”Ihanan överi ja juhlallinen jakku olisi kyllä kiva lisä vaatekaappiin” – tutkimus kuluttamisesta ja professionalisoitumisesta elämäntyyliblogeissa

Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani muotibloggaajien kulutuspuhetta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaista kuluttajuutta muotiblogeissa ilmaistaan ja millainen kehityskaari muotiblogeissa on tapahtunut vuodesta 2007 tämän tutkimuksen tekemiseen asti tutkimusaineiston sekä tekemieni havaintojen perusteella. Tutkimus on toteutettu laadullisia tutkimusmenetelmiä käyttämällä. Olen kerännyt aineistoni kymmenestä naisten kirjoittamasta muotiblogista kahtena eri ajanjaksona vuonna 2009. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa on sekä etnografisen että netnografisen havainnoinnin piirteitä. Aineiston analysoinnin apuna olen käyttänyt teemoittelua sekä tyypittelyä. Tutkimuksesta selvisi, että muotibloggaajien näkeminen identiteettiään etsivänä liittyy oman tyylin etsimiseen ja erottautumisen haluun. Perinteinen näkemys kuluttajasta valitsijana ja passiivisena markkinoilla toimijana on väistymässä, sillä muotibloggaajat näyttäytyvät tutkimuksessa aktiivisina toimijoina ja tuottajina. Muotibloggaajat hakevat myös jatkuvasti uusia kulutuselämyksiä ja kommunikoivat toistensa kanssa välittämällä merkityksiä kuluttamisensa kautta. Muotibloggaajien kulutuspuheet näyttäytyvät tutkimuksessa ekonomistisen kulutuseetoksen ja perinteisen suomalaisen kulutuspuheen mukaisesti järkevinä. Säästäväisyyttä pidetään hyveellisenä ja tuotteiden hinnat vaikuttavat ostopäätösten tekemiseen. Muotibloggaajat osaavat kuitenkin kontrolloidusti nauttia kuluttamisesta. Kulutuspuheet noudattavat myös ekologis-eettisen kulutuseetoksen perinnettä, mikä ilmenee fanaattisuuden välttämisenä sekä perinteisten että sosiaalisen median kirpputorien suosimisena. Lisäksi muotibloggaajien kulutuspuheet käyvät ilmi sosiaalisena pakkona, sillä muotiblogin pitäminen mielenkiintoisena vaatii jatkuvaa himoa uusia kulutustuotteita kohtaan. Tutkimuksen perusteella muotiblogeissa korostuu yhteisöllisyys ja kuluttaminen on hyvin naisellista. Tutkimusaineistosta sekä havainnoista tekemieni päätelmien mukaan muotiblogit ovat muuttumassa elämäntyyliblogeiksi, sillä niissä kerrotaan yhä enemmän myös muista kuin kuluttamiseen liittyvistä aiheista. Samalla muotibloggaajat ovat kehittymässä tavallisesta kuluttajasta kohti asiantuntijuutta eli professionalisoitumassa. Professionalisoitumisen myötä muotibloggaajat toimivat uuden ajan kuluttajavalistajina ja muotiblogeissa syntyy uusia sanoja ja merkityksiä. Lisäksi muotibloggaajille on kehittynyt sellaisia tietoja ja taitoja, joita voi myydä. Muotibloggaajista onkin tulossa muodin ammattilaisia, joille maksetaan tulevaisuudessa bloggaamisesta myös palkkaa.

Reynolds-stress turbulence model in the KIVA code for engine simulation

A Reynolds-Stress Turbulence Model has been incorporated with success into the KIVA code, a computational fluid dynamics hydrocode for three-dimensional simulation of fluid flow in engines. The newly implemented Reynolds-stress turbulence model greatly improves the robustness of KIVA, which in its original version has only eddy-viscosity turbulence models. Validation of the Reynolds-stress turbulence model is accomplished by conducting pipe-flow and channel-flow simulations, and comparing the computed results with experimental and direct numerical simulation data. Flows in engines of various geometry and operating conditions are calculated using the model, to study the complex flow fields as well as confirm the model’s validity. Results show that the Reynolds-stress turbulence model is able to resolve flow details such as swirl and recirculation bubbles. The model is proven to be an appropriate choice for engine simulations, with consistency and robustness, while requiring relatively low computational effort.

