloylqui- nic acid and 3,5-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl)quinic acid, in a nine-step sequence. The key step involves Knoevenagel condensations between vanillin, 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy- benzaldehyde and the dimalonate ester of quinic acid.

Preparation of different basic Si-MCM-41 catalysts and application in the Knoevenagel and Claisen-Schmidt condensation reactions

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Knoevenagel condensation of 2-carbethoxycyclohexanone and malononitrile: Synthesis of 4-cyano-3-ethoxy-1-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline, an isomer of the abnormal product

The structure of the abnormal product 1a formed in the Knoevenagel condensation of 2-carbethoxycyclohexanone and malononitrile has been further confirmed. Oxidation of the tetrahydroisoquinoline 3b using Na2Cr2O-AcOH-H2SO4 gave the keto isoquinoline 3d and the isoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid 5a. The acid chloride of 5a was condensed with diethyl ethoxymagnesiomalonate to afford after decarbethoxylation the methyl ketone 5d which on Baeyer-Villiger oxidation gave a mixture of the acetate 1g and the title compound 1b. The unambiguous synthesis of 1b confirms the structure assigned earlier to the title compound also formed during the partial hydrolysis of the diethoxy compound 1c. Condensation of 2-acetylcyclohexane-1,3-dione with malononitrile gave the quinoline derivative 4c which on ethylation yielded the ketoquinoline 4d. The present studies have confirmed that the quinoline compound 4a is also formed in the condensation of 2-acetylcyclohexanone and cyanoacetamide.

Self-Assembled Pd6 Open Cage with Triimidazole Walls and the Use of Its Confined Nanospace for Catalytic Knoevenagel- and Diels-Alder Reactions in Aqueous Medium

The two-component self-assembly of a 90 degrees PdII acceptor and a triimidazole donor led to the formation of a water-soluble semi-cylindrical cage with a hydrophobic cavity, which was separately crystallized with hydrophilic- and hydrophobic guests. The parent cage was found to catalyze the Knoevenagel condensation reaction of a series of aromatic mono-aldehydes with active methylene compounds, such as Meldrum's acid or 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid. The confined hydrophobic nanospace within this cage was also used in the catalytic DielsAlder reactions of 9-hydroxymethylanthracene with N-phenylmaleimide or N-cyclohexylmaleimide.

Multicomponent self-sorting of a Pd-7 molecular boat and its use in catalytic Knoevenagel condensation

Unique three-component self-assembly of a cis-blocked 90 degrees Pd(II) acceptor with amixture of tri- and tetra-imidazole donors led to the self-sorting of a Pd-7 molecular boat with an internal nanocavity, which catalyses the Knoevenagel condensation of a series of aromatic aldehydes with 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and Meldrum's acid in aqueous media.

Supported and liquid phase task specific ionic liquids for base catalysed Knoevenagel reactions

A series of Hunig's base tethered ammonium ionic liquids have been used to catalyse the Knoevenagel condensation of aldehydes/ketones with malononitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate. The reactions were performed under homogeneous and under biphasic, liquid-liquid and liquid-silica supported ionic liquid, conditions with the biphasic systems employing cyclohexene as the second phase. By increasing the distance between the ammonium head group and Hunig's base the activity of the catalyst was found to increase. Higher activity, in general, was found under homogeneous reaction conditions; however, the recyclability of the catalyst was improved by supporting the BIL under biphasic conditions. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Functionalised ionic liquids: synthesis of ionic liquids with tethered basic groups and their use in Heck and Knoevenagel reactions

A simple and efficient synthesis of a novel series of ionic liquids bearing nucleophilic (Me2N) and non-nucleophilic base ((Pr2N)-Pr-i) functionalities is described. The non-nucleophilic base functionality resembles the structure of the Hunig's base (N, N-diisopropylethylamine), which has been used widely in organic synthesis. A qualitative measure of the basicity of these ionic liquids is presented by utilising their interaction with universal indicator. The basicity of these ionic liquids was found to be dependent on the amine tether and choice of linker between the two nitrogen centres. The relative base strength of these ionic liquids was also probed by using them as catalysts in the Heck and Knoevenagel reactions.

