Valittujen makrolidien ominaisuudet ja niiden vaikutukset fermentoinnin jälkeiseen jatkokäsittelyyn

Työn kirjallisessa osuudessa tarkasteltiin makrolideja yleisellä tasolla keskittyen kahden makrolidin ominaisuuksiin molekyylitasolla. Näiden tautomerisoitumista käsitellään tuoden esiin sekä yhdisteiden rakenteelliset yhteneväisyydet ja eroavaisuudet että niiden vaikutukset yhdisteiden vaikutusmekanismiin ja metaboliaan. Kirjallisessa osuudessa perehdyttiin myös makrolidien biosynteesiin ja tuotantoprosessiin keskittyen downstream-prosessointiin ja erityisesti biosynteesistä peräisin oleviin epäpuhtauksiin. Lisäksi kirjallisessa osuudessa käsiteltiin argentaatiokromatografian perusteita. Kokeellisessa osuudessa yhdelle makrolidille kehitettiin argentaatiokromatografiaan perustuva puhdistusmenetelmä. Perinteisillä kromatografisilla menetelmillä yhdistettä ei voida puhdistaa kaikista sen epäpuhtauksista. Makrolidin puhtaus argentaatiokromatografian jälkeen oli 98,6 %. Lisäksi kehitettiin uusi kiteytysmenetlmä, jossa yhdiste kiteytettiin anhydridina tavanomaisen monohydraattimuodon sijasta. Makrolidin analysointiin kehitettiin HPLC-menetelmä, joka validoitiin ICH:n ohjeiden mukaisesti. Yhditeen tautomeerimuodot ja siinä esiintyvät epäpuhtaudet tutkittiin käyttäen LC/MS-analyysia. Yhden epäpuhtauden rakenne varmistettiin eristämisen jälkeen NMR:n avulla. Saatavilla olevien tietojen mukaan yhdisteen tulkittuja NMRspektrejä ei ole julkaistu. Lisäksi aiemmin tuntematon epäpuhtaus identifioitiin perustuen retentioaikaan ja MS-analyysiin.

Turvemaan männyn (Pinus sylvestris L.) ja kuusen (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) kanto- ja juuripuun ominaisuudet ja asetoniliukoisten uuteaineiden määrä

Tutkimus on osa Metsäklusteri Oy:n Future Biorefinery –tutkimusohjelmaa, jossa kartoitetaan mahdollisuuksia hyödyntää metsäteollisuuden raaka-aineita aiempaa tarkemmin ja uusissa tuotteissa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää männyn (Pinus sylvestris L.) ja kuusen (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) juurten ja kantopuun rakenne ja ominaisuudet. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään löytyykö männyn ja kuusen juurista reaktiopuuta ja määritetään asetoniliukoisten uuteaineiden osuus kantoja juuripuussa. Tutkimusaineistona oli viisi eri-ikäistä mäntyä ja viisi eri-ikäistä kuusta. Juuri- ja kantoaineisto kerättiin Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen toimesta Parkanon seudulta (62.017°N, 23.017°E) hakkuun jälkeen. Maanalaisista juurista otettiin näytteet kolmelta eri etäisyydeltä juurenniskaan nähden. Kummankaan lajin juurista ei löytynyt varsinaista reaktiopuuta, mutta joissakin näytteissä havaittiin lievää reaktiopuuta. Lievää reaktiopuuta löytyi enemmän männyn kuin kuusen juurista, eikä sitä löytynyt lainkaan kaikkein ohuimmista, noin 2 cm paksuisista juurenosista. Männyn kannoissa uuteaineprosentti oli korkeampi kuin kuusen. Männyn juurissa uuteaineprosentti kasvoi edettäessä kohti juuren kärkeä. Kuusella uuteaineprosentti laski aluksi, mutta lähellä juuren kärkeä taas kasvoi. Kuoren uuteainepitoisuus oli molemmilla puulajeilla korkeampi kuin puuaineen. Tutkimusaineisto oli suppea, eikä tutkimuksessa pyritty tilastolliseen yleistettävyyteen. Laajemmasta aineistosta tehdylle tutkimukselle on tarvetta, sillä turvekankailta saatavan puun tarjonta on Suomessa kasvussa, mutta juurten uuteaine- ja reaktiopuututkimuksia on tehty vain kivennäismailta kerätyistä aineistoista.