Simulation of four stroke engine cycle for a 4 - valve pentroof engine in KIVA 3VR2

The main purpose of this project is to understand the process of engine simulation using the open source CFD code called KIVA. This report mainly discusses the simulation of the 4-valve Pentroof engine through KIVA 3VR2. KIVA is an open source FORTRAN code which is used to solve the fluid flow field in the engines with the transient 2D and 3D chemically reactive flow with spray. It also focuses on the complete procedure to simulate an engine cycle starting from pre- processing until the final results. This report will serve a handbook for the using the KIVA code.

Implementation of the conjugate heat transfer code in KIVA-4

KIVA is an open Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) source code that is capable to compute the transient two and three-dimensional chemically reactive fluid flows with spray. The latest version in the family of KIVA codes is the KIVA-4 which is capable of handling the unstructured mesh. This project focuses on the implementation of the Conjugate Heat Transfer code (CHT) in KIVA-4. The previous version of KIVA code with conjugate heat transfer code has been developed at Michigan Technological University by Egel Urip and is be used in this project. During the first phase of the project, the difference in the code structure between the previous version of KIVA and the KIVA-4 has been studied, which is the most challenging part of the project. The second phase involves the reverse engineering where the CHT code in previous version is extracted and implemented in KIVA-4 according to the new code structure. The validation of the implemented code is performed using a 4-valve Pentroof engine case. A solid cylinder wall has been developed using GRIDGEN which surrounds 3/4th of the engine cylinder and heat transfer to the solid wall during one engine cycle (0-720 Crank Angle Degree) is compared with that of the reference result. The reference results are nothing but the same engine case run in the previous version with the original code developed by Egel. The results of current code are very much comparable to that of the reference results which verifies that successful implementation of the CHT code in KIVA-4.

Implementation of monotonic higher order upwind scheme in KIVA 4

KIVA is a FORTRAN code developed by Los Alamos national lab to simulate complete engine cycle. KIVA is a flow solver code which is used to perform calculation of properties in a fluid flow field. It involves using various numerical schemes and methods to solve the Navier-Stokes equation. This project involves improving the accuracy of one such scheme by upgrading it to a higher order scheme. The numerical scheme to be modified is used in the critical final stage calculation called as rezoning phase. The primitive objective of this project is to implement a higher order numerical scheme, to validate and verify that the new scheme is better than the existing scheme. The latest version of the KIVA family (KIVA 4) is used for implementing the higher order scheme to support handling the unstructured mesh. The code is validated using the traditional shock tube problem and the results are verified to be more accurate than the existing schemes in reference with the analytical result. The convection test is performed to compare the computational accuracy on convective transfer; it is found that the new scheme has less numerical diffusion compared to the existing schemes. A four valve pentroof engine, an example case of KIVA package is used as application to ensure the stability of the scheme in practical application. The results are compared for the temperature profile. In spite of all the positive results, the numerical scheme implemented has a downside of consuming more CPU time for the computational analysis. The detailed comparison is provided. However, in an overview, the implementation of the higher order scheme in the latest code KIVA 4 is verified to be successful and it gives better results than the existing scheme which satisfies the objective of this project.

Implementing The KiVa Antibullying Program: What Does It Take?

