The Soviet Union and the International Brigades, 1936-1939

The International Brigades are typically viewed as a fighting force whose impetus came from the Comintern, and thus from within the walls of the Kremlin. If the assumption is essentially correct, the broader relation between Stalin’s USSR and the IB has received little attention. This chapter constitutes an empirically-based study of the Soviet role not only in the formation of the IB, but of the Red Army’s collaboration with IB units, and Moscow’s role in the climax and denouement of the brigadistas’ Spanish experience. This study’s principal conclusion is twofold: First, that the creation and sustenance of the IB was part of Stalin’s goal of linking the Loyalist cause with that of the Soviet Union and international communism, a component of a larger geo-strategic gamble which sought to create united opposition to the fascist menace, one which might eventually bring Moscow and the West into a closer alliance. The second conclusion is that the IB, like the broader projection of Soviet power and influence into the Spanish theater, was an overly ambitious operational failure whose abortive retreat is indicative of the basic weakness of the Stalinist regime in the years prior to the Second World War.

Reinventing America on the battlefields of Spain or following the party line: conflicting perceptions of the Spanish Civil War in the present and in the past

Isolationism and neutrality are two of the recurrent themes in the study of the history of the U.S. foreign policy in the interwar years. The trauma of the Great War, which had swept away 130.000 U.S. lives and had cost $30 billion, had led public opinion to strongly oppose any involvement with European affairs. Besides, the urgent need for economic recovery during the dismal years of the Great Depression did not leave Roosevelt much room for manoeuvre to influence international events. His positions regarding the intentions of the Fascist states remained, at best, ambivalent. These facts notwithstanding, about 2800 U.S. citizens crossed the Atlantic and rushed in to help democratic Spain, which was on the verge of becoming one more hostage in the hands of the Fascism. They joined the other British, Irish and Canadian volunteers and formed the XV International Brigade. 900 Americans never returned home. This alone should challenge the commonly held assumption that the American people were indifferent to the rise of the Fascist threat in Europe. But it also begs other questions. Considering the prevailing isolationist mood, what really motivated them? With what discursive elements did these men construct their anti Fascist representations? How far did their understanding of the Spanish democracy correspond to their own American democratic ideal? In what way did their war experience across the Atlantic mould their perception of U.S. politics (both domestic and foreign)? How far did the Spanish Civil War constitute one first step towards the realization that the U.S. might actually be drawn into another international conflict of unpredictable consequences? Last but not the least, what ideological, political and cultural complicity existed between the men from the English-speaking battalions? In order to unearth some of the answers, I intend to examine their letters and see how these men recorded the historical events in which they took part. Their correspondence emerged from the desire to prove their commitment to a common cause and spoke of a common war experience, but each letter, in its uniqueness, ends up mirroring not only the social and political background of each individual fighter, but also his own particular perspective of the war, of world politics and of the Spanish people. We shall see how these letters differ and converge and how these particular accounts weave, as in an epistolary novel, a larger-than-life narrative of outrage and solidarity, despair and hope.

La Guerre civile espagnole : l'influence du Québec sur les politiques du gouvernement fédéral

La politique extérieure canadienne en regard de la Guerre civile espagnole fut adoptée en juillet 1937. Le gouvernement canadien adopta une politique de neutralité analogue à celle pilotée par la Grande-Bretagne à travers le Comité de non-intevention. Il promulgua un embargo sur l’exportation d’armes de toutes sortes sur le territoire espagnol, et ce, aux deux belligérants. De plus, avec la Loi sur l’enrôlement à l’étranger, Ottawa criminalisa l’engagement volontaire sur toutes ses formes, plus particulièrement le Bataillon Mackenzie – Papineau, ramification canadienne des Brigades Internationales. Au Québec, cette guerre fut fortement ressentie. Les élites traditionnelles et le clergé catholique anathématisent le Front Populaire espagnol en l’assimilant au communisme soviétique, et se solidarisent avec leurs coreligionnaires espagnols. Selon Ernest Lapointe, bras droit de Mackenzie King au Québec, Ottawa doit tenir compte du courant conservateur chez les Québécois francophones afin de prévenir une crise domestique pouvant avoir des conséquences sur l’unité nationale. Mais la politique étrangère du Canada à l’égard du gouvernement républicain espagnol n’a que partiellement été influencée par la réaction clérico-nationaliste au Québec. Elle est bien davantage le résultat de l’alignement du Canada sur la politique étrangère britannique.