Venäjän erikoisjoukkojen tarkkuuskiväärit ja raskaat tarkkuuskiväärit sekä niiden ominaisuudet

Erikoisjoukkojen sotilaat ovat aina olleet taistelukentällä pelätty vastustaja, johtuen niiden henkisistä ja fyysisistä ominaisuuksista sekä huippuluokan varustuksesta. Nykypäivänä taistelutilan jatkuva muuttuminen on vaikuttanut erikoisjoukkojen kalustoon ja käyttöön. Soluttautuminen vastustajan kohdealueelle on vaikeutunut nykyisten valvontasensoreiden kehittymisen myötä ja näin ollen erikoisjoukot joutuvat usein suorittamaan konventionaalisin asein toteutettavat tehtävät varsin pitkille etäisyyksille. Tällaisten tehtävien suorittamiseen tarkkuuskiväärit ovat yksi varteenotettavimmista vaikuttamisen välineistä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää millaisia tarkkuuskiväärejä ja raskaita tarkkuuskiväärejä Venäjän erikoisjoukoilla on käytössään ja millaisia ominaisuuksia niissä itse aseen ja patruunan osalta on käytettävissä. Aseita käsittelevät tiedot on kerätty kirjallisia lähteitä sekä internetlähteitä hyväksikäyttäen. Patruunoiden tarkastelussa tutkija on käyttänyt edellä mainittujen lähteiden lisäksi myös internetistä ladattua ballistiikkaohjelmaa, jolla on luotu taulukoita erilaisten luotien ominaisuuksista optimiolosuhteissa. Tutkimuksen perusteella Spetsnaz -joukkojen tarkkuuskiväärit ja raskaat tarkkuuskiväärit perustuvat pääosin varsin vanhoista asemalleista muokattuihin ja paranneltuihin versioihin. Asesuunnittelussa on kuitenkin havaittavissa muutosta aseiden toimintaperiaatteessa ja varusteissa, vaikka uusia asemalleja ei 2000 -luvun puolelta tässä tutkimuksessa löytynyt. Myös kivääreiden kaliiperit ovat pysyneet varsin samoina jo vuosikymmeniä, vaikka tutkimuksessa paljastui Venäjällä käytettävän nykyisin myös siellä harvoin esiintyneitä kaliipereja.

Moderaattorigrafiitin termofysikaaliset ominaisuudet ja niiden muuttuminen reaktoriolosuhteissa

Grafiitti, hiilen allotrooppinen muoto, on koko ydintekniikan historian ajan ollut merkittävä ja yleinen moderaattorimateriaali eli nopeiden neutroneiden hidastaja fissioreaktoreissa. Sillä on kokonaisuudessaan erittäin hyvät ominaisuudet toimia moderaattorina, ja tämän vuoksi se on keskeisessä asemassa myös tulevissa, vielä prototyyppiasteella olevissa reaktorityypeissä. Tämä kandidaatintyö on kirjallisuusselvitys, jossa kuvataan ydinvoimatekniikassa moderaattorina käytetyn grafiitin termofysikaalisia ominaisuuksia sekä fissioreaktorissa neutronisäteilylle, korkeille lämpötiloille ja muille ominaisuuksia muuttaville olosuhteille altistumisen vaikutusta niihin. Grafiitin fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien lisäksi työssä kuvataan lyhyesti sen valmistusta ja käyttöä sekä entisiä, nykyisiä ja tulevia grafiittihidasteisia reaktorityyppejä. Maailmassa ydintekniikassa käytettyjä grafiittilaatuja on lukuisia erilaisia ja eri valmistajien tuottamia. Työssä on esitelty kompaktisti niistä joitakin keskeisimpiä, kuvattu niiden eroavaisuuksia ja yksilöllisiä ominaisuuksia.