There is variation in how teachers and schools implement bullying prevention programs. Although this variation has been discussed, there has been little empirical research concerning the relationship between implementation fidelity and program outcomes. This thesis contains three studies, each of them in the context of implementing the KiVa antibullying program, and examines teachers’ actions in preventing and intervening in school bullying. The first aim of this thesis is to examine implementation degree of the KiVa curriculum and its’ association with reductions in victimization and bullying perpetration (Study I). The second aim is to clarify why teachers displayed different degrees of adherence to the KiVa curriculum during a school year (Study II). Thirdly, it is investigated whether recognizing victimization can be difficult for school staff (Study III). In addition to these peer-reviewed studies, the thesis includes a qualitative analysis (unpublished) of the teachers’ open answers concerning their implementation experiences. The data were collected from elementary school teachers (Studies I–II; the unpublished study), elementary school students (Study I), and students on the elementary and middle school levels (Study III) during the evaluation of the effectiveness of KiVa antibullying program between 2007 and 2009. The findings demonstrate that a larger reduction in victimization can be achieved in classrooms where teachers display higher levels of adherence to the KiVa curriculum and invest more time for preparing the lessons. Bullying perpetration, however, was not equally affected by the level of curriculum implementation. With respect to the implementation process over one year, there was significant variation between individual teachers’ activity—ranging from systematic and high implementation to declining delivery from lesson to lesson. The sustained actions (high and moderate levels of implementation) were premised on principal support for antibullying work. Lesson preparation was associated with keeping implementation high throughout the school year. The findings also implied that the belief in the effectiveness of the program is important for a higher implementation degree at starting point of the process. Finally, there are severe flaws in teachers’ ability to identify students who are victimized. As it turns out, it is possible that only one-fourth of chronically victimized students are helped by the school staff. Especially when the victims are middle-school-aged girls, when they bully others themselves, or when they do not tell adults about bullying, reaching out for them is difficult. Implementation and dissemination of research-based interventions will take a good deal of time and effort. The findings demonstrate that active implementation is important for improving program outcomes. They also show how implementation can be sustained—there are both individual and interpersonal factors that facilitate or inhibit high-quality implementation. Thus, implications for future research regarding the implementation of school-based programs are suggested.

Validation of a Modified Eddy Dissipation Concept Model for Stationary and Nonstationary Turbulent Diffusion Flames

A transient flame simulation tool based on unsteady Reynolds average Navier Stokes (RANS) is characterized for stationary and nonstationary flame applications with a motivation of performing computationally affordable flame stability studies. Specifically, the KIVA-3V code is utilized with incorporation of a recently proposed modified eddy dissipation concept for simulating turbulence-chemistry interaction along with a model for radiation loss. Detailed comparison of velocities, turbulent kinetic energies, temperature, and species are made with the experimental data of the turbulent, non-premixed DLR_A CH4/H-2/N-2 jet flame. The comparison shows that the model is able to predict flame structure very well. The effect of some of the modeling assumptions is assessed, and strategies to model a stationary diffusion flame are recommended. Unsteady flame simulation capabilities of the numerical model are assessed by simulating an acoustically excited, experimental, oscillatory H-2-air diffusion flame. Comparisons are made with oscillatory velocity field and OH plots, and the numerical code is observed to predict transient flame structure well.

Full Chemical Kinetic Simulation of Biogas Early Phase Combustion in SI Engines

This paper presents computational work on the biogas early phase combustion in spark ignition (SI) engines using detailed chemical kinetics. Specifically, the early phase combustion is studied to assess the effect of various ignition parameters such as spark plug location, spark energy, and number of spark plugs. An integrated version of the KIVA-3V and CHEMKIN codes was developed and used for the simulations utilizing detailed kinetics involving 325 reactions and 53 species The results show that location of the spark plug and local flow field play an important role. A central plug configuration, which is associated with higher local flow velocities in the vicinity of the spark plug, showed faster initial combustion. Although a dual plug configuration shows the highest rate of fuel consumption, it is comparable to the rate exhibited by the central plug case. The radical species important in the initiation of combustion are identified, and their concentrations are monitored during the early phase of combustion. The concentration of these radicals is also observed to correlate very well with the above-mentioned trend.Thus, the role of these radicals in promoting faster combustion has been clearly established. It is also observed that the minimum ignition energy required to initiate a self-sustained flame depends on the flow field condition in the vicinity of the spark plug.Increasing the methane content in the biogas has shown improved combustion.