Les volontaires afro-américains et la guerre civile espagnole : une vision internationaliste du conflit

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Nordic Film Series: "To My Son in Spain: Finnish Canadians in the Spanish Civil War"

Finlandia University's Nordic Film Series, a free event open to the public, will feature two viewings of "To My Son in Spain: Finnish Canadians in the Spanish Civil War," with writer Dr. Saku Pinta available for questions. This documentary features the story of Jules Päiviö (1916-2013), who was the last surviving Canadian volunteer of the Mackenzie-Papineau Battallion of the “International Brigades”.

Nordic Film Series: "To My Son in Spain: Finnish Canadians in the Spanish Civil War"

Finlandia University's Nordic Film Series, a free event open to the public, will feature two viewings of "To My Son in Spain: Finnish Canadians in the Spanish Civil War," with writer Dr. Saku Pinta available for questions. This documentary features the story of Jules Päiviö (1916-2013), who was the last surviving Canadian volunteer of the Mackenzie-Papineau Battallion of the “International Brigades”.

Historia, memoria y mito : Lecturas de la Guerra Civil Española

El siguiente artículo ofrece una breve discusión en torno a algunos trabajos que se ocupan de las formas de la elaboración histórica y literaria de la Guerra civil española en España y Alemania, e intenta formular algunas preguntas que ayuden a lograr un mejor entendimiento de los desarrollos recientes en la cultura de la memoria en Europa. Un interrogante central a ser discutido aquí, surgido de un primer acercamiento a la literatura sobre el tema, es por qué la palabra "mito" va con tanta frecuencia asociada a la memoria de la guerra civil española, sea cual sea la orientación política del texto. En las páginas que siguen, se intentará abordar el debate teniendo en cuenta ésta y otras cuestiones y las diversas voces -enunciadas y silenciadas- de una historia ya contada de muchas maneras diversas.

Historia, memoria y mito : Lecturas de la Guerra Civil Española

El siguiente artículo ofrece una breve discusión en torno a algunos trabajos que se ocupan de las formas de la elaboración histórica y literaria de la Guerra civil española en España y Alemania, e intenta formular algunas preguntas que ayuden a lograr un mejor entendimiento de los desarrollos recientes en la cultura de la memoria en Europa. Un interrogante central a ser discutido aquí, surgido de un primer acercamiento a la literatura sobre el tema, es por qué la palabra "mito" va con tanta frecuencia asociada a la memoria de la guerra civil española, sea cual sea la orientación política del texto. En las páginas que siguen, se intentará abordar el debate teniendo en cuenta ésta y otras cuestiones y las diversas voces -enunciadas y silenciadas- de una historia ya contada de muchas maneras diversas.

Historia, memoria y mito : Lecturas de la Guerra Civil Española

El siguiente artículo ofrece una breve discusión en torno a algunos trabajos que se ocupan de las formas de la elaboración histórica y literaria de la Guerra civil española en España y Alemania, e intenta formular algunas preguntas que ayuden a lograr un mejor entendimiento de los desarrollos recientes en la cultura de la memoria en Europa. Un interrogante central a ser discutido aquí, surgido de un primer acercamiento a la literatura sobre el tema, es por qué la palabra "mito" va con tanta frecuencia asociada a la memoria de la guerra civil española, sea cual sea la orientación política del texto. En las páginas que siguen, se intentará abordar el debate teniendo en cuenta ésta y otras cuestiones y las diversas voces -enunciadas y silenciadas- de una historia ya contada de muchas maneras diversas.

International human resource management in the introductory HRM course

This paper explores the extent to which students in the introductory HRM course in US institutions are likely to be exposed to information on international and cross-cultural aspects of HRM. Two methods are used: (1) an analysis of international content in fifteen popular introductory HRM textbooks and (2) a survey of professors teaching introductory HRM. The vast majority of responding instructors said their classes got some exposure to international issues in HRM, and most introductory texts included some relevant content. Critiques of international boxed features and dedicated IHRM chapters are provided, and suggestions for improving the quality and depth of IHRM content in introductory textbooks are made.