Calix[4]pirróis: síntese e aplicação como sensores de aniões

A presente dissertação descreve, essencialmente, o desenvolvimento de novos métodos de funcionalização de calix[4]pirróis. O uso desses calix[4]pirróis, bem como o de porfirinas e ftalocianinas, como sensores de aniões, incluindo a determinação das suas constantes de afinidade é igualmente discutido. Esta dissertação encontra-se dividida em três partes distintas. Na primeira é feita uma revisão bibliográfica acerca das metodologias de síntese dos calix[4]pirróis, bem como das suas características e aplicações. A segunda parte encontra-se subdividida em diversos pontos de acordo com o tipo de funcionalização realizada nos calix[4]pirróis. No primeiro ponto desta parte encontram-se discutidos a síntese e a caracterização do mesooctametilcalix[ 4]pirrol-2-carbaldeído e do 3-(meso-octametilcalix[4]pirrol-2- il)propenal bem como os resultados obtidos da funcionalização destes aldeídos por reacções de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar. Esses aldeídos foram usados para gerar iletos de azometino, os quais foram “apanhados” com diversos dipolarófilos, tais como o fumaronitrilo, o fumarato de dimetilo, a N-(4- metoxifenil)maleimida, a 1,4-benzoquinona e a 1,4-naftoquinona. Ambos os calixpirróis com grupo formilo deram origem a aductos de cicloadição 1,3- dipolar com rendimentos moderados ou bons, principalmente quando se utilizou fumaronitrilo, fumarato de dimetilo ou N-(4-metoxifenil)maleimida como dipolarófilos. Neste estudo verificou-se que quando as quinonas eram utilizadas como dipolarófilos apenas eram obtidos os cicloaductos do 3-(mesooctametilcalix[ 4]pirrol-2-il)propenal. No segundo ponto descrevem-se as reacções de condensação aldólica e de Knoevenagel do mesooctametilcalix[ 4]pirrol-2-carbaldeído e do 3-(meso-octametilcalix[4]pirrol-2- il)propenal. Verificou-se a ausência de resultados para as reacções de condensação aldólica mas resultados muito satisfatórios para as reacções de Knoevenagel. Foram utilizados como compostos metilénicos activados a indano-1,3-diona, o 1,3-bis(dicianometilideno)indeno, o malononitrilo, o cianoacetato de etilo, o malonato de dietilo e o ácido de Meldrum. No penúltimo ponto encontram-se discutidas as reacções dos dois aldeídos com aminas bem como a sua redução e posterior tentativa de funcionalização dos calixpirróis com grupo hidroxilo. Em ambas as tentativas os resultados foram pouco satisfatórios. No último ponto da segunda parte descrevem-se, pormenorizadamente, os métodos de síntese, purificação e caracterização estrutural dos diversos compostos sintetizados. Na terceira parte são descritos os testes dos novos calix[4]pirróis sintetizados e também de outros derivados tetrapirrólicos, nomeadamente porfirinas e ftalocianinas, com aniões. Os calix[4]pirróis sintetizados demonstraram capacidade de interagir com diferentes aniões, e a sua capacidade de interacção é dependente dos grupos funcionais introduzidos. Verificou-se que os compostos com grupos ciano conjugados com um anel pirrólico do macrociclo apresentam constantes de afinidade mais elevadas para os aniões. A concluir esta dissertação encontra-se uma revisão da literatura sobre a utilização de porfirinas como sensores de aniões. Apresentam-se também os resultados obtidos com duas porfirinas e uma ftalocianina em tal aplicação. As porfirinas testadas apresentam elevadas constantes de afinidade com os iões fluoreto e di-hidrogenofosfato. No caso da ftalocianina verificou-se que esta interage com vários aniões, bem como com metanol e sulfóxido dimetílico, originando soluções de cores muito diferentes.

Les condensations iconographiques de l'entrée d'Henri II à Paris

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal