A mathematical introduction to Kerr black holes

Lo scopo della tesi è descrivere i buchi neri di Kerr. Dopo aver introdotto tutti gli strumenti matematici necessari quali tensori, vettori di Killing e geodetiche, enunceremo la metrica di Kerr, il teorema no-hair e il frame-dragging. In seguito, a partire dalla metrica di Kerr, calcoleremo e descriveremo le ergosfere, gli orizzonti degli eventi e il moto dei fotoni nel piano equatoriale.

Termodinamica dei buchi neri e radiazione di Hawking

Questo lavoro di tesi si occupa dello studio dei buchi neri e delle loro proprietà termodinamiche da un punto di vista teorico. Nella prima parte si affronta una analisi teorico-matematica che mostra la soluzione dell’equazione di Einstein in relatività generale per un problema a simmetria sferica. Da questa soluzione si osserva la possibile presenza nell’universo di oggetti ai quali nemmeno alla luce è data la possibilità di fuggire, chiamati buchi neri. Ad ogni buco nero è associato un orizzonte degli eventi che si comporta come una membrana a senso unico: materia e luce possono entrare ma niente può uscire. E` studiata inoltre la possibile formazione di questi oggetti, mostrando che se una stella supera un certo valore critico di massa, durante la fase finale della sua evoluzione avverrà un collasso gravitazionale che nessuna forza conosciuta sarà in grado di fermare, portando alla formazione di un buco nero. Nella seconda parte si studiano le leggi meccaniche dei buchi neri. Queste leggi descrivono l’evoluzione degli stessi attraverso parametri come l’area dell’orizzonte degli eventi, la massa e la gravità di superficie. Si delinea quindi una analogia formale tra queste leggi meccaniche e le quattro leggi della termodinamica, con l’area dell’orizzonte degli eventi che si comporta come l’entropia e la gravità di superficie come la temperatura. Nella terza parte, attraverso l’utilizzo della meccanica quantistica, si mostra che l’analogia non è solo formale. Ad un buco nero è associata l’emissione di uno spettro di radiazione che corrisponde proprio a quello di un corpo nero che ha una temperatura proporzionale alla gravità di superficie. Si osserva inoltre che l’area dell’orizzonte degli eventi può essere interpretata come una misura della informazione contenuta nel buco nero e di conseguenza della sua entropia.

Erratum: Generalized Smarr relation for Kerr-AdS black holes from improved surface integrals (Physical Review D (2005) 71 (044016)

SCOPUS: er.j

Extra dimensions at the CERN LHC via mini-black holes: Effective Kerr-Newman brane-world effects

We solve Einstein equations on the brane to derive the exact form of the brane-world-corrected perturbations in Kerr-Newman singularities, using Randall-Sundrum and Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali (ADD) models. It is a consequence of such models that Kerr-Newman mini-black holes can be produced in LHC. We use this approach to derive a normalized correction for the Schwarzschild Myers-Perry radius of a static (4+n)-dimensional mini-black hole, using more realistic approaches arising from Kerr-Newman mini-black hole analysis. Besides, we prove that there are four Kerr-Newman black hole horizons in the brane-world scenario we use, although only the outer horizon is relevant in the physical measurable processes. Parton cross sections in LHC and Hawking temperature are also investigated as functions of Planck mass (in the LHC range 1-10 TeV), mini-black hole mass, and the number of large extra dimensions in brane-world large extra-dimensional scenarios. In this case a more realistic brane-effect-corrected formalism can achieve more precisely the effective extra-dimensional Planck mass and the number of large extra dimensions-in the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali model-or the size of the warped extra dimension-in Randall-Sundrum formalism.

X-Ray studies of the physics of matter around super-massive black-holes in nearby Seyfert galaxies

Seyfert galaxies are the closest active galactic nuclei. As such, we can use them to test the physical properties of the entire class of objects. To investigate their general properties, I took advantage of different methods of data analysis. In particular I used three different samples of objects, that, despite frequent overlaps, have been chosen to best tackle different topics: the heterogeneous BeppoS AX sample was thought to be optimized to test the average hard X-ray (E above 10 keV) properties of nearby Seyfert galaxies; the X-CfA was thought the be optimized to compare the properties of low-luminosity sources to the ones of higher luminosity and, thus, it was also used to test the emission mechanism models; finally, the XMM–Newton sample was extracted from the X-CfA sample so as to ensure a truly unbiased and well defined sample of objects to define the average properties of Seyfert galaxies. Taking advantage of the broad-band coverage of the BeppoS AX MECS and PDS instruments (between ~2-100 keV), I infer the average X-ray spectral propertiesof nearby Seyfert galaxies and in particular the photon index (~1.8), the high-energy cut-off (~290 keV), and the relative amount of cold reflection (~1.0). Moreover the unified scheme for active galactic nuclei was positively tested. The distribution of isotropic indicators used here (photon index, relative amount of reflection, high-energy cut-off and narrow FeK energy centroid) are similar in type I and type II objects while the absorbing column and the iron line equivalent width significantly differ between the two classes of sources with type II objects displaying larger absorbing columns. Taking advantage of the XMM–Newton and X–CfA samples I also deduced from measurements that 30 to 50% of type II Seyfert galaxies are Compton thick. Confirming previous results, the narrow FeK line is consistent, in Seyfert 2 galaxies, with being produced in the same matter responsible for the observed obscuration. These results support the basic picture of the unified model. Moreover, the presence of a X-ray Baldwin effect in type I sources has been measured using for the first time the 20-100 keV luminosity (EW proportional to L(20-100)^(−0.22±0.05)). This finding suggests that the torus covering factor may be a function of source luminosity, thereby suggesting a refinement of the baseline version of the unifed model itself. Using the BeppoSAX sample, it has been also recorded a possible correlation between the photon index and the amount of cold reflection in both type I and II sources. At a first glance this confirms the thermal Comptonization as the most likely origin of the high energy emission for the active galactic nuclei. This relation, in fact, naturally emerges supposing that the accretion disk penetrates, depending to the accretion rate, the central corona at different depths (Merloni et al. 2006): the higher accreting systems hosting disks down to the last stable orbit while the lower accreting systems hosting truncated disks. On the contrary, the study of the well defined X–C f A sample of Seyfert galaxies has proved that the intrinsic X-ray luminosity of nearby Seyfert galaxies can span values between 10^(38−43) erg s^−1, i.e. covering a huge range of accretion rates. The less efficient systems have been supposed to host ADAF systems without accretion disk. However, the study of the X–CfA sample has also proved the existence of correlations between optical emission lines and X-ray luminosity in the entire range of L_(X) covered by the sample. These relations are similar to the ones obtained if high-L objects are considered. Thus the emission mechanism must be similar in luminous and weak systems. A possible scenario to reconcile these somehow opposite indications is assuming that the ADAF and the two phase mechanism co-exist with different relative importance moving from low-to-high accretion systems (as suggested by the Gamma vs. R relation). The present data require that no abrupt transition between the two regimes is present. As mentioned above, the possible presence of an accretion disk has been tested using samples of nearby Seyfert galaxies. Here, to deeply investigate the flow patterns close to super-massive black-holes, three case study objects for which enough counts statistics is available have been analysed using deep X-ray observations taken with XMM–Newton. The obtained results have shown that the accretion flow can significantly differ between the objects when it is analyzed with the appropriate detail. For instance the accretion disk is well established down to the last stable orbit in a Kerr system for IRAS 13197-1627 where strong light bending effect have been measured. The accretion disk seems to be formed spiraling in the inner ~10-30 gravitational radii in NGC 3783 where time dependent and recursive modulation have been measured both in the continuum emission and in the broad emission line component. Finally, the accretion disk seems to be only weakly detectable in rk 509, with its weak broad emission line component. Finally, blueshifted resonant absorption lines have been detected in all three objects. This seems to demonstrate that, around super-massive black-holes, there is matter which is not confined in the accretion disk and moves along the line of sight with velocities as large as v~0.01-0.4c (whre c is the speed of light). Wether this matter forms winds or blobs is still matter of debate together with the assessment of the real statistical significance of the measured absorption lines. Nonetheless, if confirmed, these phenomena are of outstanding interest because they offer new potential probes for the dynamics of the innermost regions of accretion flows, to tackle the formation of ejecta/jets and to place constraints on the rate of kinetic energy injected by AGNs into the ISM and IGM. Future high energy missions (such as the planned Simbol-X and IXO) will likely allow an exciting step forward in our understanding of the flow dynamics around black holes and the formation of the highest velocity outflows.

L'atmosfera termica e il suo ruolo nell'entropia dei buchi neri

Con il testo presente, si intende mostrare come i gradi di libertà associati all'entropia di un buco nero possano essere ricercati in parte fruttuosamente nell'interazione dei campi quantistici con la struttura causale e geometrica esibita da un buco nero. Nel Capitolo 1, si affrontano le principali caratteristiche dei buchi neri alla luce della teoria classica di Relatività Generale: sono analizzate la soluzione di Schwarzschild e la struttura causale nello spazio-tempo conseguente, discutendo le definizioni di orizzonte e di singolarità e il rapporto che le lega, con riferimento ai risultati di Penrose e Hawking. Introdotto, all'inizio del Capitolo 2, il concetto di gravità superficiale e la metrica di Kerr-Newman, si studia il significato delle Quattro Leggi dei buchi neri, valide per soluzioni stazionarie. Il Capitolo 3 espone quali motivazioni spingano a proporre una caratterizzazione termodinamica dei buchi neri, attribuendovi una temperatura e un'entropia (detta “di Bekenstein-Hawking”) di natura geometrica, dipendente dall'area dell'orizzonte; si trattano qui i problemi che si incontrano nel costruire una corrispondente Meccanica Statistica. Si descrive dunque in quali termini il processo di radiazione di Hawking riesca a dare una spiegazione fisica della temperatura, e si rileva la presenza, secondo osservatori statici, di un'atmosfera termica nei pressi dell’orizzonte. Infine, si esamina la possibilità di attribuire alla radiazione di Hawking i gradi di libertà relativi all'entropia di Bekenstein-Hawking. In particolare, si illustra il modello a muro di mattoni di 't Hooft, che lega i gradi di libertà all'atmosfera termica. Considerando infine la deformazione dell'orizzonte dovuta a fluttuazioni quantistiche, si giunge alla conclusione che l'entropia dell'atmosfera termica rappresenta non un'interpretazione dell'entropia di Bekenstein-Hawking, bensì una sua correzione al secondo ordine.

Two temperature viscous accretion flows around rotating black holes: Description of under-fed systems to ultra-luminous X-ray sources

We discuss two temperature accretion disk flows around rotating black holes. As we know that to explain observed hard X-rays the choice of Keplerian angular momentum profile is not unique, we consider the sub-Keplerian regime of the disk. Without any strict knowledge of the magnetic field structure, we assume the cooling mechanism is dominated by bremsstrahlung process. We show that in a range of Shakura-Sunyaev viscosity parameter 0.2 greater than or similar to alpha greater than or similar to 0.0005, flow behavior varies widely, particularly by means of the size of disk, efficiency of cooling and corresponding temperatures of ions and electrons. We also show that the disk around a rotating black hole is hotter compared to that around a Schwarzschild black hole, rendering a larger difference between ion and electron temperatures in the former case. With all the theoretical solutions in hand, finally we reproduce the observed luminosities (L) of two extreme cases-the under-fed AGNs and quasars (e.g. Sgr A') with L greater than or similar to 10(33) erg/s to ultra-luminous X-ray sources with L similar to 10(41) erg/s, at different combinations of mass accretion rate, ratio of specific heats, Shakura-Sunyaev viscosity parameter and Kerr parameter, and conclude that Sgr A' may be an intermediate spinning black hole.

Two-temperature accretion around rotating black holes: a description of the general advective flow paradigm in the presence of various cooling processes to explain low to high luminous sources

We investigate viscous two-temperature accretion disc flows around rotating black holes. We describe the global solution of accretion flows with a sub-Keplerian angular momentum profile, by solving the underlying conservation equations including explicit cooling processes self-consistently. Bremsstrahlung, synchrotron and inverse Comptonization of soft photons are considered as possible cooling mechanisms. We focus on the set of solutions for sub-Eddington, Eddington and super-Eddington mass accretion rates around Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes with a Kerr parameter of 0.998. It is found that the flow, during its infall from the Keplerian to sub-Kepleria transition region to the black hole event horizon, passes through various phases of advection: the general advective paradigm to the radiatively inefficient phase, and vice versa. Hence, the flow governs a much lower electron temperature similar to 10(8)-10(9.5) K, in the range of accretion rate in Eddington units 0.01 less than or similar to (M) over dot less than or similar to 100, compared to the hot protons of temperature similar to 10(10.2)-10(11.8) K. Therefore, the solution may potentially explain the hard X-rays and gamma-rays emitted from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and X-ray binaries. We then compare the solutions for two different regimes of viscosity. We conclude that a weakly viscous flow is expected to be cooling dominated, particularly at the inner region of the disc, compared to its highly viscous counterpart, which is radiatively inefficient. With all the solutions in hand, we finally reproduce the observed luminosities of the underfed AGNs and quasars (e. g. Sgr A*) to ultraluminous X-ray sources (e. g. SS433), at different combinations of input parameters, such as the mass accretion rate and the ratio of specific heats. The set of solutions also predicts appropriately the luminosity observed in highly luminous AGNs and ultraluminous quasars (e. g. PKS 0743-67).

Conserved quantities and the formation of black holes in the Brans-Dicke theory of gravitation

In Part I, we construct a symmetric stress-energy-momentum pseudo-tensor for the gravitational fields of Brans-Dicke theory, and use this to establish rigorously conserved integral expressions for energy-momentum Pⁱ and angular momentum J^ik. Application of the two-dimensional surface integrals to the exact static spherical vacuum solution of Brans leads to an identification of our conserved mass with the active gravitational mass. Application to the distant fields of an arbitrary stationary source reveals that Pⁱ and J^ik have the same physical interpretation as in general relativity. For gravitational waves whose wavelength is small on the scale of the background radius of curvature, averaging over several wavelengths in the Brill-Hartle-Isaacson manner produces a stress-energy-momentum tensor for gravitational radiation which may be used to calculate the changes in Pⁱ and J^ik of their source.

In Part II, we develop strong evidence in favor of a conjecture by Penrose--that, in the Brans-Dicke theory, relativistic gravitational collapse in three dimensions produce black holes identical to those of general relativity. After pointing out that any black hole solution of general relativity also satisfies Brans-Dicke theory, we establish the Schwarzschild and Kerr geometries as the only possible spherical and axially symmetric black hole exteriors, respectively. Also, we show that a Schwarzschild geometry is necessarily formed in the collapse of an uncharged sphere.

Appendices discuss relationships among relativistic gravity theories and an example of a theory in which black holes do not exist.

Search for gravitational wave ringdowns from perturbed intermediate mass black holes in LIGO-Virgo data from 2005-2010

We report results from a search for gravitational waves produced by perturbed intermediate mass black holes ( IMBH) in data collected by LIGO and Virgo between 2005 and 2010. The search was sensitive to astrophysical sources that produced damped sinusoid gravitational wave signals, also known as ringdowns, with frequency 50 <= f(0)/Hz <= 2000 and decay timescale 0.0001 less than or similar to tau/s less than or similar to 0.1 characteristic of those produced in mergers of IMBH pairs. No significant gravitational wave candidate was detected. We report upper limits on the astrophysical coalescence rates of IMBHs with total binary mass 50 <= M/ M circle dot <= 450 and component mass ratios of either 1: 1 or 4: 1. For systems with total mass 100 <= M/M circle dot <= 150, we report a 90% confidence upper limit on the rate of binary IMBH mergers with nonspinning and equal mass components of 6.9 x 10(-8) Mpc(-3) yr(-1). We also report a rate upper limit for ringdown waveforms from perturbed IMBHs, radiating 1% of their mass as gravitational waves in the fundamental, l = m = 2, oscillation mode, that is nearly three orders of magnitude more stringent than previous results.

Accrescimento di Bondi con electron scattering per buchi neri al centro di galassie

Il modello di Bondi rappresenta il modello di accrescimento più semplice, in quanto studia l'accrescimento su un BH isolato immerso in una distribuzione di gas infinita. In questa semplice trattazione puramente idrodinamica vengono trascurati molti aspetti importanti, come ad esempio il momento angolare, il campo magnetico, gli effetti relativistici, ecc. L'obiettivo di questa Tesi consiste nell'affinare tale modello aggiungendo alcune nuove componenti. In particolare, vogliamo studiare come queste nuove componenti possano influire sul tasso di accrescimento della materia. Dopo una Introduzione (Capitolo 1), nel Capitolo 2 viene presentato il modello di Bondi originale, con lo scopo di ricostruire il procedimento matematico che porta alla soluzione e di verificare il funzionamento del codice numerico scritto per la soluzione dell'equazione di Bondi finale. Tuttavia, il modello di accrescimento sferico stazionario tratta il potenziale gravitazionale di un oggetto puntiforme isolato, mentre in questo lavoro di Tesi si vogliono considerare i BH che si trovano al centro delle galassie. Pertanto, nel Capitolo 3 è stata rivisitata la trattazione matematica del problema di Bondi aggiungendo alle equazioni il potenziale gravitazionale prodotto da una galassia con profilo di densità descritto dal modello di Hernquist. D'altronde, ci si aspetta che l'energia potenziale gravitazionale liberata nell'accrescimento, almeno parzialmente, venga convertita in radiazione. In regime otticamente sottile, nell'interazione tra la radiazione e la materia, domina l'electron scattering, il che permette di estendere in maniera rigorosa la trattazione matematica del problema di Bondi prendendo in considerazione gli effetti dovuti alla pressione di radiazione. Infatti, in un sistema a simmetria sferica la forza esercitata dalla pressione di radiazione segue l'andamento "1/r^2", il che comporta una riduzione della forza gravitazionale della stessa quantità per tutti i raggi. Tale argomento rappresenta l'oggetto di studio del Capitolo 4. L'idea originale alla base di questo lavoro di Tesi, che consiste nell'unire i due modelli sopra descritti (ossia il modello di Bondi con la galassia e il modello di Bondi con feedback radiativo) in un unico modello, è stata sviluppata nel Capitolo 5. Utilizzando questo nuovo modello abbiamo cercato di determinare delle "ricette" per la stima del tasso di accrescimento, da utilizzare nell'analisi dei dati osservativi oppure da considerare nell'ambito delle simulazioni numeriche. Infine, nel Capitolo 6 abbiamo valutato alcune applicazioni del modello sviluppato: come una possibile soluzione al problema di sottoluminosità dei SMBH al centro di alcune galassie dell'universo locale; per la stima della massa del SMBH imponendo la condizione di equilibrio idrostatico; un possibile impiego dei risultati nell'ambito dei modelli semi-analitici di coevoluzione di galassie e SMBH al centro di esse.

Coordinate di Painlevé-Gullstrand e buchi neri acustici

In questa tesi si introduce il concetto di buco nero acustico come l’analogo sonoro di ciò che rappresenta un buco nero in relatività generale. In primo luogo verrà quindi illustrata la teoria della gravitazione di Einstein, per poi entrare nel dettaglio della soluzione di Schwarzschild e della nozione di buco nero. In secondo luogo si dimostrerà come alcuni sistemi, i fluidi disomogenei in movimento, riescano a riprodurre effetti gravitazionali sotto certe condizioni. In particolare si osserverà come il suono che si propaga in questi fluidi lo faccia lungo delle geodetiche determinate da una "metrica acustica" dipendente da velocità e densità del fluido, che verrà ricavata. Ciò che permetterà di stabilire l’analogia sarà un’estensione analitica della soluzione di Schwarzschild, quella di Painlevé-Gullstrand: si potrà infatti identificare (formalmente) l’elemento di linea acustico con l’elemento di linea di Painlevé-Gullstrand. Si troverà che portando la velocità del fluido a una velocità maggiore di quella del suono, nella zona supersonica le onde acustiche non potranno propagarsi controcorrente ma verranno trascinate nella direzione opposta, come i raggi luminosi vengono trascinati verso la singolarità all’interno dell’orizzonte degli eventi di un buco nero. La zona supersonica verrà quindi chiamata buco nero acustico.

Analytical solutions of accreting black holes immersed in a Lambda CDM model

The evolution of the mass of a black hole embedded in a universe filled with dark energy and cold dark matter is calculated in a closed form within a test fluid model in a Schwarzschild metric, taking into account the cosmological evolution of both fluids. The result describes exactly how accretion asymptotically switches from the matter-dominated to the Lambda-dominated regime. For early epochs, the black hole mass increases due to dark matter accretion, and on later epochs the increase in mass stops as dark energy accretion takes over. Thus, the unphysical behaviour of previous analyses is improved in this simple exact model. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fermion perturbations in string theory black holes

In this paper we study fermion perturbations in four-dimensional black holes of string theory, obtained either from a non-extreme configuration of three intersecting five-branes with a boost along the common string or from a non-extreme intersecting system of two two-branes and two five-branes. The Dirac equation for the massless neutrino field, after conformal re-scaling of the metric, is written as a wave equation suitable to study the time evolution of the perturbation. We perform a numerical integration of the evolution equation, and with the aid of Prony fitting of the time-domain profile, we calculate the complex frequencies that dominate the quasinormal ringing stage, and also determine these quantities by the semi-analytical sixth-order WKB method. We also find numerically the decay factor of fermion fields at very late times, and show that the falloff is identical to those showing for massless fields in other four-dimensional black hole spacetimes.

Search for microscopic black holes in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV

A search for microscopic black holes in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7TeV is presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb1 recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011. Events with large total transverse energy have been analyzed for the presence of multiple energetic jets, leptons, and photons, which are typical signals of evaporating semiclassical and quantum black holes, and string balls. Agreement with the expected standard model backgrounds, which are dominated by QCD multijet production, has been observed for various combined multiplicities of jets and other reconstructed objects in the final state. Model-independent limits are set on new physics processes producing high-multiplicity, energetic final states. In addition, new model-specific indicative limits are set excluding semiclassical and quantum black holes with masses below 3.8 to 5.3TeV and string balls with masses below 4.6 to 4.8TeV . The analysis has a substantially increased sensitivity compared to previous searches.