液体碳氢燃料超然的数值模拟

液体碳氢燃料，特别是煤油，由于便于贮存、携带，安全性好，对马赫数小于8的飞行器的推进系统有很大的实用价值。截止目前，液体碳氢燃料超燃问题的研究主要依靠实验手段，由于液滴在超声速气流中的运动及碳氢燃料化学反应机理的复杂性，关于液体碳氢燃料超声速燃烧的数值模拟一直没有很好地发展。本文利用KIVA-3较完善的液雾模型，在其基础上，对其网格生成程序、湍流模型及部分液雾模型等进行了改进，考虑了气相可压缩性、流场不均匀性及液滴变形对液滴运动的影响，采用随机轨道模型全面考察了液滴的二次破碎、湍流扩散、蒸发、液滴间碰撞及气液相间棍合作用，同时引入了CHEMKIN II软件包，以完善化学反应的数值模拟，完成了对液体碳氢燃料超声速燃烧问题的应用程序的开发。通过对超声速气流中凹腔流和横向空气射流流场的模拟对该程序在流场计算上的可靠性进行了校验，计算结果反映了这两个典型流动问题的流场特征，与实验结果取得基本一致。对超声速气流中液体横向射流的数值模拟发现，液体射流与气流之间存在着强烈的相互作用，在液体射流喷口上游出现一道三维弓形激波，气流速度、温度受液雾的影响不断下降，而液滴在进入气流中不久就破碎成很小的子液滴，并迅速吸热蒸发。与液雾结构的纹影图像和液雾穿透的实验结果对比显示，数值计算结果基本合理。在冷态两相流动计算的基础上，进一步对氢引导火焰与凹腔相结合的液体碳氢燃料的超声速燃烧过程进行了数值模拟，结果表明数值模拟定性反映了煤油超燃现象，体现了引导氢和凹腔在煤油超燃过程中所起到的点火和稳焰的重要作用。

Studio e sviluppo di un motore a 2 tempi diesel veloce di nuova concezione per applicazioni automobilistiche

The Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (DIMeC) of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia is developing a new type of small capacity HSDI 2-Stroke Diesel engine (called HSD2), featuring a specifically designed combustion system, aimed to reduce weight, size and manufacturing costs, and improving pollutant emissions at partial load. The present work is focused on the analysis of the combustion and the scavenging process, investigated by means of a version of the KIVA-3V code customized by the University of Chalmers and modified by DIMeC. The customization of the KIVA-3V code includes a detailed combustion chemistry approach, coupled with a comprehensive oxidation mechanism for diesel oil surrogate and the modeling of turbulence/chemistry interaction through the PaSR (Partially Stirred Reactor) model. A four stroke automobile Diesel engine featuring a very close bore size is taken as a reference, for both the numerical models calibration and for a comparison with the 2-Stroke engine. Analysis is carried out trough a comparison between HSD2 and FIAT 1300 MultiJet in several operating conditions, at full and partial load. Such a comparison clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the two stroke concept in terms of emissions reduction and high power density. However, HSD2 is still a virtual engine, and experimental results are needed to assume the reliability of numerical results.

Sviluppo e validazione di un modello di film fluido per simulazioni CFD di motori a combustione interna

A wall film model has been implemented in a customized version of KIVA code developed at University of Bologna. Under the hypothesis of `thin laminar ow' the model simulates the dynamics of a liquid wall film generated by impinging sprays. Particular care has been taken in numerical implementation of the model. The major phenomena taken into account in the present model are: wall film formation by impinging spray; body forces, such as gravity or acceleration of the wall; shear stress at the interface with the gas and no slip condition on the wall; momentum contribution and dynamic pressure generated by the tangential and normal component of the impinging drops; film evaporation by heat exchange with wall and surrounding gas. The model doesn't consider the effect of the wavy film motion and suppose that all the impinging droplets adhere to the film. The governing equations have been integrated in space by using a finite volume approach with a first order upwind differencing scheme and they have been integrated in time with a fully explicit method. The model is validated using two different test cases reproducing PFI gasoline and DI Diesel engine wall film conditions.