Kaivinkonekuoppa-aineistot osana ydinjätteen loppusijoituksen pitkäaikaisturvallisuutta, OL-KK25 ja 26 koekuoppien maaperän geokemialliset ja fysikaaliset ominaisuudet

Käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoitus Olkiluodon kallioperään edellyttää kattavaa turvallisuusarviointia. Turvallisuusarviointi koostuu monista osista, joista yksi on biosfääriarviointi. Sen tavoitteena on selvittää mahdollisten säteilyannosten määriä ihmisille ja muulle luonnolle. Annosarvioinnin edellytyksenä on tuntea Olkiluodon paikalliset olosuhteet ja mahdolliset kehityskulut. Yksi keskeinen osa biosfääriarviointia on mallintaa radionuklidien kulkeutumista kallioperästä maanpinnalle. Kulkeutumisen kannalta on olennaista tuntea maaperän ominaisuudet, koska maaperä toimii rajapintana kallioperän ja elävän luonnon välillä. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin Olkiluodon saarelle tehtyjen koekuoppien OL-KK25-26 maaperän geokemiallisia ja fysikaalisia ominaisuuksia sekä alkuaineiden in situ jakaantumiskertoimia (Kd). Jakaantumiskertoimilla selvitetään alkuaineiden ja radionuklidien liikkuvuutta erilaisissa ympäristöissä. Tässä tutkimuksessa keskityttiin käytetystä ydinpolttoaineesta löytyviin analogisiin alkuaineisiin (Ag, Cl, Cs, I, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn ja Sr), jotka ovat turvallisuusarvioinnin kannalta kaikkein tärkeimpiä. Kd – arvot laskettiin alkuaineiden konsentraatioista, jotka mitattiin maanäytteistä kahdella erilaisella uuttomenetelmällä. Heikkoliukoisten ja kasvien saatavilla olevien alkuaineiden konsentraatiot määritettiin NH4Ac (pH 4,5) uutolla ja kokonaispitoisuudet HNO3-HF uutolla sekä LiBO2- fuusiolla. Lisäksi näytteistä maaritettiin maalajit ja niiden raekokojakaumat, orgaaninen aines (LOI), pH, liuennut orgaaninen ja epäorgaanin hiili, pääanionit, mineraalikoostumus, kationinvaihtokapasiteetti (CEC) sekä emäskylläisyys (BS). Koekuopista määritetyile Kd – arvoille ja muille muuttujille tehtiin lopuksi korrelaatioanalyysit, joilla pyrittiin löytämään alkuaineiden liikkuvuuteen eniten vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Maaperää Olkiluodossa voidaan pitää hyvin heterogeenisenä, koska hyvin lähellä toisiian sijainneissa koekuopissa niin maalajit kuin muut ominaisuudet vaihtelivat runsaasti. Myös ominaisuudet eri maakerroksissa vaihtelivat merkittävästi. Alkuaineiden konsentraatioiden sekä Kd - arvojen muutokset olivat voimakkaasti yhteydessä maalajityyppeihin. Merkittävimmin Kd - arvoihin vaikuttivat mineraalikoostumus, savipitoisuus ja raekoko. Muita konsentraatioihin ja jakaantumiskertoimiin vaikuttavia muuttujia olivat orgaanisen aineksen määrä sekä pH. Lisäksi tietyillä, luonnossa pääasiassa anionisilla, alkuaineilla korrelaatiot olivat heikompia tai päinvastaisia kuin muilla aineilla. Tutkimuksen tulokset lisäävät ymmärrystä maaperän ominaisuuksien ja alkuaineiden liikkuvuuden riippuvuuksista. Tuntemalla maaperän ominaisuudet ja alkuaineiden Kd - arvot sekä niiden väliset riippuvuudet, voidaan radionuklidien kulkeutumista kallioperästä maanpinnalle arvioida entistä luotettavammin. Tutkimuksessa tuotettuja tuloksia ja aineistoja hyödynnetään myös pintaympäristön ekosysteemien ja maaperän mallinnuksissa.

