Polishing Treatment of Molasses Wastewater with Iron Salts: the Role of Counter-ions

The effect of counter-ions on the coagulation of biologically treated molasses wastewater using iron-based coagulants was investigated. Parameters such as removals of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, and residual turbidity, were measured to evaluate coagulation performance. Experimental results showed that ferric chloride and ferric nitrate were more effective than ferric sulfate at optimal dosages, achieving 89 to 90% and 98 to 99% of COD and color removals, respectively, with residual turbidity of less than 5 NTU. High-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) results revealed differences in the removal of the molecular weight fraction of organic compounds using iron salts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed randomly formed coagulated flocs characterized with irregular, sheet-like shapes. Nitrate and chloride counter-ions had similar effects on coagulation performance compared to sulfate. Both FeCl3 and Fe(NO3)(3) yielded better results than Fe(SO4)(2) under underdosed and optimum dosage conditions. Coagulation efficiency was less adversely affected in the overdosed regions, however, if sulfate rather than chloride or nitrate was present. Water Environ. Res., 81, 2293 (2009).

Bis[tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl-kappa N-2,N ')iron(II)] cyclo-tetravanadate decahydrate

The hydrothermal reactions of metavanadate and divalent iron salts in the presence of nitrogen-donor chelating ligands yield the complex [Fe(C10H8N2)(3)](2)[V4O12].10H(2)O, which consists of one centrosymmetric eight-membered ring [V4O12](4-) anion cluster, formed by four VO4 tetrahedra sharing vertices, two discrete octahedral [Fe(C10H8N2)(3)](2+) cations, formed by three 2,2'-bipyridyl ligands coordinated to Fe-II, and ten water molecules of solvation. The anion and coordination cations are isolated and form anion and cation layers, respectively. In the anion layers, these anions and water molecules of solvation are linked to each other, in a two-dimensional motif, through hydrogen-bonding interactions.

Heterogeneous Fenton reactants: a study of the behavior of iron oxide nanoparticles obtained by the polymeric precursor method

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Dependence of pH and surfactant effect in the synthesis of magnetite(Fe3O4) nanoparticles and its properties

Nanoparticles of Fe3O4 were synthesized by co-precipitation in an aqueous solution containing ferrous and ferric salts (1:2) at varying pH with ammonia as a base. It was found that the value of pH influences the reaction mechanism for the formation of Fe3O4. Furthermore, the addition of mercaptoethanol significantly reduced the crystalline size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles from 15.03 to 8.02 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles were epsilon-Fe2O3 or Fe3O4 phase. To further prove the composition of the product, as-prepared Fe3O4 were examined by X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Magnetic properties of the obtained particles were determined by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Further analysis of the X-ray studies shows that while maintaining a pH value of 6 and 9 in a solution containing iron salts II and III ions produces epsilon-Fe2O3. Whereas a pH value of 11 produces magnetite (Fe3O4) phase. All of these results show that the pH has a major role in the observed phase formation of (Fe3O4) nanoparticles.

Redução de carga orgânica recalcitrante de efluente de indústria gráfica por reação de fenton

A Casa da Moeda do Brasil (CMB) é uma empresa nacional, com mais de 300 anos de experiência na produção de valores e impressos de segurança. A produção de cédulas, realizada pelo Departamento de Cédulas (DECED), consiste de três etapas de impressão, off-set, calografia e tipografia, seguida de acabamento e embalagem semi-automatizado. A impressão calcográfica consome solução de limpeza, composta de soda cáustica e óleo sulfonado, para limpeza do cilindro de impressão, gerando um efluente líquido saturado de tinta. Este efluente apresenta baixa biodegradabilidade, apresentando uma relação DBO / DQO de aproximadamente 1:4. Em termos de tratabilidade, as estações de tratamento de efluentes (ETE) apresentam uma configuração convencional, por via biológica, demonstram pouca eficiência na degradação da matéria orgânica deste efluente. Com compostos recalcitrantes, torna-se necessária a inclusão de uma etapa terciária que permita sua degradação por via química, permitindo o descarte do efluente com características menos danosas ao ambiente. Neste trabalho, aplicou-se a reação de Fenton no efluente do DECED por sua capacidade de converter a matéria orgânica em gás carbônico e água ou, caso seja utilizado em pré-tratamentos, torna-os biodegradáveis. Foram estudadas diferentes condições para medir a influência de diferentes parâmetros na eficiência da reação. A reação de Fenton consiste na geração de radicais hidroxil (HO), por diferentes rotas, em quantidades suficientes para a degradação de matéria orgânica. Esses radicais são gerados a partir de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) em reações com diferentes precursores como ozônio (O3), luz UV (ultravioleta), ultra-som e sais de ferro. No presente trabalho restringiu-se às reações com sais de ferro. Dentre os resultados obtidos, verificou-se o tempo mínimo para reação em 10 minutos. A relação entre íons ferro e peróxido de hidrogênio é menor do que a literatura normalmente sugere, 1:2, contra 1:3. Como a solução de sulfato ferroso é muito instável, passando os íons ferrosos a férricos, utilizou-se a adição direta do sal. Em escala industrial, a solução de sulfato ferroso deve ser preparada em poucas quantidades para que tenha baixo tempo de estocagem, a fim de não ser degradada. A temperatura, na faixa estudada (de 20C à 45C), é um parâmetro que tem pouca influência, pois a redução da eficiência da reação foi pequena (de 99,0% para 94,9%). O ferro utilizado na reação não se demonstrou uma nova fonte de transtornos para o ambiente. Nas condições utilizadas, a concentração de ferro residual esteve próxima ao limite permitido pela legislação no efluente tratado, necessitando apenas de alguns ajustes para a correção do problema

Stress oxydatif, fonction mitochondriale et maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin

CONTEXTE: Bien que la dysfunction mitochondriale et le stress oxydant jouent des rôles prépondérants dans plusieurs conditions pathologiques, ils n’ont pas été étudiés de façon extensive au niveau du tube digestif qui est constamment exposé aux oxydants (provenant de l’alimentation) et à divers agents pathogènes. L’ingestion simultanée de sels ferreux et d’acide ascorbique peut causer le dommage des macromolécules par oxydation. Le ‘’Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor’’ (Nrf2) est un important facteur de transcription sensible au potentiel redox et qui protège contre le stress oxydant en induisant des gènes anti-oxydants et de detoxification par sa liaison à l’élément de réponse antioxydante (ARE). Les fonctions anti-oxydantes et anti-inflammatoires de Nrf2 ont été décrites dans une variété de types cellulaires et de tissus. Cependant son rôle est très peu connu au niveau du tube digestif. OBJECTIFS: Les objectifs sont d’évaluer comment la peroxydation lipidique médiée par le fer/ascorbate (FE/ASC) affecte les fonctions mitochondriales dans les cellules Caco-2/15, et de déterminer l’ampleur de l’implication de Nrf2. MÉTHODES: Le stress oxydant a été induit dans les cellules Caco2/15 en les traitant avec 0.2mm/2mm de FE/ASC. L’augmentation de l’expression de Nrf2 a été obtenue suite au prétraitement des cellules Caco2/15 avec 50 μM d’Olitpraz (OPZ), un puissant activateur. L’invalidation du gène de Nrf2 a été réalisée dans les cellules par transfection avec un vecteur lentiviral contenant un shRNA contre Nrf2. RÉSULTATS: Nos résultats montrent que le traitement des cellules Caco-2/15 avec du FE/ASC (0.2 mm/2 mm) augmente les niveaux du malondialdehyde (MDA), réduit la production d’ATP, entraîne une surcharge mitochondriale de calcium, active l’expression protéique du cytochrome C et de l’AIF (apoptotic inducing factor), réduit l’activité des complexes I, II, 2 III et IV de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale, augmente les niveaux de 8-OHdG, un marqueur des dommages à l’ADN mitochondrial, diminue la DNA glycosylase, et altère les expressions génique et protéique des facteurs de transcription mitochondriaux (mtTFA, mtTFB1, mtTFB2). De plus, nos observations montrent que l’induction et l’activation de Nrf2 dans les cellules Caco-2/15 résultent en: une augmentation des enzymes anti-oxydantes endogènes (catalase, glutathion peroxydase, et superoxyde dismutase), une réduction du facteur nucléaire NFκβ et de TNF-α, une augmentation de la production d’ ATP et de l’activité des complexes respiratoires (I, II, III, IV) et de PGC-1α, et une régulation des niveaux de la prohibitine mitochondriale, du Bcl-2 anti-apoptotique et de l’occludine. CONCLUSION: Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent que l’exposition aigüe des cellules Caco-2/15 à la peroxydation par le FE/ASC entraîne des effets pathologiques sur les fonctions mitochondriales et l’intégrité de l’ADN, qui sont abolis par l’induction de Nrf2. Il en ressort que Nrf2 joue un rôle majeur dans la protection de l’épithélium intestinal contre le stress oxydant.

Application of chitosan and PASS for the removal of turbidity and colour from water

The most common and conventional method for removing turbidity from water is by coagulating with alum or iron salts, and settling the precipitate in suitably designed clarifiers followed by filtration. But the sludge produced is bulky, difficult to dewater and accumulates in the dumping grounds causing environmental problems. Synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide and polyethyleneoxide have been investigated for their ability to remove turbidity. They overcome many of the disadvantages of conventional methods, but are cost—effective only when rapid flocculation and reduction in sludge volume are demanded. Considering the aforementioned situation, it was felt that more easily available and eco-friendly materials must be developed for removing turbidity from water. The results of our studies in this direction are presented in this thesis. The thesis comprises of nine chapters, with a common bibliography at the end. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the nature of turbidity and colour usually present in water. Chapter 2 discusses the nature and availability of the principal material used in these studies, namely chitosan. Chapters 3 to 8, which deal with the actual experimental work, are further subdivided into (a) introduction, (b) materials and methods, (c) results and discussion and (d) conclusions. Chapter 9 summarises the entire work so as to put the results and conclusions into proper perspective.

Contribución al estudio de la extracción química del Fe3+ contaminante de la madera arqueológica subacuática impregnada con polietilenglicol

Due to the large quantity of contamination by Fe in the waterlogged wood and the composites previously processed with poliethilenglycol, PEG , we have thought the possible extraction and formation of complexes Fe-L (L= 2-Phosphonobuta-1,2,4- tricarboxylic acid, (PBTC)) and their effect on (i) structure of the wood, (ii) structure and physiques characteristics of PEG and (iii) post-treatment contamination by Fe coming from atmospheric agents. This work is a project for to study the formation of these complexes and possible modifications in structures.

Antimalarial drugs based on artemisinin: DFT calculations on the principal reactions

Theoretical calculations have been carried out on the interactions of several endoperoxides which are potential antimalarials, including the clinically useful artemisinin, with two possible sources of iron in the parasite, namely the hexa-aquo ferrous ion [Fe(H2O)(6)](2+) and haeme. DFT calculations show that the reactions of all endoperoxides considered, with both sources of iron, initially generate a Fe-O bond followed by cleavage of the O-O bond to oxygen radical species. Subsequently, they can be transformed into carbon-centred radicals of greater stability. However, with [Fe(H2O)(6)](2+) as the iron source, the oxygen-centred radical species are more likely to react further akin to Fenton's reagent, whereby iron salts encourage hydrogen peroxide to act as an oxidizing agent, and that solvent plays a major role. In contrast, when reacting with haeme, the oxygen-centred radicals interconvert to more stable carbon-centred radicals, which can then alkylate haeme. Subsequent cleavage of the Fe-O bond leads to stable and inactive antimalarial products. These results indicate that the reactivity of the endoperoxides as antimalarials is greater with iron hexahydrates for radical-mediated damage as opposed to haeme, which leads to unreactive species. Since only nanomolar quantities of hydrated metal ions could catalyse the reactions leading to damage to the parasites, this could be an alternative or competitive reaction responsible for the antimalarial activity. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Desenvolvimento de sistemas magnéticos com potencialidades terapêuticas para vetorização de fármacos

Magnetic targeting is being investigated as a means of local delivery of drugs, combining precision, minimal surgical intervention, and satisfactory concentration of the drug in the target region. In view of these advantages, it is a promising strategy for improving the pharmacological response. Magnetic particles are attracted by a magnetic field gradient, and drugs bound to them can be driven to their site of action by means of the selective application of magnetic field on the desired area. Helicobacter pylori is the commonest chronic bacterial infection. The treatment of choice has commonly been based upon a triple therapy combining two antibiotics and an anti-secretory agent. Furthermore, an extended-release profile is of utmost importance for these formulations. The aim of this work was to develop a magnetic system containing the antibiotic amoxicillin for oral magnetic drug targeting. First, magnetic particles were produced by coprecipitation of iron salts in alkaline medium. The second step was coating the particles and amoxicillin with Eudragit® S-100 by spray-drying technique. The system obtained demonstrated through the characterization studies carried out a possible oral drug delivery system, consisting in magnetite microparticles and amoxicillin, coated with a polymer acid resistant. This system can be used to deliver drugs to the stomach for treatment of infections in this organ. Another important finding in this work is that it opens new prospects to coat magnetic microparticles by the technique of spray-drying.

