Information internalisation in internationalising the firm

Internationalisation occurs when the firm expands its selling, production, or other business activities into international markets. Many enterprises, especially small- and medium-size firms (SMEs), are internationalising today at an unprecedented rate. Managers are strategically using information to achieve degrees of internationalisation previously considered the domain of large firms. We extend existing explanations of firm internationalisation by examining the nature and fundamental, antecedent role of internalising appropriate information and translating it into relevant knowledge. Based on case studies of internationalising firms, we advance a conceptualisation of information internalisation and knowledge creation within the firm as it achieves internationalisation readiness. In the process, we offer several propositions intended to guide future research. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Lipid rafts act as specialised domains for tetanus toxin binding and internalisation in neurons

Tetanus (TeNT) is a zinc protease that blocks neurotransmission by cleaving the synaptic protein vesicle-associated membrane protein/synaptobrevin. Although its intracellular catalytic activity is well established, the mechanism by which this neurotoxin interacts with the neuronal surface is not known. In this study, we characterize p15s, the first plasma membrane TeNT binding proteins and we show that they are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoproteins in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells, spinal cord cells, and purified motor neurons. We identify p15 as neuronal Thy-1 in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy measurements confirm the close association of the binding domain of TeNT and Thy-1 at the plasma membrane. We find that TeNT is recruited to detergent-insoluble lipid microdomains on the surface of neuronal cells. Finally, we show that cholesterol depletion affects a raft subpool and blocks the internalization and intracellular activity of the toxin. Our results indicate that TeNT interacts with target cells by binding to lipid rafts and that cholesterol is required for TeNT internalization and/or trafficking in neurons.

L'inhibition de la production d'AMPc est modulée différemment à court et long terme par l'internalisation du récepteur opioïde delta

Les opioïdes sont les analgésiques les plus puissants mais leur utilisation prolongée peut entraîner le développement d’une tolérance analgésique. La tolérance serait en partie associée à l’inhibition prolongée de l’adénosine monophosphate cyclique (AMPc) entraînant des changements compensatoires dans la voie de l’adénylate cyclase. Pour cette étude, nous avons eu recours à un biosenseur basée sur la technologie de Bioluminescence Resonnance Energy Transfer (BRET) et qui fournit des mesures de l’AMPc en fonction du temps réel. Durant les 15 premières minutes de stimulation, la réponse de l’AMPc est bi-phasique. Cette progression de la réponse à l’AMPc n’est pas la même pour tous les ligands. Par exemple, la deltorphine II qui induit l’internalisation du récepteur opioïde delta (DOR) affiche une baisse de l’inhibition de l’AMPc. À l’inverse la morphine qui n’induit pas l’internalisation du DOR affiche une réponse stable à l’inhibition de l’AMPc. Ainsi le profil d’internalisation permet de prédire la progression de l’inhibition de l’AMPc à court terme (15 minutes). Nous avons aussi mesuré la réponse à l’AMPc durant 30, 60 et 120 min, étant donné qu’un traitement chronique aux opioïdes induit une tolérance analgésique. Selon les résultats obtenus, le profil d’internalisation du DOR induits par les ligands ne permet pas d’expliquer l’inhibition persistante de l’AMPc.

Coase and international business: the origin and development of internalisation theory

The internalisation theory of the multinational enterprise is a significant intellectual legacy of Ronald Coase. US direct investment in Europe became highly political in the 1960s, and neoclassical trade theory had no explanation. A theory of the multi-plant enterprise was required, and internalisation theory filled this gap. Using Coasian economics to explain the ownership of production plants, and the geography of trade to explain their location, internalisation theory offered a comprehensive account of MNEs and their role in the international economy. This paper outlines the development of the theory, explains the Coasian contribution, and examines in detail the early work of Hymer, McManus and Buckley and Casson. It then reviews the current state of internalisation theory and suggests some future developments.

Personal knowledge development in online learning:a model for measuring externalisation, combination and internalisation

This paper presents a model for measuring personal knowledge development in online learning environments. It is based on Nonaka‘s SECI model of organisational knowledge creation. It is argued that Socialisation is not a relevant mode in the context of online learning and was therefore not covered in the measurement instrument. Therefore, the remaining three of SECI‘s knowledge conversion modes, namely Externalisation, Combination, and Internalisation were used and a measurement instrument was created which also examines the interrelationships between the three modes. Data was collected using an online survey, in which online learners report on their experiences of personal knowledge development in online learning environments. In other words, the instrument measures the magnitude of online learners‘ Externalisation and combination activities as well as their level of internalisation, which is the outcome of their personal knowledge development in online learning.

A template for externalisation-internalisation decisions in virtual enterprises

Recognising the importance of alliance decision making in a virtual enterprise (VE), this paper proposes an analysis template to facilitate this process. The existing transaction-cost and resource-based theories in the literature are first reviewed, showing some deficiencies in both type of theories, and the potential of the resource based explanations. The paper then goes on to propose a resource-based analysis template, integrating both the motives of using certain business forms and the factors why different forms help achieve different objectives, Resource-combination effectiveness, management complexity and flexibility are identified as the three factors providing fundamental explanations of an organization's alliance making decision process. The template provides a comprehensive and generic approach for analysing alliance decisions.

Étude du rôle du facteur d'ADP-ribosylation 6 dans la régulation du processus d'internalisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Internalisation d'enzymes pancréatiques par la muqueuse intestinale

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Étude du rôle du facteur d'ADP-ribosylation 6 dans la régulation du processus d'internalisation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Internalisation d'enzymes pancréatiques par la muqueuse intestinale

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.