From Polymorph Screening to Dissolution Testing - Solid Phase Analysis during Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing

Solid materials can exist in different physical structures without a change in chemical composition. This phenomenon, known as polymorphism, has several implications on pharmaceutical development and manufacturing. Various solid forms of a drug can possess different physical and chemical properties, which may affect processing characteristics and stability, as well as the performance of a drug in the human body. Therefore, knowledge and control of the solid forms is fundamental to maintain safety and high quality of pharmaceuticals. During manufacture, harsh conditions can give rise to unexpected solid phase transformations and therefore change the behavior of the drug. Traditionally, pharmaceutical production has relied on time-consuming off-line analysis of production batches and finished products. This has led to poor understanding of processes and drug products. Therefore, new powerful methods that enable real time monitoring of pharmaceuticals during manufacturing processes are greatly needed. The aim of this thesis was to apply spectroscopic techniques to solid phase analysis within different stages of drug development and manufacturing, and thus, provide a molecular level insight into the behavior of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during processing. Applications to polymorph screening and different unit operations were developed and studied. A new approach to dissolution testing, which involves simultaneous measurement of drug concentration in the dissolution medium and in-situ solid phase analysis of the dissolving sample, was introduced and studied. Solid phase analysis was successfully performed during different stages, enabling a molecular level insight into the occurring phenomena. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was utilized in screening of polymorphs and processing-induced transformations (PITs). Polymorph screening was also studied with NIR and Raman spectroscopy in tandem. Quantitative solid phase analysis during fluidized bed drying was performed with in-line NIR and Raman spectroscopy and partial least squares (PLS) regression, and different dehydration mechanisms were studied using in-situ spectroscopy and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). In-situ solid phase analysis with Raman spectroscopy during dissolution testing enabled analysis of dissolution as a whole, and provided a scientific explanation for changes in the dissolution rate. It was concluded that the methods applied and studied provide better process understanding and knowledge of the drug products, and therefore, a way to achieve better quality.

Understanding solid-state transformations during dehydration: new insights using vibrational spectroscopy and multivariate modelling

Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have both anhydrate and hydrate forms. Due to the different physicochemical properties of solid forms, the changes in solid-state may result in therapeutic, pharmaceutical, legal and commercial problems. In order to obtain good solid dosage form quality and performance, there is a constant need to understand and control these phase transitions during manufacturing and storage. Thus it is important to detect and also quantify the possible transitions between the different forms. In recent years, vibrational spectroscopy has become an increasingly popular tool to characterise the solid-state forms and their phase transitions. It offers several advantages over other characterisation techniques including an ability to obtain molecular level information, minimal sample preparation, and the possibility of monitoring changes non-destructively in-line. Dehydration is the phase transition of hydrates which is frequently encountered during the dosage form production and storage. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the dehydration behaviour of diverse pharmaceutical hydrates by near infrared (NIR), Raman and terahertz pulsed spectroscopic (TPS) monitoring together with multivariate data analysis. The goal was to reveal new perspectives for investigation of the dehydration at the molecular level. Solid-state transformations were monitored during dehydration of diverse hydrates on hot-stage. The results obtained from qualitative experiments were used to develop a method and perform the quantification of the solid-state forms during process induced dehydration in a fluidised bed dryer. Both in situ and in-line process monitoring and quantification was performed. This thesis demonstrated the utility of vibrational spectroscopy techniques and multivariate modelling to monitor and investigate dehydration behaviour in situ and during fluidised bed drying. All three spectroscopic methods proved complementary in the study of dehydration. NIR spectroscopy models could quantify the solid-state forms in the binary system, but were unable to quantify all the forms in the quaternary system. Raman spectroscopy models on the other hand could quantify all four solid-state forms that appeared upon isothermal dehydration. The speed of spectroscopic methods makes them applicable for monitoring dehydration and the quantification of multiple forms was performed during phase transition. Thus the solid-state structure information at the molecular level was directly obtained. TPS detected the intermolecular phonon modes and Raman spectroscopy detected mostly the changes in intramolecular vibrations. Both techniques revealed information about the crystal structure changes. NIR spectroscopy, on the other hand was more sensitive to water content and hydrogen bonding environment of water molecules. This study provides a basis for real time process monitoring using vibrational spectroscopy during pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Thin-Layer Chromatography with Ultraviolet and Mass Spectrometric Detection: From Preparative-Layer to Miniaturized Ultra-Thin-Layer Technique

The present challenge in drug discovery is to synthesize new compounds efficiently in minimal time. The trend is towards carefully designed and well-characterized compound libraries because fast and effective synthesis methods easily produce thousands of new compounds. The need for rapid and reliable analysis methods is increased at the same time. Quality assessment, including the identification and purity tests, is highly important since false (negative or positive) results, for instance in tests of biological activity or determination of early-ADME parameters in vitro (the pharmacokinetic study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), must be avoided. This thesis summarizes the principles of classical planar chromatographic separation combined with ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection, and introduces powerful, rapid, easy, low-cost, and alternative tools and techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of small drug or drug-like molecules. High performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was introduced and evaluated for fast semi-quantitative assessment of the purity of synthesis target compounds. HPTLC methods were compared with the liquid chromatography (LC) methods. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) and atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS (AP MALDI MS) were used to identify and confirm the product zones on the plate. AP MALDI MS was rapid, and easy to carry out directly on the plate without scraping. The PLC method was used to isolate target compounds from crude synthesized products and purify them for bioactivity and preliminary ADME tests. Ultra-thin-layer chromatography (UTLC) with AP MALDI MS and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI MS) was introduced and studied for the first time. Because of the thinner adsorbent layer, the monolithic UTLC plate provided 10 100 times better sensitivity in MALDI analysis than did HPTLC plates. The limits of detection (LODs) down to low picomole range were demonstrated for UTLC AP MALDI and UTLC DESI MS. In a comparison of AP and vacuum MALDI MS detection for UTLC plates, desorption from the irregular surface of the plates with the combination of an external AP MALDI ion source and an ion trap instrument provided clearly less variation in mass accuracy than the vacuum MALDI time-of-flight (TOF) instrument. The performance of the two-dimensional (2D) UTLC separation with AP MALDI MS method was studied for the first time. The influence of the urine matrix on the separation and the repeatability was evaluated with benzodiazepines as model substances in human urine. The applicability of 2D UTLC AP MALDI MS was demonstrated in the detection of metabolites in an authentic urine sample.

Towards real-time understanding of processes in pharmaceutical powder technology

There is a need for better understanding of the processes and new ideas to develop traditional pharmaceutical powder manufacturing procedures. Process analytical technology (PAT) has been developed to improve understanding of the processes and establish methods to monitor and control processes. The interest is in maintaining and even improving the whole manufacturing process and the final products at real-time. Process understanding can be a foundation for innovation and continuous improvement in pharmaceutical development and manufacturing. New methods are craved for to increase the quality and safety of the final products faster and more efficiently than ever before. The real-time process monitoring demands tools, which enable fast and noninvasive measurements with sufficient accuracy. Traditional quality control methods have been laborious and time consuming and they are performed off line i.e. the analysis has been removed from process area. Vibrational spectroscopic methods are responding this challenge and their utilisation have increased a lot during the past few years. In addition, other methods such as colour analysis can be utilised in noninvasive real-time process monitoring. In this study three pharmaceutical processes were investigated: drying, mixing and tabletting. In addition tablet properties were evaluated. Real-time monitoring was performed with NIR and Raman spectroscopies, colour analysis, particle size analysis and compression data during tabletting was evaluated using mathematical modelling. These methods were suitable for real-time monitoring of pharmaceutical unit operations and increase the knowledge of the critical parameters in the processes and the phenomena occurring during operations. They can improve our process understanding and therefore, finally, enhance the quality of final products.

Die Eigenschaften der Benennungen und ihr Einfluss auf deren Verwendung am Beispiel der Euro-Währung : Eine quantitative und kontrastive Analyse der Terminologie im Finnischen und im Deutschen

This dissertation deals with the terminology of the Euro currency. Its aims are to determine the characteristics of the designations in a certain LSP and to discover whether the recommendations and rules that have been given to the formation of designations and 'ideal' designations have any influence on the usage of the designations. The characteristics analysed include length of the designation, part of speech, form, formation method, constancy, monosemy, suitability to a concept system and degree of specialty. The study analyses the actual usage of the designations in texts and the implementation of the designations. The study is an adaptation of a terminometric survey and uses concept analysis and quantitative analysis as its basic methods. The frequency of each characteristic is measured in terms of statistics. It is assumed that the 'ideality' of a designation influences its usage, for example that if a designation is short, it is used more than its longer rivals (synonyms). The results are analysed in a corpus consisting of a compilation of different texts concerning the Euro. The corpus is divided according to three features: year (1998-2003), genre (judicial texts, annual reports and brochures) and language (Finnish and German). Each analysis is performed according to each of these features and compared with the others. The results indicate that some of the characteristics of the designations indeed seem to have an influence on the usage of the designations. For example, monosemy and suitability to the concept system often lead to the implementation of the designation having the ideal or certain value in these characteristics in the analysed Finnish material. In German material, an 'ideal' value in the characteristics leads to the implementation of the designations more often than in Finnish. The contrastive study indicates that, for example, suitability to a concept system leads to implementation of a designation in judicial texts more often than in other genres. The recommendations given to an 'ideal' designation are thus often acceptable, but they cannot be generalized for all languages in the same extent.

From Iron Horse to Rauta-airot - a Semiotic View on the Domestication of Metaphors in Literary Translation

The thesis concentrates on two questions: the translation of metaphors in literary texts, and the use of semiotic models and tools in translation studies. The aim of the thesis is to present a semiotic, text based model designed to ease the translation of metaphors and to analyze translated metaphors. In the translation of metaphors I will concentrate on the central problem of metaphor translations: in addition to its denotation and connotation, a single metaphor may contain numerous culture or genre specific meanings. How can a translator ensure the translation of all meanings relevant to the text as a whole? I will approach the question from two directions. Umberto Eco's holistic text analysis model provides an opportunity to concentrate on the problematic nature of metaphor translation from the level of a text as a specific entity, while George Lakoff's and Mark Johnson's metaphor research makes it possible to approach the question from the level of individual metaphors. On the semiotic side, the model utilizes Eero Tarasti's existential semiotics supported by Algirdas Greimas' actant model and Yuri Lotman's theory of cultural semiotics. In the model introduced in the thesis, individual texts are deconstructed through Eco's model into elements. The textual roles and features of these elements are distilled further through Tarasti's model into their coexistent meaning levels. The priorization and analysis of these meaning levels provide an opportunity to consider the contents and significance of specific metaphors in relation to the needs of the text as a whole. As example texts, I will use Motörhead's hard rock classic Iron Horse/Born to Lose and its translation into Rauta-airot by Viikate. I will use the introduced model to analyze the metaphors in the source and target texts, and to consider the transfer of culture specific elements between the languages and cultural borders. In addition, I will use the analysis process to examine the validity of the model introduced in the thesis.