Efeito de diferentes sais de ferro sobre as características sensoriais do iogurte de soja

The soy-yogurt was used as food vehicle due to its therapeutic and nutritionalproperties and lower cost. The aim of this work was to develop an enriched soy-yogurt with 12 mg of elementary iron/1, with suitable sensory and technological properties. Four iron sources were tested: FeSO 4.7H 2O, NaFeEDTA, Ferrochel® and microencapsulated FeSO 4.7H 2O. The products were evaluated by fermentation time, pH, titratable acidity, viscosity, consistency, iron concentration and sensory properties (difference from the control and acceptance tests). Viscosity and consistency data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Difference from the control data was evaluated by analysis of variance and Dunnett's test and the acceptance test was evaluated by analysis of variance and Tukey's test. For all iron salts used in the enrichment process, only the FeSO 4JH 2O did not work out because of the undesirable sensorial characteristics of the final products. The others sources used in the enrichment process (NaFeEDTA, Ferrochel® and microencapsulated FeSO 4.7H 2O) did not alter the fermentation time, titratable acidity and sensory and reologics properties of the soy-yogurt.

Effect of preparation conditions on the formation of the active phase of carbon fiber catalytic systems for the low-temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide

We studied the effects of the composition of impregnating solution and heat treatment conditions on the activity of catalytic systems for the low-temperature oxidation of CO obtained by the impregnation of Busofit carbon-fiber cloth with aqueous solutions of palladium, copper, and iron salts. The formation of an active phase in the synthesized catalysts at different stages of their preparation was examined with the use of differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elemental spectral analysis. The catalytic system prepared by the impregnation of electrochemically treated Busofit with the solutions of PdCl, FeCl, CuBr, and Cu(NO ) and activated under optimum conditions ensured 100% CO conversion under a respiratory regime at both low (0.03%) and high (0.5%) carbon monoxide contents of air. It was found that the activation of a catalytic system at elevated temperatures (170-180°C) leads to the conversion of Pd(II) into Pd(I), which was predominantly localized in a near-surface layer. The promoting action of copper nitrate consists in the formation of a crystalline phase of the rhombic atacamite CuCl(OH). The catalyst surface is finally formed under the conditions of a catalytic reaction, when a joint Pd(I)-Cu(I) active site is formed. © 2014 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

Physico-chemical characterization of metal-doped bone chars and their adsorption behavior for water defluoridation

New bone chars for fluoride adsorption from drinking water have been synthetized via metallic doping using aluminum and iron salts. A detailed statistical analysis of the metal doping process using the signal-to-noise ratios from Taguchi's experimental designs and its impact on the fluoride adsorption properties of modified bone chars have been performed. The best conditions, including the proper metallic salt, for metal doping were identified to improve the fluoride uptakes of modified bone chars. Results showed that the fluoride adsorption properties of bone chars can be enhanced up to 600% using aluminum sulfate for the surface modification. This aluminum-based adsorbent showed an adsorption capacity of 31 mg/g, which outperformed the fluoride uptakes reported for several adsorbents. Surface interactions involved in the defluoridation process were established using FTIR, DRX and XPS analysis. Defluoridation using the metal-doped bone chars occurred via an ion exchange process between fluoride ions and the hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface, whereas the Al(OH)xFy, FexFy, and CaF2 interactions could play also an important role in the removal process. These metal-doped adsorbents anticipate a promising behavior in water treatment, especially in developing countries where the efficiency – cost tradeoff is crucial for implementing new defluoridation technologies.

The absorption spectra of solutions of certain salts of cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, chromium, neodymium, praseodymium, and erbium in water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and acetone, and in mixtures of water with the other solvents.

"A continuation of the work of Jones and Uhler on the absorption spectra of solutions (Carnegie publication no. 60)" cf. Pref.