996 resultados para Interações hidrofóbicas e hidrofílicas


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Substâncias orgânicas podem favorecer o aumento da estabilidade de agregados, reduzindo, de acordo com seu grau de hidrofobicidade, a velocidade de infiltração de água nos agregados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a formação e estabilização de agregados de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico em virtude da adição de compostos orgânicos com características hidrofóbicas e hidrofílicas distintas. Foram incubados 100 g de TFSA do horizonte A e do B com diferentes doses de três compostos orgânicos: ácido esteárico P.A., amido P.A. e ácido húmico purificado de acordo com a Sociedade Internacional de Substâncias Húmicas. O experimento foi realizado com os tratamentos gerados de acordo com a matriz Plan-Puebla III modificada, com as doses do espaço experimental variando de -0,55 a 10,45 g kg-1. Após o período de 160 dias de incubação, avaliaram-se: o índice de estabilidade de agregados, o diâmetro médio ponderado e o diâmetro médio geométrico dos agregados formados. Os resultados indicaram que compostos orgânicos com caráter hidrofílico dominante não têm influência na formação e estabilização de agregados do solo, principalmente quando se usam doses até 9,9 g kg-1. Observou-se, também, que a aplicação de moléculas orgânicas com acentuado caráter hidrofóbico e hidrofílico na sua estrutura, como os ácidos húmicos, é capaz de melhorar a agregação de solos com grau de intemperismo avançado.

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A adição de compostos orgânicos e os ciclos de umedecimento e secagem do solo têm influência marcante na agregação do solo. Este trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito do tempo de incubação e a influência dos ciclos de umedecimento e secagem sobre a ação de compostos orgânicos com características hidrofóbicas e hidrofílicas na agregação de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. Os tratamentos dos experimentos de períodos de incubação e de ciclos de umedecimento e secagem seguiram esquema fatorial incompleto 2 x 3[(4-1) + (4-1)]. Os fatores foram: TFSA de dois horizontes (A e B), três períodos de incubação (40, 80 e 160 dias), três compostos orgânicos (amido, ácido esteárico e ácido húmico), em combinações de ausência e presença de amido e ácido húmico (Am e AH), (4-1) e de ácido esteárico e ácido húmico (E e AH), (4-1). Todas as unidades experimentais foram mantidas em incubadora de DBO a 25 ºC e em ambiente natural, quando foram submetidas a 5, 11 e 22 ciclos de umedecimento e secagem, de acordo com os períodos de incubação. Após incubação, as amostras de agregados foram analisadas quanto ao diâmetro médio ponderado, diâmetro médio geométrico, índice de estabilidade de agregados e grau de repelência à água. Os resultados indicaram que a aplicação, mesmo em longos períodos de incubação, de compostos orgânicos com caráter hidrofóbico acentuado mostrou efeito marcante na melhoria da estabilidade em água do agregados, sendo sua melhor resposta na dose de 5,5 g kg-1. Para melhorar a agregação, a aplicação de compostos orgânicos hidrofílicos deve ser contínua e com períodos de incubação de no máximo 40 dias. Os ciclos de umedecimento e secagem reduziram os efeitos dos compostos orgânicos adicionados sobre a agregação.

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Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (área de especialização em Biologia Celular e Saúde).

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Dissertação de mestrado em Genética Molecular

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Four different sponge species were screened using Ouchterlony agarose gel and immunodiffusion tests to identify cross-reactivity with the polyclonal antibody IgG anti-deglicosilated CvL, a lectin from Cliona varians. Crude extract from the sponge Cinachyrella apion showed cross-reactivity and also a strong haemmaglutinating activity towards human erythrocytes of all ABO groups. Thus, it was submitted to acetone fractionation, IgG anti-deglicosilated CvL Sepharose affinity chromatography, and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC-AKTA) gel filtration on a Superose 6 10 300 column to purify a novel lectin. C. apion lectin (CaL) agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes with preference for papainized type A and O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity is independent of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions, and it was strongly inhibited by the disaccharide D-lactose, up to a minimum concentration of 6.25 mM. CaL molecular mass determined by FPLC-AKTA gel filtration on a Superose 12 10 300 column and SDS gel electrophoresis was approximately 124 kDa, consisting of eight subunits of 15.5 kDa, assembled by hydrophobic interactions. The lectin was relatively heat- and pH-stable. Leishmania chagasi romastigotes were agglutinated by CaL, indicating that lactose receptors could be presented in this parasite stage. These findings are indicative of the physiological defense roles of CaL and its possible use in the antibiosis of pathogenic protozoa