Teatterinjohtamisen dramaturgiaa : Keskeiset tehtävät, arjen ongelmat ja rakenteelliset muutostarpeet

DRAMATURGY OF THEATRE MANAGEMENT Essential tasks, everyday problems and the need for structural changes Theatre justifies its existence only through high quality performances. Maintaining the artistic level and organizing performances are the primary tasks of a manager, even though in everyday life this often seems to be overshadowed by all the other tasks of a manager s work. How does a theatre manager design strategies and make everyday decisions if aims are to have artistically meaningful performances, financial success and a socially healthy ensemble, when not only artistic work or leadership of an organization are to be taken into consideration, but also a manpower-based art institution with long traditions? What does theatre management consist of and what kind of dramaturgical movement happens in it? Based on interviews carried out in five different city theatres in Finland in the years 2004-2008, incident stories were written within a continuous comparison theory frame. Social constructionism within a dramaturgic framework enabled versatile dialog on a manager s work and problem areas. The result is an interpretative study, where instead of common regularities, many details are collected that can be taken into consideration when similar situations occur. Based on the interviews and historical data, four factors that influence a manager s work were chosen: ownership, media, work community and programme. Within theatre management, the central problems were 1) the inconsistent use of theatre resources and problems in corporate governance caused by the administrative models; 2) the theatre s image, based on the image of its manager, as presented by the media and its influence on the wellbeing of the staff; 3) unsolved problems between the staff left behind by the previous managers and problems related to casting; 4) knowledge of the audience. These points influence how the manager plans the artistic programme and divides the resources. The theatre manager s job description has remained quite the same since the early days of Kaarlo Bergbom. In the future, special attention should be placed on why managers face fairly similar problems decade after decade. Reducing these problems partly depends on whether structural improvements are made to a theatre s close network of owners, financers and labour unions. During this study clear evidence was seen that structural changes are necessary in the production of performances and in the creation of a more versatile programme. In this process, different kinds of co-operation, experiments, development projects, continuing education and international relations have special importance, especially if the aim is to make it possible for all citizens of Finland to enjoy a vibrant and revitalized theatre.

Teollisuuden ja yhteiskunnan palveluksessa : Arkkitehti Bertel Liljequist (1885 - 1954) tuotantolaitosten suunnittelijana maailmansotien välisenä aikana

My thesis concerns the plans drawn up by architect Bertel Liljequist (1885 1954) for an industrial corporation and a city in Finland during the interwar years. These were two quite different clients: the Kymi Company operating in Kuusankoski and the City of Helsinki. My study includes the micro-examination of the wider social issues involved. That the industrial community and factories in Kuusankoski be constructed correctly in a way supporting corporate strategy was of primary importance for the company s operations. Through the planning process for Helsinki s abattoirs, I show how a city dealt with the twin problems of hygiene and increasing demand for food resulting from a growth in population. I clarify how society and its economic, political and class structures affected the practice of architecture and its expression in the built environment. I analyse how the different backgrounds and starting points of the clients affected the construction projects under study and architect Bertel Liljequist s work. In studying Liljequist as an industrial designer, I have considered it vital to ascertain the client s intentions and objectives within the framework of the prevailing social situation. I examine the meanings the client wished the architecture to express and also to communicate to those working in the factory and the area as well as to the workers living on company land. The social outlook of the owners and management of Kymi Company implicitly affected the appearance of the factory. A brick fairface for the factories was a safe and natural material at the beginning of the 1920s when taking into consideration the events of the 1918 Civil War. To have built a White factory in the style of a defence building would have been provocative. Outside the factory gates, however, the company supported White architecture. The company used the factory buildings to manifest its power and the dwellings to bind the workers and make them loyal to the company. Architecture was thus one way in which the company manifested its position as the higher and undisputed authority. The role of the City of Helsinki within the planning process was for its officials to provide expert opinions but also to arrange study trips for the architect and the abattoir s general manager. The city also decided on the standard of the design. The city s responsibility for the health of its inhabitants and the requirements of modern meat production can be seen in the minimal architecture and clear functionality of the plant. The architecture left no doubt about the trustworthiness of the modern city. Translation: Michael Wynne-Ellis