Implementazione di una metodologia basata sulla chimica cinetica estesa tabulata per la simulazione dell'insorgenza e dell'evoluzione della detonazione nei motori ad accensione comandata

L'analisi accurata del processo di combustione è un aspetto sempre più influente nello sviluppo di un motore a combustione interna. In particolare il fenomeno della detonazione pone dei limiti sull'efficienza dei motori ad accensione comandata. Il rapporto di compressione è limitato in fase di progettazione dello sviluppo motore, lasciando al controllo dell'anticipo di accensione il compito di ridurre le problematiche di una combustione anomala. Nella seguente tesi si vuole implementare una metodologia per la valutazione dell'insorgere e dello sviluppo della detonazione in base alle condizioni di funzionamento del motore per differenti miscele di combustibili. Il metodo consiste nell'affiancare la cinetica chimica tabulata al risolutore CFD, \textsc{KIVA-3}. La cinetica chimica permette di determinare la velocità di reazione per differenti specie durante l'ossidazione a partire da precise condizioni ambiente. Il solutore CFD potrebbe risolvere questo tipo di problema ma utilizzare dei modelli con più reazioni chimiche richiede dei tempi di simulazioni troppo elevati. La cinetica chimica tabulata consiste nella determinazione ed estrapolazione dei dati relativi all'evoluzione della detonazione utilizzando schemi cinetici con centinaia o migliaia di reazioni. In seguito alla determinazione della miscela desiderata sono state eseguite delle simulazioni utilizzando il solutore Cantera per la determinazione dell'evoluzione dell'ossigeno. E' stata scelta questa grandezza come indicatore del progresso della detonazione poiché fornisce un'indicazione sullo stato di avanzamento delle reazioni. Successivamente i dati ricavati sono stati forniti al solutore CFD, tramite il quale sono state effettuate delle simulazioni per verificare i risultati ottenuti nella valutazione del comportamento di un motore ad alte prestazioni.

Characterisation of the plasma membrane subproteome of bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei

Proteome analysis by conventional approaches is biased against hydrophobic membrane proteins, many of which are also of low abundance. We have isolated plasma membrane sheets from bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei by subcellular fractionation, and then applied a battery of complementary protein separation and identification techniques to identify a large number of proteins in this fraction. The results of these analyses have been combined to generate a subproteome for the pellicular plasma membrane of bloodstream forms of T. brucei as well as a separate subproteome for the pellicular cytoskeleton. In parallel, we have used in silico approaches to predict the relative abundance of proteins potentially expressed by bloodstream form trypanosomes, and to identify likely polytopic membrane proteins, providing quality control for the experimentally defined plasma membrane subproteome. We show that the application of multiple high-resolution proteomic techniques to an enriched organelle fraction is a valuable approach for the characterisation of relatively intractable membrane proteomes. We present here the most complete analysis of a protozoan plasma membrane proteome to date and show the presence of a large number of integral membrane proteins, including 11 nucleoside/nucleobase transporters, 15 ion pumps and channels and a large number of adenylate cyclases hitherto listed as putative proteins.

Standardization in the Pre-Columbian Pottery from El Caño, Panama: Specialization, Productivity and Consumption

The pottery found in the burials of El Cano is uniform in style to these made in the coclesanos valleys between 700 and 1000 AD. The coefficient of variability of the different pottery forms, evidence diverse standardizations values for polychrome and non-polychrome ceramics. Moreover, data of funerary contexts from the Cano recently excavated, suggest that elite has controlled ceramic production. This control over the production of certain goods reveals that these were important in the support or proper operational of the chiefdoms in Panama and mark the phase of splendour of this culture.