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Enzymatic synthesis of peptides using proteases has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. One key challenge in peptide synthesis is to find supports for protease immobilization capable of working in aqueous medium at high performance, producing watersoluble oligopeptides. At present, few reports have been described using this strategy. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to immobilize proteases applying different methods (Immobilization by covalent bound, entrapment onto polymeric gels of PVA and immobilization on glycidil metacrylate magnetic nanoparticles) in order to produce water-soluble oligopeptides derived from lysine. Three different proteases were used: trypsin, α-chymotrypsin and bromelain. According to immobilization strategies associated to the type of protease employed, trypsin-resin systems showed the best performance in terms of hydrolytic activity and oligopeptides synthesis. Hydrolytic activities of the free and immobilized enzymes were determined spectrophotometrically based on the absorbance change at 660 nm at 25 °C (Casein method). Calculations of oligolysine yield and average degree of polymerization (DPavg) were monitored by 1H-NMR analysis. Trypsin was covalently immobilized onto four different resins (Amberzyme, Eupergit C, Eupergit CM and Grace 192). Maximum yield of bound protein was 92 mg/g, 82 mg/g and 60 mg/g support for each resin respectively. The effectiveness of these systems (Trypsin-resins) was evaluated by hydrolysis of casein and synthesis of water-soluble oligolysine. Most systems were capable of catalyzing oligopeptide synthesis in aqueous medium, albeit at different efficiencies, namely: 40, 37 and 35% for Amberzyme, Eupergit C and Eupergit CM, respectively, in comparison with free enzyme. These systems produced oligomers in only 1 hour with DPavg higher than free enzyme. Among these systems, the Eupergit C-Trypsin system showed greater efficiency than others in terms of hydrolytic activity and thermal stability. However, this did not occur for oligolysine synthesis. Trypsin-Amberzyme proved to be more successful in oligopeptide synthesis, and exhibited excellent reusability, since it retained 90% of its initial hydrolytic and synthetic activity after 7 reuses. Trypsin hydrophobic interactions with Amberzyme support are responsible for protecting against strong enzyme conformational changes in the medium. In addition, the high concentration of oxirane groups on the surface promoted multi-covalent linking and, consequently, prevented the immobilized enzyme from leaching. The aforementioned results suggest that immobilized Trypsin on the supports evaluated can be efficiently used for oligopeptides synthesis in aqueous media

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Four different sponge species were screened using Ouchterlony agarose gel and immunodiffusion tests to identify cross-reactivity with the polyclonal antibody IgG anti-deglicosilated CvL, a lectin from Cliona varians. Crude extract from the sponge Cinachyrella apion showed cross-reactivity and also a strong haemmaglutinating activity towards human erythrocytes of all ABO groups. Thus, it was submitted to acetone fractionation, IgG anti-deglicosilated CvL Sepharose affinity chromatography, and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC-AKTA) gel filtration on a Superose 6 10 300 column to purify a novel lectin. C. apion lectin (CaL) agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes with preference for papainized type A and O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity is independent of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions, and it was strongly inhibited by the disaccharide D-lactose, up to a minimum concentration of 6.25 mM. CaL molecular mass determined by FPLC-AKTA gel filtration on a Superose 12 10 300 column and SDS gel electrophoresis was approximately 124 kDa, consisting of eight subunits of 15.5 kDa, assembled by hydrophobic interactions. The lectin was relatively heat- and pH-stable. Leishmania chagasi romastigotes were agglutinated by CaL, indicating that lactose receptors could be presented in this parasite stage. These findings are indicative of the physiological defense roles of CaL and its possible use in the antibiosis of pathogenic protozoa

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Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Orientación en Farmacia) UANL, 2013.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The objective of this work was to determine the influence of hyperconjugative interactions on the ¹J CH coupling constant for hexamethylenetetramine (1) and adamantane (2). For this end, theoretical and experimental ¹J CH were obtained and hyperconjugative interactions were investigated using NBO. It was observed, theoretically and experimentally, that ¹J CH in 1 is 20 Hz larger than in 2, mainly due to the nN®s*C-H hyperconjugative interaction. This interaction occurs only in 1, with an energy of 9.30 kcal mol-1. It increases the s-character of the carbon atom in the C-H bond and the occupancy of the sigma*C-H orbital in (1).

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The aggregation behavior of the non-ionic surfactant Renex-100 in aqueous solutions and mesophases was evaluated by SAXS in a wide range of concentrations, between 20 and 30 °C. Complementary, water interactions were defined by DSC curves around 0°C. SAXS showed that the system undergoes the following phase transitions, from diluted to concentrated aqueous solutions: 1) isotropic solution of Renex aggregates; 2) hexagonal mesophase; 3) lamellar mesophase; and 4) isotropic solution. DSC analysis indicated the presence of interfacial water above 70wt%, which agreed with the segregation of free water to form the structural mesophases observed by SAXS bellow this concentration.